Lesson 1 PDF

What is Research? ► obtaining/ for of whatever ► a voyage of ► the pursuit of the with the help of study, observation, comparison, and experiment ► a movement from the to the ► scientific and for information on a specific topic ►...

What is Research? ► obtaining/ for of whatever ► a voyage of ► the pursuit of the with the help of study, observation, comparison, and experiment ► a movement from the to the ► scientific and for information on a specific topic ► the for through objective and systematic method of to a problem ► the approach concerning generalization and the formulation of a theory  What is Research? “a investigation or inquiry “comprises (1)defining specially through search for NEW facts and redefining problems, in branch of knowledge” (Advanced Learners’ Dictionary of Current English, 1952) (2)formulating hypothesis or suggested solution; “a effort to gain NEW (3)collecting, organizing, knowledge” (Redman & Mory, 1923) and evaluating data; (4)making deductions and reaching conclusions; “the manipulation of things, and at last (5) concepts, or symbols for the testing the conclusions to purpose of generalizing to determine whether they extend, correct, or verify fit the formulating knowledge, whether that hypothesis ” knowledge aides construction of (C. Woody) theory or in the practice of an art ” (D. Slesinger & M. Stephenson, 1930)  What is Research? More… “SYSTEMATIC METHOD “the process of gathering data or information to consisting of enunciating solve a particular or specific problem in a scientific the problem, formulating manner” (Manuel & Medel) hypothesis, collecting the facts or data, analyzing “SYSTEMATIC study “An attempt to GAIN the facts and reaching or investigation of SOLUTION to problems; certain conclusions either something for the The collection of data in a in a form of solution(s) purpose of RIGOROUSLY controlled towards the concerned answering situation for the purpose problem or in certain question(s) posed of prediction or generalization for some by the researcher” explanation” (Treece& theoretical formulation” (Parel) Treece) “a CAREFUL , CRITICAL, disciplined inquiry, varying in technique and method according to the nature and condition of the problem identified directed toward the CLARIFICATION or (or both) of a problem ” (Good)  What is Research? More… “a CAREFUL, CRITICAL and “scientific investigation of EXHAUSTIVE investigation to phenomena which includes discover NEW facts which will test collection, presentation, a hypothesis, revise accepted analysis, and interpretation of conclusions or CONTRIBUTE to facts that links man’s society in general” speculations with reality” (Mac Gratch, 2001) (Calmorin & Calmorin, 1995) “a more “a purposive, systematic, and scientific process FORMAL, of gathering, analyzing, classifying, organizing, systematic, presenting, and interpreting data for the intensive process solution of a problem, for prediction, for of carrying on the invention, for the discussion of truth, or for the scientific method expansion or verification of existing knowledge, of analysis” and for the preservation and improvement of (Mac Gratch, 2001) the quality of human life” (Calderon, 1993) What is Research? More… “the process of discovering NEW knowledge – that is “a method of inquiry in knowledge that has a process by which one previously been UNKNOWN, ascertains the TRUTH or that it has been IGNORED with the matter” for a long time” (McGratch & Watson, 2001) (Willis, 2002) “a process of executing various mental acts for discovering and examining facts and information to PROVE THE ACCURACY and TRUTHFULNESS of your claims or conclusions about the topic of the research” (Litchman, 2013) Why research? OBJECTIVES: 1. To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it. (exploratory research) e.g. Alcohol may turn into a kind of fuel equal in quality to gasoline 2. To find answers to problems which are only partially solved by existing methods and information e.g. Cancer treatment studies 3. To improve existing techniques and develop new instruments or products e.g. invention of new gadgets and machines 4. To discover previously unrecognized substances and elements e.g. elements in the Periodic Table which previously had only 92 elements and now have more than 100 Why research? OBJECTIVES: 5. To discover pathways of action of known substances or elements e.g. awareness of the dangers of the use of unprescribed drugs and some poisonous substances 6. To order related, valid generalizations into systematized science 7. To provide basis for decision-making in business, industry, education, government, and in other undertakings 8. To satisfy the researcher’s curiosity e.g. Edison’s invention of incubator 9. To find answers to queries by means of scientific methods Why research? OBJECTIVES: 10. To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group (descriptive studies) 11. To expand or verify existing knowledge 12. To improve educational practices for raising the quality of school products 13. To promote health and prolong life 14. To provide man with more of his basic needs (food, clothing, shelter, etc.) 15. To make work, travel, and communication faster, easier, and more comfortable 16. To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated with something else (diagnostic research) 17. To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables (hypothesis testing research studies) Why is Research important? 