Introduction to Nursing Research PDF

Chapter 1 Introduction to Nursing Research in an Evidence-Based Practice Environment Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins What Is Research? Research Systematic inquiry using disciplined methods to solve proble...

Chapter 1 Introduction to Nursing Research in an Evidence-Based Practice Environment Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins What Is Research? Research Systematic inquiry using disciplined methods to solve problems or – answer questions Nursing research Systematic inquiry to develop knowledge about issues of importance to – the nursing profession An especially important goal for the nursing profession is to Establish a – base of evidence for practice through disciplined research hallmark of the scientific method is Systematic – The ultimate goal of nursing research is to Promote evidence-based – practice in nursing. Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Roles of Nurses in Research Continuum of participation, from producers of research to skilled consumers of research findings who use research evidence in their practice Evidence-based practice (EBP)— – A combination of best research evidence, clinical – expertise, and the needs and values of patients. Both consumers and producers play a key role in EBP – Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Roles of Nurses in Research The BSN prepares nurses to read and critically appraise research studies and to assist with implementation of evidence-based guidelines and protocols. - Locate, read, and critically evaluate research studies. Nurses with a Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) may revise or develop protocols and identify and critically appraise the quality of evidence- based studies. -Conducting a full literature review PhD-prepared nurses can critique, implement, plan, and develop new or revised guidelines, as well as generate and replicate knowledge via conduction of research. Special research knowledge is needed by the nurse who serves as the principal investigator in a research study or scientific investigation. Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins History of Nursing Research Pioneered by Florence Nightingale, 1850s First journal on research (Nursing Research) emerged, 1950s Most nursing studies before 1950 focused on Nursing education Clinical research increasingly important, 1980s National Center for Nursing Research established at NIH, 1986 National Institutes of Nursing Research (NINR) established, 1993 NINR budget exceeds $100 million, 2000s Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Future Directions for Nursing Research Heightened focus on evidence-based practice Use of multiple confirmatory strategies (e.g., replication and multisite studies Greater stress on systematic reviews Expanded local research in health care settings (e.g., as part of Magnet process) More multidisciplinary collaboration Expanded dissemination of research findings Greater focus on cultural issues and health disparities Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question Is the following statement True or False? Clinical research became increasingly important in the 1960s. Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer False – It wasn’t until the 1980s that clinical research became increasingly important. Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Sources of Evidence for Nursing Practice Tradition Authority Information that reflects only personal knowledge, experiences, or opinions, Clinical experience; trial and error; intuition Logical reasoning (inductive & deductive) Inductive reasoning uses a specific-to-general thinking process to generate theories from research data Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Sources of Evidence for Nursing Practice Deductive reasoning is general-to-specific thinking Deductive reasoning results in hypotheses that can be tested in a research study Assembled information (e.g., quality improvement data) Disciplined research generally considered the most valid means of developing the knowledge base of nursing Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Paradigms for Nursing Research Paradigm: a world view; a general perspective on the complexities of the real world, with certain assumptions about reality Key paradigms for nursing research: – Positivist paradigm – Naturalistic paradigm Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins What Is the Nature of Reality? Positivist assumption – Reality exists. – There is a real world driven by natural causes. ‫عالم حقيقي مدفوع‬ ‫بأسباب طبيعية‬ – The researcher is objective and independent of those being studied. – Control over external factors – Systematic measurement and observation of natural phenomena – Testing of hunches deduced from theory or prior research Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins What Is the Nature of Reality? Naturalist assumption Reality is multiple and subjective, constructed by individuals.‫تم بناؤها من قبل األفراد‬ Reality is multiply constructed and multiply interpreted by humans Emphasis on a holistic view of a phenomenon, studied in a rich context Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins How Is the Inquirer Related to Those Being Studied? Positivist assumption: The researcher is independent from those being studied. Naturalist assumption: The researcher interacts with those being studied; findings reflect the interaction. Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question Is the following statement True or False? Application of the positivist paradigm involves viewing reality as being driven by natural causes. Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer True – The positivist assumption is that reality exists and there is a real world driven by natural causes. Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins What Is the Role of Values in the Inquiry? Positivist assumption: Values are held in check; objectivity is sought ‫يتم التحكم في القيم؛ ويتم‬ ‫البحث عن الموضوعية‬ Naturalist assumption: Subjectivity and values are inevitable, desirable Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins How Is Knowledge Obtained? Research methods: the techniques used to structure a study and to gather, analyze, and interpret information The classic scientific method has its intellectual roots in Positivism – Quantitative research—most often allied with the positivist tradition – Qualitative research—most often allied with the naturalist tradition – Naturalistic qualitative research typically Involves gathering narrative, subjective materials Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Key Differences in Research Methods ‫مهمم‬ Positivist Naturalist Fixed design Flexible design Discrete, specific concepts Holistic Deductive processes Inductive processes Control over context Context-bound Verification of hunches Emerging interpretations Quantitative information Qualitative information Seeks generalizations Seeks patterns Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question Which of the following characterizes naturalistic research methods? a. Fixed design b. Deductive processes c. Qualitative information d. Seeking of generalizations Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer c. Qualitative information Naturalistic research methods involve qualitative information, flexible design, inductive processes, and seeking patterns. Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Type of research basic research is undertaken to extend the base of knowledge in a discipline. For example, a researcher may perform an in-depth study to better understand normal grieving processes, without having explicit applications in mind. Applied research focuses on finding solutions to existing problems. For example, A researcher is studying the effect of massage on the alleviation of pain in cancer patients. Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Purposes of Nursing Research One way to categorize purposes: a description–explanation continuum A basic distinction, especially relevant to quantitative studies, is whether the study is cause-probing, i.e., seeks to illuminate the underlying causes of phenomena. The difficulty of accurately measuring complex human traits limits the power of the scientific method to answer questions about human life One of the criticisms of the scientific method is Reductionist Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Specific Purposes of Nursing Research Quantitative Qualitative Identification X Description X X Exploration X X Prediction and Control X Explanation X X Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Specific Purposes of Nursing Research Descriptive research that describes a phenomenon answers “what” questions. Explanatory goes beyond descriptive to answer “why” questions, and predictive goes yet another step to tell how one event or factor will influence another (if this is done, then this will happen. Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Specific Purposes of Nursing Research— EBP Framework Treatment, Therapy, Intervention Diagnosis, Assessment Prognosis Harm and Etiology Meaning, Process Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question Is the following statement True or False? Quantitative research attempts to identify a phenomenon. Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer False – Qualitative research, not quantitative research, would be used to identify a phenomenon. Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins End of Presentation Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins