lecture 2.pdf

CSC101 Introduction to ICT Lecture: 02 By: Muhammad Qaseem Course Objectives This course is intended to give students a solid background in Computers, with a focus on basic computer terminology, Computer Networks, Information and Communication Technologies....

CSC101 Introduction to ICT Lecture: 02 By: Muhammad Qaseem Course Objectives This course is intended to give students a solid background in Computers, with a focus on basic computer terminology, Computer Networks, Information and Communication Technologies. This course will discuss various topics related to ICT domain, such as: Computer and their uses, Internet and the world, Interacting with computer, seeing, hearing and printing data, processing and storing of data, Using operating systems and working with application software’s, Networking basics Basic data communication terminologies, Working in the online network This course will also cover basic Information and Communication Technologies and processes involved in design of Information Systems. Learning Outcomes? Understand basic functions of computer hardware and software components including operating system Identify and describe the components of a computer system (i.e. input, process, output and storage) Explain the role of system software and application software within computers Describe various storage media, including appropriate use and management Understand the ability of computers to communicate with one another e.g. computer networks, the Internet Identify the usage of emerging hardware and software technologies and how they are being used to solve problems and create efficiency To understand netiquettes and security and privacy issues of being online Understand the uses of common software applications Reference Books Textbook: ❑ “Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive”, 15th/16th Edition, by Deborah Morley, Charles S. Parker Reference Books ❑ Peter Norton, Introduction to Computers, 7th Edition ❑ Williams Sawyer, Using Information Technology: A Practical Introduction to Computer & Communications, 10th Edition ❑ Computers, Communications & information: A user's introduction, Sarah, E. Hutchinson. Stacey, C. Swayer. ❑ Fundamentals of Information Technology, Alexis L Mathewsleon Leon Press. Grading and General Policy Grade breakdown ❑ Mid Term exam 30% ❑ Assignments/Quiz 10% ❑ Final Project 10% ❑ Final exam (External) 50% Semester Project ❑ 2 members per group Passing Marks >= 60, But, but, but!!!! Plagiarism will be marked as Zero. Class Attendance should be >= 80. No student will be allowed after 10 minutes in class. Rules Respect to other’s opinion in class No cross-talk during class Use of mobile phones in class is strictly prohibited without permission. If you have any question raise your hand first and then ask question 6 Contact and Course Logistics Course Instructor: Muhammad Qaseem ❑ Email: [email protected] ❑ Counseling Hours: Friday, 12:00AM to 1:00PM, however, it is strongly recommended that appointments are set up through email beforehand  Chapter 1: Introduction to the World of Computers Overview This chapter covers: ❑ What computers are, how they work, and how they are used ❑ Computer terminology ❑ An overview of the history of computers ❑ The basic types of computers in use today ❑ Describing ICT Systems* ❑ An overview of networks and the Internet ❑ Societal impacts of computers 9 Computers in Your Life Why learn about computers? ❑ Primarily by researchers and scientists ❑ Pervasive computing Also known as ubiquitous computing Embedding computational capability into everyday objects Computers have become an integral part of our lives ❑ Basic computer literacy Knowing about and understanding computers and their uses is an essential skill today for everyone 10 Examples: 11 Examples: 12 Computers in Your Life Before 1980 ❑ Computers were large, expensive ❑ Very few people had access to them ❑ Computers were mostly used for high-volume processing tasks Microcomputers in the early 80s ❑ Inexpensive personal computers ❑ Computer use increased dramatically Today ❑ More than 80% of US households include a computer, and most use computers at work ❑ Electronic devices are converging into single units with multiple capabilities 13 Group Activity #1 What variety of tasks computers used for? ❑ In the Homes? (Assigned to Group #1) ❑ In Education? (Assigned to Group #2) ❑ On the Jobs? (Assigned to Group #3) ❑ On the Go? (Assigned to Group #4) 14 Computers in the Home Computers used for a variety of tasks: ❑ Looking up information and news ❑ Exchanging e-mail ❑ Shopping and paying bills ❑ Watching TV and videos ❑ Downloading music and movies ❑ Organizing digital photographs ❑ Playing games ❑ Telecommuting 15 Computers in the Home Convergence ❑ The computer has become the central part of home entertainment ❑ Dual-mode mobile phones Wireless networking ❑ Computers can be used in nearly any location Smart appliances ❑ Traditional appliances with built-in computer or communication technology Smart homes ❑ Household tasks are monitored and controlled by a main computer in the house 16 Computers in the Home Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 14th Edition 17  Computers in Education ❑ Youth today can be called the computing generation ❑ Most students today have access to computers at school ❑ Some schools integrate e-books into the curriculum ❑ Colleges and universities are even more integrated ❑ Wireless hotspots allow usage of personal laptops to connect to the college network ❑ Some colleges require a computer for enrollment ❑ Distance learning ❑ Students participate from locations other than the traditional classroom setting using computers and Internet access Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 14th Edition 18 Computers in Education Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 14th Edition 19 Computers on the Job Computers have become a universal on-the-job tool for decision-making, productivity, and communication ❑ Used by all types of employees ❑ Used for access control and other security measures ❑ Use by service professionals is growing ❑ Used extensively by the military ❑ Employees in all lines of work need to continually refresh their computer skills 20 Computers on the Job Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 14th Edition 21 Computers on the Go Computers are encountered in nearly every aspect of daily life ❑ Consumer kiosks ❑ ATM transactions ❑ POS systems at retail stores ❑ Self-checkout systems ❑ Portable computers or mobile devices ❑ M-commerce systems ❑ GPS systems 22 Computers on the Go 23 What Is a Computer and What Does It Do? Computer: A programmable, electronic device that accepts data, performs operations on that data, and stores the data or results as needed ❑ Computers follow instructions, called programs, which determine the tasks the computer will perform Basic operations ❑ Input: Entering data into the computer ❑ Processing: Performing operations on the data ❑ Output: Presenting the results ❑ Storage: Saving data, programs, or output for future use ❑ Communications: Sending or receiving data 24 What Is a Computer and What Does It Do? 25 Data vs. Information Data ❑ Raw, unorganized facts ❑ Can be in the form of text, graphics, audio, or video Information ❑ Data that has been processed into a meaningful form Information processing ❑ Converting data into information 26 Computers Then and Now The history of computers is often referred to in terms of generations Each new generation is characterized by a major technological development Precomputes and early computers (before 1946) ❑ Abacus, slide rule, mechanical calculator ❑ Punch Card Tabulating Machine and Sorter 27  Computers Then and Now Mechanical Calculator Slide rule Abacus 28 Computers Then and Now Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 14th Edition 29 Computers Then and Now First-generation computers (1946-1957) ❑ Enormous and powered by vacuum tubes ❑ Used a great deal of electricity, and generated a lot of heat ❑ ENIAC and UNIVAC Second-generation computers (1958-1963) ❑ Used transistors ❑ Computers were smaller, more powerful, cheaper, more energy-efficient, and more reliable ❑ Punch cards and magnetic tape were used to input and store data 30 Computers Then and Now Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 14th Edition 31 Computers Then and Now Third-generation computers (1964-1970) ❑ Used integrated circuits (ICs) ❑ Keyboards and monitors introduced Fourth-generation computers (1971-present) ❑ Use microprocessors ❑ IBM PC, Apple Macintosh ❑ Use keyboards, mice, monitors, and printers ❑ Use magnetic disks, flash memory, and optical disks for storage ❑ Computer networks, wireless technologies, Internet introduced 32 Computers Then and Now Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 14th Edition 33 Computers Then and Now Fifth-generation (now and the future) ❑ Infancy stage ❑ No precise classification ❑ May be based on artificial intelligence (AI) ❑ Likely use voice and touch input ❑ May be based on optical computers and utilize nanotechnology 34  Group Activity #2 List down the followings? ❑ Computer Hardware (Assigned to Group #1) ❑ Computer Software (Assigned to Group #2) ❑ Computer Users and Professionals (Assigned to Group #3) 35 Hardware Hardware: The physical parts of a computer ❑ Internal hardware Located inside the main box (system unit) of the computer ❑ External hardware Located outside the system unit Connect to the computer via a wired or wireless connection ❑ There is hardware associated with all five computer operations 36 Hardware 37 Hardware Input devices ❑ Used to input data into the computer ❑ Keyboards, mice, scanners, cameras, microphones, joysticks, touch pads, touch screens, fingerprint readers, etc. Processing devices ❑ Perform calculations and control computer’s operation ❑ Central processing unit (CPU) and memory Output devices ❑ Present results to the user ❑ Monitors, printers, speakers, projectors, etc. 38 Hardware Storage devices ❑ Used to store data on or access data from storage media ❑ Hard drives, CD/DVD discs and drives, USB flash drives, etc. Communications devices ❑ Allow users to communicate with others and to electronically access remote information ❑ Modems, network adapters, etc. 39 Hardware 40 Software Software: The programs or instructions used to tell the computer hardware what to do ❑ System software: Operating system starts up the computer and controls its operation Without OS computer cannot function Boots the computer and launches programs at the user’s direction Most use a GUI to interact with the user via windows, icons, menus, buttons, etc. Windows, Mac OS, Linux, etc. 41 Software 42 Application Software ❑ Application software: Performs specific tasks or applications Creating letters, budgets, etc. Managing inventory and customer databases Editing photographs Scheduling appointments Viewing Web pages Sending and receiving e-mail Recording / playing CDs/DVDs Designing homes Playing games 43 Application Software Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 14th Edition 44 Computer Users and Professionals