1. Research improves the quality of life. 2. Research satisfies man’s needs and reduces the burden of work. 3. Research is needed is tapping the immense natural resources and in harnessing them. 4. Research is necessary in enhancing production to cope with the needs of the increasing population, 5. Research inculcates scientific and inductive thinking and promotes the development of logical habits of thinking and organization. 6. Research has a role in solving various operational and planning problems of business and industry. 7. Research helps in determining the manpower needs of the country and the ways to meet these needs. 8. Research is significant in studying social relationships and in seeking answers to various social problems. 9. Research provides the basis for nearly all government policies in our economic system. 10.Research enables the planners of education, industry or government to make projections so that steps can be taken to be ready for the future. Why is Research important? 11. Research improves instruction and students’ achievement 12. Research maintains good health or remedying illness. 13. Research is an instrument of modernization, in order to promote the progress of a country. 14. Research is urgently needed for energy production and regulation of its use. 15. Research is needed in improving the quantity of major crops, in processing them and transforming them to different forms of marketable goods. 16. Research may mean a careerism or way to attain a high position in the social/organizational structure. 17. Research may mean a source of livelihood. 18. Research may mean the outlet of new ideas and insights (philosophers & thinkers). 19. Research may mean the development of new styles and creative work (literary men & women) 20. Research may mean the generalizations of new theories (analysts & intellectuals) MOTIVATION IN RESEARCH DESIRE: 1. to get a research degree along with its consequential benefits 2. to face the challenge in solving the unsolved problems 3. to get intellectual joy of doing some creative work 4. to be of service of society 5. to get respectability  Characteristics of a Good Research Research is/…. a. systematic. - It follows an orderly and sequential procedure that leads to the discovery of truth, solution of a problem, or whatever is aimed to be discovered. b. controlled. - study of cause & effect relationship (experimental research) - All variables except those that are tested or being experimented upon are kept constant (NOT allowed to change or vary) so that the changes made on the subjects of the study can be attributed only to the experimental variable. c. empirical. - Any conclusion/generalization drawn by the researcher is based upon hard evidence gathered from information collected from real life experiences or observations.  Characteristics of a Good Research Research is/…. d. analytical. - There is critical analysis of all the data used so there is no error in their interpretation. - done using standardized & accepted methods of data analysis e. objective, unbiased, & logical. - All the findings & conclusions are logically based on empirical data and NO effort is made to alter the results of the research. - It is NOT based on guesswork. - The researcher constantly strives to ELIMINATE personal feeling & preference (suppresses feeling or emotion in his analysis). - “I believe that was the cause and this is the result.” should be AVOIDED in the thesis. f. employs hypothesis. - to guide the investigation process - tested  Characteristics of a Good Research Research is/…. g. employs quantitative or statistical methods. - Data are transformed into numerical measures and are treated statistically to determine their significance or usefulness. h. original work. - Data are gathered from primary sources/first-hand sources and NOT from secondary sources (except historical research) i. done by an expert & is critical. - The researcher uses valid and carefully designed procedures, valid data gathering, and valid data. He subjects his data to expert scrutiny. j. accurate investigation, observation, & description. - so that the findings will lead to the formulation of scientific generalizations; all conclusions are based on actual evidence - All statistical data of the research should be collected, organized, & reported with meticulous care. - An inaccurate research paper CANNOT be valid and generalizable.  