Week 1: Introduction to Foundations of Computer Systems Lecture PDF

Week 1: Introduction to Foundations of Computer Systems Overview Today should be a recap! Should be very easy! Topics: Computer Systems Computer Fundamentals Types of Computer Computers, Society and You How Computers Represent Data Computer Component Basics Milesto...

Week 1: Introduction to Foundations of Computer Systems Overview Today should be a recap! Should be very easy! Topics: Computer Systems Computer Fundamentals Types of Computer Computers, Society and You How Computers Represent Data Computer Component Basics Milestones in Computer Architecture Foundations of Computer Systems 2 Objectives In order to achieve the unit learning objectives, on successful completion of this topic, you should be able to: Describe the structure of different computer architectures Understand the development of computer architectures over time. Be aware of the major computer families. Understand the difference between different computer types, PCs, Servers and mainframes. Understand the basic terms and definitions in describing the foundations of Computer Systems. Foundations of Computer Systems 3 Computers Today Why teach/learn about Computers? Computers are indispensable in today’s society. Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have become the“enabler”of all disciplines, industries, and commerce. All workers and members of modern society have to be computer literate and efficient users of technology. Despite economic downturns, skilled workers and developers in ICT disciplines are still in great demand. Foundations of Computer Systems 4 Systems A group of interacting, interrelated, or interdependent elements forming a complex whole. A functionally related group of elements, especially: A network of related computer software, hardware, and data transmission devices. A set of objects or phenomena grouped together for classification or analysis. A condition of harmonious, orderly interaction An organized and coordinated method; a procedure. Foundations of Computer Systems 5 Computer Systems What’s inside a “Computer System”? This can be viewed from different aspects: Hardware Software Applications Individual computer: general purpose or dedicated system Network of computers...etc Foundations of Computer Systems 6 Question What are the differences and similarities between: iPad, iPod, iPod Touch iPhones, Android, MicroSoft MacBook, iMac PC, Netbook, Notebook, laptop, Tablet… Mainframe, HPC… The Apollo Guidance Computer Foundations of Computer Systems 7 Comes down to two things Hardware - including the CPU and peripherals that execute the computer’s machine instructions Low to High level software consisting of various applications and services that the operating system makes available to the programs Foundations of Computer Systems 8 Computer Fundamentals Computer—device that performs the information-processing cycle Information-processing cycle Consists of four basic operations: Input – raw data Processing – convert raw data into information Output – display data or information Storage – store data or information Foundations of Computer Systems 9 Computer Fundamentals Computer system — group of associated components that work together:  Hardware Software Processor System software Additional coprocessor chips - Operating system - Utility tools Memory (RAM, ROM, cache) Application programs Storage Programming languages External storage devices Input and output devices Foundations of Computer Systems 10 Computer Fundamentals Input First operation of the information-processing cycle, enables the computer to accept data Data Facts that are raw and unorganized Entered into the computer for processing through the use of input devices such as a keyboard or mouse Foundations of Computer Systems 11 Computer Fundamentals Processing Second operation of the information-processing cycle, converts data into information Information refers to consolidated, organized, processed data. The central processing unit (CPU) processes data into information. Random access memory (RAM) temporarily stores programs and data needed by the CPU. Foundations of Computer Systems 12 Computer Fundamentals Output Third operation of the information-processing cycle, requires output devices, such as monitors and printers to display results for people to see or hear Foundations of Computer Systems 13 Computer Fundamentals Storage Fourth operation of the information-processing cycle, holds programs, software, and data that the computer system uses Storage devices Hard drives, CD and DVD drives, and media card readers—used with USB drives and flash memory cards Foundations of Computer Systems 14 Computers, Society and You The trend in much of the world is towards ever more ubiquitous computing and a technologically immersed society However, in much more of the world there is limited access to the internet and computing services generally Digital Divide - disparity in computer ownership, access to internet, type of internet/technology, or access to I.T knowledge. The gap between haves and