Lecture 3, Introduction to IT PDF

Because learning changes everything.® Chapter 5 System Unit Computing Essentials 2023 O’Leary © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.  Learning Objectives 1. Differentiate between t...

Because learning changes everything.® Chapter 5 System Unit Computing Essentials 2023 O’Leary © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.  Learning Objectives 1. Differentiate between the five basic types of system units. 2. Describe system boards, including sockets, slots, and bus lines. 3. Recognize different microprocessors, including microprocessor chips and specialty processors. 4. Compare different types of computer memory, including RAM, ROM, and flash memory. 5. Explain expansion slots and cards. 6. Describe bus lines, bus widths, and expansion buses. 7. Describe ports, including standard and specialized ports. 8. Identify power supplies for desktop, laptop, tablet, and mobile devices. 9. Explain how a computer can represent numbers and encode characters electronically. © McGraw Hill, LLC 2  Introduction Speed, capacity, and flexibility determine the power of personal computers. Knowledge of a computer’s power allows you to make good buying decisions and to determine if your current system will run new applications. Competent end users need to understand the functionality of the basic components of the system unit. © McGraw Hill, LLC Wave Break Media/Shutterstock 3  System Unit Basics Container that houses most of the electronic components that make up a computer system. System Chassis. Personal Computer - Most widely used type of computer. Five most common types. Smartphones. Tablets. Laptops. Desktops. Wearable Computers. © McGraw Hill, LLC 4  Components Although all devices come in many shapes, sizes, and capabilities, they have similarities such as: System boards. Microprocessors. Memory. © McGraw Hill, LLC Cell phone: Source: Reprinted with permission from iFixit; Tablet: Source: Reprinted with permission from iFixit; Wearable: Source: Bill Detwiler/ TechRepublic. Used with permission of TechRepublic.com Copyright©2019. All rights reserved; Laptop: Source: Bill Detwiler/TechRepublic. Used with permission of TechRepublic.com Copyright©2019. All rights reserved; Desktop: Godfried Edelman/iStock/ Getty Images 6  System Board System board, also known as the main board or motherboard, controls communication for the entire computer system. All components and devices connect to the system board. The system board acts as a data path and traffic monitor, allowing the various components to communicate efficiently with one another. © McGraw Hill, LLC Branston/Future/REX/Shutterstock 7  Sockets and Chips The system board contains a variety of electronic components. Sockets provide a connection point for small specialized electronic parts called chips. Chips: Tiny circuit boards etched onto squares of silicon. Also called silicon chip, semiconductor, or integrated circuit. Mounted on chip carriers. © McGraw Hill, LLC Lucidio Studio Inc/Photographer’sChoice/Getty Images; Geostock/Getty Images 8  Slots and Bus Lines Additional system board components: Slots. Provide a connection point for specialized cards or circuit boards. Provide expansion capabilities for the computer. Bus lines. Connecting lines that provide pathways to support communication among electronic components. © McGraw Hill, LLC 9  System Buses System buses are used in computers as parallel transmission wires; each wire in the bus transmits one bit of data. The three common buses are: address bus, data bus and control bus. © McGraw Hill, LLC  System Buses The data bus is bidirectional. It carries data (i.e., an address, an instruction or a numerical value) from CPU to memory (and vice versa) and to and from input/output devices. The control bus is also bidirectional. It carries signals from the control unit to all the other computer components. It is usually 8-bits wide. The address bus carries addresses throughout the computer system. Between the CPU and memory. The address bus is unidirectional. © McGraw Hill, LLC  Microprocessor Central Processing Unit (CPU) or Processor. Contained on a single chip called the microprocessor. Brains of the computer. Two Basic Components of the CPU. Control unit. Tells the computer system how to carry out a program’s instructions. Arithmetic-logic unit (A L U). Performs arithmetic and logical operations. ▪ Arithmetic operation such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. ▪ Logical operation comparisons such as equal to, less than and greater than. © McGraw Hill, LLC 12  Microprocessor Speed Chip capacities are expressed in word size. Word is the number of bits that can be processed at one time: 16, 32 or 64. Clock Speed. Processing speed or the number of times the CPU fetches and processes data or instructions in a second. Unit Speed Microsecond Millionth of a second Nanosecond Billionth of a second Picosecond Trillionth of a second Femtosecond Quadrillionth of a second © McGraw Hill, LLC 13  Multicore Chips Multicore Processors. Two or more separate and independent CPUs within a system unit. Quad-core supports 4 core processes. Parallel Processing. Computer’s ability to divided tasks into parts that can be distributed across each core. Windows 11 and macOS Big Sur support parallel processing. Processor Manufacturer Ryzen 5000 AMD M1 Apple Alder Lake Intel © McGraw Hill, LLC 14  Specialty Processors Coprocessors. One of the more popular specialty processors. Designed to improve specific computing operations. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) / Graphics coprocessors. Designed to handle a variety of specialized tasks such as: ▪ 3D images. ▪ Encrypting data. ▪ Standard features in gaming computers. © McGraw Hill, LLC 15  Memory Holding area for data, instructions, and information. Contained on chips connected to the system board. Three well-known types of memory chips: RAM. Random Access Memory. ROM. Read Only Memory. Flash Memory. © McGraw Hill, LLC 16  RAM 1 Random Access Memory (RAM) chips hold programs and data that the CPU is presently processing. Volatile or temporary – contents are lost when computer is powered off. Cache memory – temporary, high-speed holding area between the memory and CPU. Additional RAM can be added using an expansion module called a DIMM (Dual in-line memory module). © McGraw Hill, LLC Simon Belcher/Alamy Stock Photo 17  RAM 2 Virtual Memory. Dividing a program between memory and storage enabling the system to run very large programs. Essentially RAM is the physical memory, while virtual memory is RAM + swap space on the hard disk or SSD. Memory is expressed in bytes. Unit Capacity Megabyte (MB) 1 million bytes Gigabyte (GB) 1 billion bytes Terabyte (TB) 1 trillion bytes Petabyte (PB) 1 quadrillion bytes © McGraw Hill, LLC 18  ROM Read-only memory (ROM). Information stored by the manufacturer. Non-volatile and cannot be changed. CPU can read, or retrieve data and programs in ROM but the computer cannot change ROM. Contain special instructions. Start the computer. Access memory. Handle keyboard input. © McGraw Hill, LLC 19  Flash Memory Flash memory offers a combination of the features of RAM and ROM: RAM, it can be updated. ROM, it is non-volatile. Contains startup information. BIOS (basic input/output system). Amount of RAM. Type of keyboard, mouse, and secondary storage devices connected. Many ROM chips are being replaced by flash memory! © McGraw Hill, LLC 20  Expansion Slots and Cards Expands your system’s capabilities. SD cards. Expansion cards for phones, tablets, and laptops. Graphics cards for high quality 3D graphics. Network interface cards (NIC) connect devices to networks via cables. Wireless network cards connect devices to networks without cables. © McGraw Hill, LLC Vitalii Petrushenko/Shutterstock; Piotr Adamowicz/Shutterstock; antpkr/Shutterstock; CobraCZ/Shutterstock 21  Ports Socket for connecting external devices to the system unit. Some ports connect directly to the system board, others connect to cards inserted into slots on the system board. Two Types. Standard Ports. Specialized Ports. © McGraw Hill, LLC oleschwander/Shutterstock 24  Standard Ports USB – Universal Serial Bus. Can be used to connect several devices to the system unit: Keyboards, mice, printers, storage devices. Variations of USB ports include: USB-A, USB-B, USB-C, and Thunderbolt 3 (a high speed version of USB-C). HDMI – High Definition Multimedia Interface. High definition video and audio. Ethernet. High speed networking. © McGraw Hill, LLC 25  Specialized Ports DisplayPort (DP). Connects to large monitors. Popular on gaming computers. DVI (Digital Video Interface). Connect digital monitors to computer. Can only send video signals, not audio. FireWire. High-speed connections to FireWire devices such as camcorders and storage devices. © McGraw Hill, LLC 26  Cables Used to connect external devices to the system unit via the ports. One end of the cable is attached to the device and the other end has a connector that is attached to a matching connector on the port. © McGraw Hill, LLC oleschwander/Shutterstock 27  Power Supply Computers require direct current (DC) power converting alternating current (AC) from wall outlets or batteries. Desktop computers have a power supply unit in the system unit. Laptops use AC adapters in the system unit. Tablets and mobile devices use internal AC adapters. Smartphones can use wireless charging platforms. © McGraw Hill, LLC Akkraraj kangrang/Shutterstock; SNP_SS/Shutterstock; Microstocker13/Shutterstock 28  Electronic Data and Instructions Digital electronic signals. Recognized by computers. Analog signals. Continuous signal. Created by voices. Conversion must take place from analog to digital before processing can occur. © McGraw Hill, LLC 29  Numeric Representation Decimal Binary Hex Two-state binary system 00 00000000 00 consists of only two digits 01 00000001 01 called bits. 02 00000010 02 On = 1; negative charge. 03 00000011 03 04 00000100 04 Off = 0; no charge. 05 00000101 05 06 00000110 06 Byte = 8 bits grouped together. 07 00000111 07 Hexadecimal system. 08 00001000 08 09 00001001 09 Uses 16 digits to represent 10 00001010 0A binary numbers. 11 00001011 0B 12 00001100 0C (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, 13 00001101 0D C, D, E, F) 14 00001110 0E 15 00001111 0F © McGraw Hill, LLC Figure 30  Character Encoding ASCII. American Standard Code for Information Interchange. Used by personal computers. EBCDIC. Extended Binary coded Decimal Interchange Code. Used by mainframe computers. Unicode. New encoding due to explosion of the Internet. Can be written in UTF-16 or UTF-8. Recognized by virtually all computer systems. © McGraw Hill, LLC 31  Careers in IT Computer technicians repair and install computer components and systems. Employers look for: Certification or associate’s degree in computer repair. Communication skills. Continued education is required. Computer technicians can expect to earn an annual salary from approximately $27,000 to $58,000. © McGraw Hill, LLC Wave Break Media/Shutterstock 32  A Look to the Future Brain-Computer Interfaces. May soon be able to image all the brain’s electrical impulses. © McGraw Hill, LLC Victoria Shapiro/Shutterstock 33  Open Ended Questions 1. Describe the five most common types of personal computers. 2. Describe system boards including sockets, chips, chip carriers, slots, and bus lines. 3. Discuss microprocessor components, chips, and specialty processors. 4. Define computer memory, including RAM, ROM, and flash memory. 5. Define expansion slots, cards (including graphics cards), network interface cards, wireless network cards, and S D cards. 6. Describe bus lines, bus width, system bus, and expansion bus. 7. Define ports including standard and specialized ports. Give examples of each. 8. Describe power supply including power supply units and AC adapters. 9. Discuss electronic data and instructions. © McGraw Hill, LLC 34  Because learning changes everything. ® www.mheducation.com © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.