Characteristics of a Good Research Research is/…. k. patient & unhurried activity. - To ensure accuracy - The researcher is willing to exert painstaking effort, suspending judgement to permit the data and logic to lead to a sound conclusion. - He realizes that significant findings DO NOT come as a result of a hurried and careless procedures. - Research that is hurriedly done or conducted carelessly due to racing against time may lead to shaky conclusions and generalizations. l. requires an effort-making capacity. - NO research can be conducted without exertion of much effort. m. requires interest, motivation, & courage. - The researcher oftentimes undergo hazards, discomforts, and the like (e.g. public & social disapproval; & disagreements with colleagues).  Characteristics of a Good Research Research is/…. n. carefully recorded & reported. o. Comprehensive/precise. - A researcher has to examine and analyze all its aspects or angles before making a generalization or conclusion; The research paper should have completeness and should contain detailed investigation p. rigorous. - It is a laborious and hard work and requires patience and control. q. clear. - A research paper should have to be FREE of ambiguities and it should have great clarity. - The researcher should first develop a clear research question or problem. r. concise. - A researcher do not need to add a lot to the research paper to make fit unique or interesting rather he should add only those that are relevant and original content.  Characteristics of a Good Research Research is/…. s. valid. t. verifiable/replicable. - The investigation should be so reported that if desired, it may be duplicated and verified/checked (correctness) by other researchers. - The research designs and procedures are replicated to enable the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results. u. Readable & attractive. v. should be adequately communicated. w. generalizable. - Ex. Life of transgender x. cyclical. - Research starts with a problem and ends with a problem. Research is clear. Research Problem: How does media influence child development? Which development? ❑ Social ❑ Mental ❑ Physical ❑ Motor Research is cyclical.  According to statistical content: Qualitative Characteristics Quantitative a form of social inquiry that a process of inquiry based on focuses on the way people find testing a theory composed of meaning, interpret and make variables, measured with sense of their experiences and General numbers, and analyzed using the world in which they live; Framework statistical techniques; provides information about search for causal the “human side” of an issue explanations/relationships soft science hard science complex & broad concise & narrow describe: behavior, quantifying variation perspectives, culture & testing hypothesis, prediction, customs (ethnographic), social Focus/Aim control processes & interaction (grounded theory), feelings, & experiences (phenomenology) smaller & not randomly larger & randomly selected Group Studied selected  According to statistical content: Qualitative Characteristics Quantitative natural environment Nature of controlled conditions Observation study of the whole, not specific variables studied Variables variables uses more flexible style of more rigid style of categorizing responses to categorizing responses to questions: in-depth non- questions: questionnaire, standardized interviews; Data Collection/ standardized interviews, participant Instruments documents observation/fieldwork, not empowering documents, photographs, videos; empowering open-ended; textual/narrative close-ended; numerical (obtained from audiotapes, Question & Data (obtained by assigning videotapes, & field notes) Format numerical values to responses)  According to statistical content: Qualitative Characteristics Quantitative multiple; subjective Nature of Reality single; objective more flexible Flexibility in Study Design less flexible thematic, constant statistical comparative analysis, Analysis grounded theory, ethnographic analysis, etc. a story, an ethnography, a measurable results theory; less generalizable findings; generalizable; inductive Outcome deductive reasoning → reasoning → development test theory of theory  According to statistical content: Qualitative Characteristics Quantitative direct involvement of limited involvement of researcher; research researcher; research relationship close (informal - relationship distant participants have the Relationships opportunity to respond more elaborately and in greater detail than the case with quantitative methods) Researcher & their biases may Researcher & their biases are be known to participants in the not known to participants in study, & participant the study, & participant