have-nots in terms of technology and content possibly due to; income disparity, education, geographical location or race Developed vs developing nations Remote/rural areas within nations Groups within society (elderly, chronically ill, low income, etc.) Foundations of Computer Systems 15 Computers, Society, and You Advantages and Disadvantages of Computer Use Foundations of Computer Systems 16 Computers, Society, and You Carpal tunnel syndrome—(repetitive strain injury or cumulative trauma disorder)—caused by repeated motions that damage nerves in hands, wrists, and arms Computer vision syndrome—increasing as people continually use computer screens and handheld devices that strain eyesight Ergonomics—field of study concerned with the fit between people and their work environment Has helped determined that it’s cheaper to bus ergonomic equipment than to pay for the health issues associated with computers Foundations of Computer Systems 17 Computers, Society, and You Advantages and Disadvantages of Computer Use Computers provide those who are disabled and disadvantaged with added support and opportunities Text–to-speech Kindle E-learning—Learning without requiring students to be at a specific location at a specific time Travel costs Geographical location no longer a problem Opportunity for people with disabilities Some offer free courses – MIT OpenCourseWare Foundations of Computer Systems 18 Computers, Society, and You Impact on employment? Automation Replacement of people by machines and computers Shifting labor demand toward skilled worked (pro & con) Outsourcing Subcontracting of portions of a job to a third party to reduce cost, time, and energy. Computer technology Aided globalization and the resulting outsourcing of jobs, as well as structural unemployment—the obsolescence of certain jobs. Foundations of Computer Systems 19 How Computers Represent Data How Computers Represent Data Binary numbers Only 0s and 1s Bit Smallest piece of data a computer can work with Either “on” or “off,” a 0 or a 1 Eight bits—byte—a single unit of storage Foundations of Computer Systems 21 How Computers Represent Data Information Information comes in many forms: 1 2 3 Text Pictures Numbers Sounds Computers store all information as encoded digital data. Foundations of Computer Systems 22 How Computers Represent Data Data storage is in bytes (B)  Kilobyte (KB)—one thousand bytes  Megabyte (MB)—one million bytes  Gigabytes (GB)—one billion bytes  Terabyte (TB)—one trillion bytes Source: www.kingston.com Measurement used to describe data storage (B) bps: describes the rate at which information is transferred between computers Foundations of Computer Systems 23 Computer Component Basics Introducing the System Unit System unit Case that contains the major hardware components of a computer Come in different styles Physical Footprints Amount of space that the unit uses Size/shape/materials Some have embedded biometric authentication devices such as fingerprint readers, retina scanners, and face recognition systems to prevent unauthorized access. Foundations of Computer Systems 25 Inside the System Unit  System unit main components  Internal speaker, Drive bays, Expansion slots, Motherboard, CPU, Power supply, Cooling fan Foundations of Computer Systems 26 Introducing the System Unit Foundations of Computer Systems 27 What’s on the Motherboard? MBs come in different shapes and sizes iPhone 4S Intel® Desktop Board Asus Zenbook UX21 ultrabook Foundations of Computer Systems 28 What’s on the Motherboard? Motherboard Printed circuit board that contains the electrical circuitry for the computer The majority of parts found on the motherboard are integrated circuits or chips. Includes millions of transistors and carries electrical current A transistor is a switch that is able to control the electrical signal flow to the circuit Foundations of Computer Systems 29 What’s on the Motherboard? Foundations of Computer Systems 30 CPU Characteristics Foundations of Computer Systems 31 CPU performance Factors that affect the performance of a CPU include: Number of existing transistors Data bus width and word size Clock speed Operations per microprocessor cycle Type of chip Amount of cache Number of cores Foundations of Computer Systems 32 Milestones in Computer Architecture Evolution of Multilevel Machines Invention of microprogramming Invention of operating system Migration of functionality to microcode Elimination of microprogramming All programming happens at higher levels Microcode level (only when creating a new chip or assembly instruction – hardly ever) Assembly language level (When performance is needed or new hardware supported) Problem-oriented language-level (C, Java, C++, etc). Foundations of Computer Systems 34 Von Neumann Machine Foundations of Computer Systems 35 Summary Summary Computer Systems Computer Fundamentals Types of Computer Computers, Society and You How Computers Represent Data Computer Component Basics Milestones in Computer Architecture Foundations of Computer Systems 37 Thank you [email protected] Foundations of Computer Systems