Contemporary World Final Handouts PDF

# FTRC FALCULAN TWINS' REVIEW CENTER ## CONTEMPORARY WORLD - Contemporary World - present world - Modern ≠ Contemporary - Modern - 1800-1945 - Contemporary – 1945 - present ## Globalization - Process of individuals, corporations, and nations around the world becoming more interconnected an...

# FTRC FALCULAN TWINS' REVIEW CENTER ## CONTEMPORARY WORLD - Contemporary World - present world - Modern ≠ Contemporary - Modern - 1800-1945 - Contemporary – 1945 - present ## Globalization - Process of individuals, corporations, and nations around the world becoming more interconnected and dependent on one another. - Integration of national economies into a single global economy. - Numerous economic benefits, including increased trade, investment, and job opportunities. - It also contributed to growing economic inequality. ## History of Globalization 1. **Silk Road (1st century BC – 5th century AD)** - ancient trade route linking China with the West - brought high-end roads goods from China to Rome - First international trade - Map of the Silk Road: - Europe - Mediterranean Sea - Persia - China - Egypt - Arabia - India - Somalia - Indian Ocean - Java 2. **Spice Routes (7th – 15th AD)** - connected the East and West for over two thousand years, supplying civilizations with spices - Islamic traders dominated trade throughout the Middle Ages, with cloves, nutmeg, and mace being the main commodities traded internationally 3. **Age of Discovery (15th – 18th AD)** - discovery of the Americas by European explorers, who also connected East and West - Most important exploration was Magellan's circumnavigation - Voyage of Ferdinand Magellan: - Pacific Ocean - Atlantic Ocean - Spain - Magellan died here April 27, 1521 - Philippine Islands - Strait of Magellan - Allowed access to the Spice Islands and eliminated Arab and Italian middlemen 4. **First Wave of Globalization (1800 – 1914)** - 1st Industrial Revolution - Inventions like the steam engine and the industrial weaving machine propelled the first wave of globalization - SECA: - 1st - Steam Engine - 2nd - Electricity - 3rd - Computer - 4th - Artificial Intelligence (AI) ## Theories of Globalization - Liberalism – strong emphasis on how economic interconnectedness, open trade, and free markets all contribute to the promotion of globalization. - Globalization = efficiency, production, and prosperity - Aids in the spread of democratic values - Political Realism – countries pursue their interests on a global scale and their desire for increased economic and military clout drives globalization. - Ex. China's Belt and Road Initiative - Marxism - capitalist elites are those that drive globalization - Workers are exploited and economic disparities increase. - Global economy favors the wealthy at the expense of the underprivileged. - Constructivism – shared cultural practices, values, and beliefs are what cause globalization. - Globalization facilitates the spread of new ideas - Ex. Idea of karma - Postmodernism – Globalization causes cultures to become more homogenous and local traditions to disintegrate. - Ex. Preference of imported over local goods - Feminism – Globalization both empower and disempower women - The benefits of globalization are not applied equally between men and women. - Ex. Work opportunities between men and women - Transformationalism – Globalization is a process of social and cultural change that has the potential to lead to multiple identities and communities. - Eclecticism – No one theory can adequately explain globalization. ## Global, Local, and Glocal - Global - shared by all peoples of the world and is founded on Western values - Ex. Hollywood Films, English, Fast Food Restaurants, Religion, and United Nations - Local - nation's full set of customs, attitudes, and behaviors - Glocal - adaptation of foreign and global goods into the regional contexts in which they are utilized and promoted. They are a combination of universalizing and particularizing tendencies - Ex. Fast food restaurants like Pizza Hut serve up regional cuisine. - Local languages used in brand image and marketing campaigns. ## Process of Evolvment - Culture does not stay the same as it continues to welcome changes over time. - Cultural Differentialism – Because cultures are fundamentally distinct from one another, confrontations between them can be disastrous. - Huntington's Clash of Civilizations theory – interactions between various civilizations will result in violent conflicts. - Ex. Conflict between Muslims and Christians - Cultural Hybridization – Local and international cultures are combined through the creative process of globalization. - Ex. Glocalization - Cultural Convergence – homogeneity brought about by globalization - Ex. Preference of Hollywood over local movies ## Global Institutions - Global Interstate System – powerful countries forming alliances for military security and economic competition - Divides the world into core, periphery, and semi-periphery - Principles of Interstate Systems - 1. Nationalism – glorifies one's nation above all others - 2. Internationalism – desire for increased cooperation - 3. Liberal Internationalism – cooperation can help address global challenges and conflict - 4. Socialist Internationalism – fair and equal society through social justice - Impact of Globalization - International norms and laws were established as a result of globalization - Transnational activism – national activist groups communicating and collaborating with their counterparts - Forcing nation-states to make a choice - Economic and Political interconnections have been established - International Relations Institutions - 1. United Nations (UN) – founded in 1945 - Main headquarters in New York City - Promote friendly relations between nations - Main Organs of the UN - UN General Assembly - the main decision-making and representative assembly - UN Security Council - maintenance of international peace and security - International Court of Justice - principal judicial organ of the United Nations. - Economic and Social Council - assists the UN General Assembly in promoting economic and social development. - Secretariat - provides studies, information, and other dates when needed by other UN branches for their meetings. - 2. Group of Eight (G8) – US, UK, Canada, Germany, Japan, Italy, France, and Russia - Eight significant industrialized nations. Now called G7 due to Russia's permanent removal - 3. Group of Twenty (G20) – world's main economies. - Argentina - Australia - Brazil - Japan - Korea - Mexico - Canada - Russia - China - Saudi Arabia - France - South Africa - Germany - Turkey - India - United Kingdom - Indonesia - United States - Italy - European Union - 4. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) – founded in 1949 - Security alliance made up of 30 nations - Goal is to defend the members' autonomy and security by political and military action - 5. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) – remove tariff and non-tariff barriers between US, Canada, and Mexico - 6. European Union (EU) – twenty-seven European nations - Promote long-term peace in the continent - 7. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) – forum for industrialized nations to talk about a variety of issues. - 8. Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies – Helps those in need ## Regional Organizations in Asia - 1. Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) – Established in 1967 - Five founding members: Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines (STIMP) - Unite Southeast Asia against communism - To defeat communism, the founding members made economic cooperation a top priority. - Treaty of Amity and Cooperation – signed on 1976 in Bali, Indonesia - Pledge not to interfere in the internal affairs of any country. - 2. Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) – Established 1989 - Goal is to foster effective and transparent economic transactions in the region ## Economic Globalization - Free-Trade Agreements (FTA) - Trade pacts that aim to reduce trade constraints like tariffs, quotas, and other limitations. - Enhance commercial prospects, consumer welfare, and economic growth. - Free-Trade Agreement Pros and Cons - Pros: - Increased economic growth - Lower government spending - Technology transfer - Generate new industries and jobs - Help nations focus on producing goods and services where they have a comparative advantage - Cons: - Increased job outsourcing - Poor working conditions - Degradation of natural resources - May harm native industries - Threat to sovereignty - Bretton-Woods Conference (1945) - Delegates from different states, including the Philippines, gathered to plan for the global economy post-World War II - Goals of the Bretton-Woods Conference - 1. set up a stable monetary system (MONEY) - 2. promote free trade (TRADE) - 3. support economic recovery from war (ECONOMY) - Led to the creation of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank (WB) - IMF - Advocate policies that support monetary cooperation and financial stability. - Provide short to medium-term credits to promote economic stability - WB - Assist developing nations in enhancing their economies and reducing poverty. - Provide special financial assistance to reduce poverty ## Contemporary Global Issues - Poverty – has several reasons - Primary reason is lack of education, leading to limited job opportunities - Other reasons: Discrimination, social exclusion, and unequal distribution of resources - Kinds of Poverty - 1. Absolute Poverty – inability to meet basic material needs such as food, shelter, and clothing - Ex. Having no money to purchase food - 2. Relative Poverty – level of household income that is considerably lower than the median level income within a country. - Ex. You earn less compared to the people around you. - 3. Cyclical Poverty – poverty that occurs repeatedly over time. - Ex. A child who grew up in a poor family is less likely to receive education, thus struggling to get a job and ends up in poverty too. - 4. Structural Poverty – results from problems in society that lead to a lack of opportunity. - Ex. Because of the pandemic, people cannot lose their jobs, thus resulting to poverty. ## Greenhouse Effect, Global Warming, and Climate Change - Greenhouse Effect - trapping of heat in the Earth's surface - Global Warming - increase in the planet's overall average temperature in recent decades - Climate Change - long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns - Greenhouse gases causes global temperatures to rise, resulting in global warming, which then results in climate change. - Famous Treaties on Climate - 1. Kyoto Protocol (1997) - gives countries specific targets to reduce emissions of six greenhouse gases. - 192 parties - US did not ratify the agreement, citing possible negative economic effects - 2. Paris Agreement (2016) - Measures to achieve success include mandatory emissions reporting, a new technology framework, and global stocktaking every five years. ## Sustainability - Attempt to satisfy present demands without compromising the capacity of future generations to satisfy their own needs. - Three Pillars (EcoSoEn) - 1. Economic – ability of economy to maintain and improve its standard of living over time. - 2. Social - all members of society have access to basic needs and services - 3. Environmental – responsible use of natural resources and protecting the environment for future generations - Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) - 2015 - Provided a framework for action and a goal to achieve by 2030. - 17 SDGs of the UN - 1. No Poverty - 2. Zero Hunger - 3. Good Health and Well-being - 4. Quality Education - 5. Gender Equality - 6. Clean Water and Sanitation - 7. Affordable and Clean Energy - 8. Decent Work and Economic Growth - 9. Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure (Three Is) - 10. Reduced Inequalities - 11. Sustainable Cities and Communities - 12. Responsible Consumption and Production - 13. Climate Action - 14. Life Below Water - 15. Life on Land - 16. Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions - 17. Partnerships for the Goals ## Recent World Events - 1. Cold War – ideological warfare between US and USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) - Capitalism vs communism - Led to multiple proxy wars - Korean War – North vs South Korea - UN sent volunteer forces from its member states including the Philippines. - Stalemate at the 48th parallel - Vietnam War – North vs South Vietnam - Ho Chi Minh and his forces used guerilla warfare tactics to defeat the US-backed South Vietnam - Stalemate at the 17th parallel until US withdraw all its forces from South Vietnam - 2. Ukraine - Russia War (February 24, 2022 – present) – Ukraine tried to join NATO to align itself with the West - Vladimir Putin, premier of Russia ordered the invasion of Ukraine to prevent their entry into NATO. - Volodymyr Zelenskyy, president of Ukraine, refused to surrender despite the costs. - 3. Israel - Palestine War (October 7, 2023 – present) – HAMAS (Islamic Resistance Movement) invaded Southern Israel to reclaim the lands of Palestine. - Nakba - "catastrophe" - Mass displacement and dispossession of Palestinians - At present, Israel continues to bomb areas of the Gaza strip - 4. South China Sea Dispute - Seven countries each claim a portion of the same territory: Brunei, Malaysia, Indonesia, China, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam (BMI CP TV) - China uses the Nine-Dash-Line to claim huge swaths of territory - Philippines uses the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) decision and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) laws.