Role of characteristics may be known characteristics are deliberately Researcher to the researcher hidden from the researcher (double blind studies) trustworthiness, authenticity internal/external validity, Rigor reliability, generalizability Other Classifications: ❑ Descriptive Research ❑ Chemical Research ❑ Developmental Research ❑ Industrial Research ❑ Exploratory Research ❑ Economics Research ❑ Correlational Research ❑ Health Research ❑ Experimental Research ❑ Nursing Research ❑ Explanatory Research ❑ Curriculum Research ❑ Library Research ❑ Etc.. ❑ Field Research ❑ Laboratory/Simulation Research ❑ Educational Research ❑ Historical Research ❑ Clinical/Diagnostic/Medical Research ❑ Genetic Research ❑ Sociological Research ❑ Social Research ❑ Psychological Research Other Classifications: ❑ Descriptive Research - describes “What is” - describes, interprets, and clarifies a situation, problem, or phenomenon ❑ Developmental Research - a type of descriptive research which involves the study of changes in behavior over a period of time ❑ Exploratory Research - The investigator is after probing or exploring areas where little is known about the research problem (e.g. feasibility and pilot studies). ❑ Correlational Research - The investigator tries to probe the significance of relationship between 2 or more factors, variables, or characteristics. ❑ Experimental Research - describes “What will be”. - The researcher probes into the cause and effect by exposing experimental groups to one or more treatments or conditions. - variables: Independent/Experimental variable (deliberately manipulated or varied by the researcher) & Dependent/Control variable Other Classifications: ❑ Explanatory Research - The researcher seeks to clarify how and why a relationship exists between 2 or more aspects of a situation or phenomenon - E.g. Why job stress contributes to burnout or why low morale can lead to low productivity among employees? ❑ Library Research - done in the library where answers to specific questions or problems of the study are available - historical, field, & laboratory research ❑ Field Research - conducted in a natural setting; no changes are made in the environment - applicable to descriptive & experimental methods - e.g. “The Cultivation of Green Mussel Using Bamboo Raft and Staking Methods in Bulobadyang Island, Estancia, Iloilo” Other Classifications: ❑ Laboratory/Simulation Research - conducted in artificial or controlled conditions by isolating the study in a rigorously specified and operationalized area - applicable to both experimental, descriptive, & case study methods - e.g. “Cultivation of Milkfish at the Fishpond Using Fish Meal and Bread Meal as Supplemental Feeds” ❑ Educational Research - represents an activity directed toward the development of an organized body of scientific knowledge about the events in which the educators are concerned. Other Classifications: ❑ Clinical/Diagnostic/Medical Research ❑ Genetic Research ❑ Sociological Research ❑ Social Research ❑ Psychological Research ❑ Anthropological Research ❑ Physical Research ❑ Chemical Research ❑ Industrial Research ❑ Economics Research ❑ Health Research ❑ Nursing Research ❑ Curriculum Research ❑ Etc.. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: 1. Case Studies 2. Ethnographic Research 3. Phenomenology 4. Grounded Theory 5. Historical Research QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: 1. Case Studies - comprehensive & extensive examination - describe all pertinent aspects/in-depth experience of one thing or structure, employing as the unit (individual, family, institution, community, or any group) for study - It is a direct observation and interaction with the subject. - Data collection: interview with audiotape & videotape, field notes, journal, and logs. 2. Ethnographic Research - describes a culture’s characteristics - The researcher gains entrance to culture, immerse self in culture, acquire informants (key persons), gather data through direct observation and interaction with subject. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: 3. Phenomenology - describes experiences as they are lived 4. Grounded Theory - generates and develops a theory from the data that the researcher collects - e.g. The researcher collects data from parents who have pulled their children out of public schools and develop a theory to explain how and why phenomenon occurs, ultimately developing a theory of school pull-out. 5. Historical Research - describes “What was”. - The researcher attempts to reconstruct the past objectively and accurately or to explain an incident that happened in the past with the use of data taken from the past. - looks into the relationship of past events with other events: past-past, present-pass, past-future - utilizes historical sources (documents, remains, etc.) to study events or ideas of the past