Chapter 1 - Introduction to Computer PDF

CIT 0513 COMPUTER & PROGRAMMING  Lecturer/ TTO MS. HAPIZAH MOHD HANAPI SENIOR TECH. TRAINING OFFICER INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION & CONTROL MECHATRONICS ENG. L09-09 [email protected]  Outline 1.1 Evolution of computers. 1.3 Computer Software...

CIT 0513 COMPUTER & PROGRAMMING  Lecturer/ TTO MS. HAPIZAH MOHD HANAPI SENIOR TECH. TRAINING OFFICER INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION & CONTROL MECHATRONICS ENG. L09-09 [email protected]  Outline 1.1 Evolution of computers. 1.3 Computer Software 1.3.1 Operating System 1.2 Computer Hardware 1.4 Introduction to office packages. 1.2.1 Motherboard 1.5 Introduction to computer 1.2.2 Microprocessor viruses. 1.2.3 Memory 1.2.4 Input Devices 1.2.5 Output Devices  Course Assessment Theory Test Final Project Test #1 - 10% Test #2 - 10% 30% PBL KIS PBL #1 - 15% 10% PBL #2 - 10% PBL #3 - 15%  CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Computer, Computer System and Operating System  What Is Information Technologies The use of modern technology to aid the capture, storage, retrieval, analysis, and communication of information (information management) Educ Comm. Finance IT Travel Gov Manufact. Health Publishing Care  Why Computers? How we did manage without them? Computers are now an accepted part of everyday life Household and mobile appliances Powerful communication medium Becoming embedded in our infrastructures Etc. IT COMPUTERS Computer Evolution  Computer History Man from centuries ago used a physical unit or sets of units to represent numbers or quantities. A number or a quantity can be represented by a physical thing, using different mediums: Pebbles Vacuum Tube Marks on paper Transistors Integrated Circuits  Computer History Difference between Engine & Analytical Engine – Charles Babbage: Inventor and mathematician – Proposed a machine that would solve the equations better by calculating the differences between them – 1830: full scale working version was built with British grant – -ve: vulnerable to smallest imperfections – Proposed analytical engine which embodied the features of modern computers (i.e. input, storage, processor, control unit, output) – Known as the Father of Computer  Computer History Ada, Countess of Lovelace, also a mathematician Knew Babbage’s theoretical approach was workable Helped develop the instructions for doing computations on the analytical engine Known as the world’s first computer programmer  Computer History Herman Hollerith’s tabulating machine was used for 1890 United States census Hand done tabulation in 1880 census which took more than 7 years only took 6 weeks for counting process with his machine 1896- founded the successful Tabulating Machine Co., which then known as IBM Corp. in 1924 Used electrical rather than Babbage’s mechanical power  Computer History – the Start of Modern Era Late 1942 – Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) was developed, marked as the first digital computer that worked electronically 1944 - Mark I was unveiled by IBM Corp, made by Howard Aiken 1946 - Based on ABC, Electronic Numeric Integrator and Calculator or ENIAC was invented, the first general-purpose computer  Computer History – Computer Age Begins The First Generation, 1951-1958: The Vacuum Tube 1951 – Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC 1) was delivered to US Bureau of the Census Marked the first time a computer had been built for business applications rather than for military, scientific or engineering use Using thousands of vacuum tubes – electronic tubes about the size of light bulbs – were used as the internal computer components -ve: problems for temperature and climate control, frequent burnout, machine language for programming 1957-used magnetic tape for storing data  Computer History – Computer Age Begins The Second Generation, 1959-1964: The Transistor Bell Lab scientists developed a transistor – a small device that transfers electric signals across a resistor Revolutionized electronics particularly computers Smaller than the tubes with no warm-up time, less energy, more reliable From machine to assembly language, then to high level language allowed programmers to focus on solving problems Computers were used principally by business, university, and government organizations, not yet to the public Honeywell 400 - the computer  Computer History – Computer Age Begins The Third Generation, 1965-1970: The Integrated Circuit An IC – a complete electronic circuit on a small chip of silicon (non metallic substance) A chip is much smaller in size - ⅛ inch square, can contain thousands of electronic components An IC was able to replace an entire circuit board of transistors with one chip of silicon much smaller than a transistor 1965 – ICs began to replace transistors Software became more sophisticated, using terminals to access the computer  Computer History – Computer Age Begins The Fourth Generation, 1971 – Today: The Microprocessor First microprocessor Invention of Intel’s 4004 microprocessor on which numerous ICs could be built General-purpose processor-on-a-chip Extension of third generation technology Vast implementation – digital watches, pocket calculators  Computer History – Computer Age Begins The Fifth Generation, Today- Future: Artificial Intelligence Initiated by Japan’s MITI in 1970s To perform much calculation utilizing massive parallelism 1981 – IBM PC; first personal computers The PIM/m-1 machine introduced 1983 – Apple Lisa computer; first home computer with a GUI 1984 – Apple Macintosh computer  Basic Components of a Computer System An electronic device that can accept data (input), process the input to useful information (process) according to a set of instructions, store the instructions and the results of processing (storage), and produce the information (output). Data Info Input Process Output Storage Identifying Computer Components Input Device System Unit Output Device Secondary Storage Device  I/O Devices - general term for devices that send computers information from the outside world and that return the results of computations -These results can either be viewed directly by a user, or they can be sent to another machine, whose control has been assigned to that machine -Input devices: h/w components that allow data and instructions to be entered into a computer -Output devices: h/w components that convey information to people - Example: data entered on the keyboard and temporarily stored in the computer’s memory and displayed on the monitor  System Unit - contains the electronic circuits that cause the processing of data to occur - electronic circuits are connected to a circuit board - Motherboard Processor Motherboard Memory Interprets and carries out Store instructions waiting to basic instructions that be executed and data operate the computer needed by those instructions  Secondary Storage Device - also known as auxiliary storage devices - stores instructions and data when they are not being used by the system unit - E.g. micro disk, floppy disk and hard disk drive  How a Computer System Works Secondary Storage Device Data Input System Output Device Unit Device Information  How a Computer System Works – cont’d - A computer is useless without the presence of software. - Software controls the computer hardware : Operating System - Software also provides application services to user : application software COMPUTER HARDWARE  Motherboard Backbone of the computer Circuit board that connects all parts of computer together – CPU, memory, hard drive, optical drive, video/graphic card, sound card, and other expansion cards and ports Popular manufacturer: Asus, Intel, ABIT, AOpen, Biostar, MSI, Gigabyte.  Motherboard Parallel & CPU Socket BIOS serial port USB Port PCI Slots PS/2 Port Power Connector AGP Slot ISA Slots Memory Socket Battery Storage device connectors Motherboard Inside Computers Central Processing Unit (CPU)  Central Processing Unit (CPU) – cont’d - It is the ‘ brains’ of the computer - microprocessor chip. - CPU is inserted directly into a CPU socket on a motherboard. - highly complex, extensive set of electronic circuitry that interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate the computer – most calculation takes place. - CPU perform three main tasks :- Perform arithmetic operations Perform logic operations Retrieval and storage of data  Central Processing Unit (CPU) – cont’d -CPU consists of two main units :- 1. Control Unit - fetches instructions from memory - decode/translate instructions - executes the processing tasks - stores result in memory 2. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) - arithmetic operations e.g. +, -, x, / - logic operations (comparison) e.g. >, >=, ==,