Computer users (end users): People who use a computer to obtain information Computer professionals include: ❑ Programmers ❑ Systems analysts ❑ Computer operations personnel ❑ Security specialists 45 Computers to Fit Every Need Six basic categories of computers: ❑ Embedded computers ❑ Mobile devices ❑ Personal computers ❑ Midrange servers ❑ Mainframe computers ❑ Supercomputers 46 Embedded Computers Embedded computer: Embedded into a product and designed to perform specific tasks or functions for that product Cannot be used as general-purpose computers Often embedded into: ❑ Household appliances ❑ Thermostats ❑ Sewing machines ❑ A/V equipment ❑ Cars 47 Mobile Devices Mobile device: A very small device with some type of built-in computing or Internet capability Typically based on mobile phones Typically have small screens and keyboards Examples: ❑ Smartphones ❑ Handheld gaming devices ❑ Portable digital media players 48 Personal Computers (PCs) Personal computer: A small computer designed to be used by one person at a time ❑ Also called a microcomputer ❑ Range in size from desktop computers to UMPC’s Desktop computers: Fit on or next to a desk ❑ Can use tower case, desktop case, or all-in-one ❑ Can be PC- compatible or Macintosh ❑ Not designed to be portable 49 Portable Computers Notebook (laptop) computers: Typically use clamshell design Tablet computers: Can be slate tablets or convertible tablets Netbooks: Small notebooks; rapidly growing type of PC Ultra-mobile PCs (UMPCs): Handheld computers 50 Thin Clients and Internet Appliances Thin client or network computer (NC): Device designed to access a network for processing and data storage ❑ Lower cost, increased security and easier maintenance ❑ Limited or no local storage ❑ Not able to function as a computer if network is down Internet appliance: Specialized network computer designed for Internet access and/or e-mail exchange ❑ Often set-top boxes ❑ Can include Internet-enabled gaming consoles 51 Set Top Boxes: 52 How Set Top Box Works? 53 Thin Clients and Internet Appliances 54 Midrange Servers Midrange server: A medium-sized computer used to host programs and data for a small network ❑ Users connect via a network with a computer, thin client, or dumb terminal ❑ May consist of a collection of individual circuit boards called blades ❑ Virtualization: Creating virtual environments (often used to share a server for increased efficiency) 55 Mainframe Computers Mainframe computer: Powerful computer used by several large organizations to manage large amounts of centralized data ❑ Standard choice for large organizations, hospitals, universities, large businesses, banks, government offices ❑ Located in climate-controlled data centers and connected to the rest of the company computers via a network ❑ Larger, more expensive, and more powerful than midrange servers ❑ Usually operate 24 hours a day ❑ Also called high-end servers or enterprise-class servers 56 Mainframe Computers 57 Supercomputers Supercomputer: Fastest, most expensive, most powerful type of computer ❑ Generally run one program at a time, as fast as possible ❑ Commonly built by connecting hundreds of smaller computers, supercomputing cluster ❑ Used for space exploration, missile guidance, satellites, weather forecast, oil exploration, scientific research, complex Web sites, decision support systems, 3D applications, etc. 58 Supercomputers 59  Data and Program Representation Coding systems: Used to represent data and programs Digital computers: Two states, OFF and ON (0 and 1) Digital data representation: The process of representing data in digital form so it can be understood by a computer 60 Digital Data Representation Bit: The smallest unit of data that a binary computer can recognize (a single 1 or 0) Byte = 8 bits Byte terminology used to express the size of documents and other files, programs, etc. Prefixes are often used to express larger quantities of bytes: kilobyte (KB), megabyte (MB), gigabyte (GB), terabyte (TB), etc. 61 The Binary Numbering System Numbering system: A way of representing numbers Decimal numbering system ❑ Uses 10 symbols (0-9) Binary numbering system ❑ Uses only two symbols (1 and 0) to represent all possible numbers In both systems, the position of the digits determines the power to which the base number (such as 10 or 2) is raised 62 The Binary Numbering System 63 Coding Systems for Text-Based Data ASCII and EBCDIC – ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange): coding system traditionally used with personal computers – EBCDIC (Extended Binary-Coded Decimal Interchange Code): developed by IBM, primarily for mainframe use 64 Coding Systems for Text-Based Data Unicode: newer code (32 bits per character is common); universal coding standard designed to represent text-based data written in any ancient or modern language Replacing ASCII as the primary text-coding system 65 Coding Systems for Other Types of Data Graphics (still images such as photos or drawings) ❑ Bitmapped images: A variety of bit depths are possible (4, 8, 24 bits) More bits = more colors Audio data Video data 66 Representing Programs: Machine Language Machine language: Binary-based language for representing computer programs the computer can execute directly ❑ Early programs were written in machine language. ❑ Today’s programs still need to be translated into machine language in order to be understood by the computer Most programs are written in other programming languages ❑ Language translators are used to translate the programs into machine language 67 Inside the System Unit 68