Lecture 2 BFD24.1.pdf

Metal Ages Fashion History - Lecture 2  The Chalcolithic Age/ Copper Age The COPPER AGE refers to that part of Old- World prehistory between the first farming societies called Neolithic, and the urban and literate societies of the Bronze Age. The term Chalcolithic is a combination of tw...

Metal Ages Fashion History - Lecture 2  The Chalcolithic Age/ Copper Age The COPPER AGE refers to that part of Old- World prehistory between the first farming societies called Neolithic, and the urban and literate societies of the Bronze Age. The term Chalcolithic is a combination of two words- Chalco+Lithic was derived from the Greek words "khalkos" + "líthos" which means "copper" and "stone" or Copper Age. Recreation of the copper age city Los Millares, about 20 km from Almería, Spain  Timna Copper Mine in Israel The Chalcolithic Age The Chalcolithic Age was the shortest of the periods defined by innovation in tool use. "Chalcolithic" is applied to a broad mosaic of cultural entities located in different environments, which have a handful of common characteristics. The Characteristics, painted pottery and copper processing-are found in the Halafian culture of northeastern Syria about 5500 BC. Chalcolithic Age introduced the smelting and casting of metal , raw metals in the form mined from the earth. Copper tools and sphere points  Poly Chrome Paintings Chalcolithic Age Another main identifying characteristic of the Chalcolithic period is polychrome painted pottery. Ceramic forms found on Chalcolithic sites include pots with openings cut into the walls, which may have been used for burning incense, as well as large storage jars and serving jars with spouts. These were wheel made pottery mostly of red and orange color. Pottery was painted in linear designs, mainly in black pigment and was decorated with different shapes. Chalcolithic Pottery Vessels found Designs of flowers, vegetation, animals, and birds in Holy Land were used.  Farmers typically raised Milk and milk by-products Crops grown by Chalcolithic domestic animals such as were important farmers included barley, sheep-goats, cattle, and pigs, wheat, and pulses. a diet supplemented by hunting and fishing. Use of bricks was extensive The planning of the houses The walls of houses were during the Chalcolithic people was simple which was either made from mud and but there are no traces of rectangular or circular. plastered with cow dung and burnt (baked) bricks. lime.  Metal Tool Image of Chalcolithic Age Metals such as copper and its alloys were used to make knives, axes, fishing hooks, chisels, pins, and rods European Copper Age axes  carnelian jasper The people of Chalcolithic Age were expert coppersmiths, ivory carvers, lime makers, and terracotta artisans. Ornaments were made from semiprecious stones and beads such as agate, jasper, chalcedony, and carnelian were used. Chalcedony agate People had knowledge of spinning and weaving. Flax, cotton, and silk thread is found from sites in Maharashtra Cotton was produced in black cotton soil Animal Skins, woven fabrics have used to make garment The bronze age is a prehistoric period that A reconstruction drawing of a Bronze Age cottage interior in Grimspound was characterized using bronze , proto- writing and other early features of urban The bronze age civilization in some areas. Archaeological evidence suggest the transition from copper to bronze took place around 3300 B.C- 500 A.D. The bronze age is the time period when people made tools from an alloy(a mixture of metals)called Bronze. Bronze is a mixture of mainly Copper and Tin: usually nine-part copper to one part tin. The Fertile Crescent is a The Bronze Age (c. 3300–1200 BC) marks the emergence of the first complex state societies. crescent-shaped region Middle Bronze Age the first empires. in the Middle East, By the end of the Bronze Age, complex state societies spanning modern-day were mostly limited to the Fertile Crescent and Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, to China, Palestine, Israel, Jordan, While Bronze Age tribal chiefdoms with lesser complex forms of administration were found throughout Bronze Palaeolithic or Mesolithic hunter-gatherers and Egypt, together with Age Europe and Central Asia, in the northern Indian nomadic pastoralists simple farming societies the southeastern region subcontinent, and in parts of Mesoamerica and the Andes. complex farming societies (Old World Bronze Age, Andes) of Turkey and the state societies (Fertile Crescent, China) western fringes of Iran. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xVf5kZA0HtQ Near East (modern Iraq, southeast Turkey, southwest Iran, north-eastern Syria and Kuwait …..) Sumerians had established roughly a dozen city-states Hammurabi Sumerians called themselves the Sag-giga, the “black-headed ones.” They were among the first to use bronze. They also pioneered the use of levees and canals for irrigation. Sumerians invented cuneiform script, one of the earliest forms of writing, and built large stepped pyramid temples called ziggurats. Sumerians celebrated art and literature. Babylonia: present-day Iraq. , was first occupied by people known as the Amorites. The Amorite King Hammurabi created one of the world’s earliest and most-complete written legal codes. The Code of Hammurabi helped Babylon surpass the Sumerian City of Code of Hammurabi Ur as the region’s most powerful city.  Ancient Sumerian Inventions 9 1 2 6 Mass-Produced Pottery Writing Hydraulic engineering 7 8 The chariot 3 the plough Textile Mills Mass produced Bricks 4 5 Metallurgy Sumerian Clothing The length of the skirts varied according to hierarchical status. Servants, slaves, and soldiers wore short skirts, while royalty wore long skirts. They wrapped around the body and tied with a belt at the waist to hold the skirts up. During the third millennium BCE, the Sumerian civilization of Mesopotamia was culturally defined by the development of the art of weaving. Men and women both skirts composed of woven cloth and tufted fabrics Europe The European Bronze Age is characterized by bronze artifacts and the use of bronze implements. Greece became a major hub of activities during the bronze age. The Minoans are the first advanced civilization in Europe. Greece the major hub The Minoans were traders who exported timber, olive oil, wine and dye to nearby Egypt, Syria, Cyprus and the Greek mainland. They imported metals and other raw materials, including copper, tin, ivory and precious stones. Many people crossed the sea travelled in long wooden boats The first war chariots appeared at the end of the Bronze Age. Warriors rode into battle standing on chariots pulled by horses. Europe Fashion In Europe, clothing was wool with a simple weave. Leather was used as straps on clothes and shoes. Most clothing was a dark color. Textile tools such as spindle whorls and loom weights, which are generally produced in non-perishable material such as clay and stone. Men wore caps made of either knitted thread or animal skin Most people wore shoes. In cold climates, the fur was left on the skin and put on the inside of the shoes to help keep them warm. In other areas, the fur was removed with a razor and tweezers, then pieces of the shoe were sewn together. India(Harappan civilization) The Harappan civilization was located in the Indus River valley. Its two large cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, were located in present-day Pakistan's Punjab and Sindh provinces, respectively. Reconstruction of Gateway at Harappa by an Artist Fashion of the Harappa The Indus cotton industry was well-developed, and some methods used in cotton spinning and fabrication continued to be used until the industrialization of India. People consisted of loin cloth for men, wrap skirts and shoulder shawls for women. sandals made from cloth and wood Their cloths were made from cotton and woolen yarn. They dress attire that was shown on clay figures. The women were bare to the waist and wore only a scanty skirt. The skirt was held by a girdle made either of beads or band of woven material. There were also a dresses made from stiffened cotton cloth. The men were usually nude, and they would mostly wear an embroidery worn over their left shoulder and under the right arm. The people were very fond of jewelry and hair-dressing. Men had various hair style: some would part their hair in the middle and curling their hair was also done. The metal ornaments were made out of gold, silver, copper, and bronze. The ornaments were girdles, necklaces, bracelets, pectorals, beads, cones, ear-rings, and nose-rings.  Bronze Age China The era of the Shang and the Zhou dynasties are generally known as the Bronze Age of China The capital, and the land was controlled directly by the king. Much of the land was under subordinate lords, who owed obedience to the king. Economy based on agriculture. Most of the population were peasants who worked by farming the land.. Urban classes were scribes, priests, craftworkers and traders Early Chinese bronzes are some of the finest in the world, beautifully designed and decorated. They used bronze weapons and wore bronze armors The late Shang period is famous for the oracle bones used for divining the future Shang bronze axe Bronze Vessels Bells Millers bronze plough Oracle bone The Shang Dynasty created the fundamentals of the Hanfu. The Hanfu was made up of a knee length tunic tied with a sash, narrow cuffs called a yi, a narrow knee length skirt called a Shang and was accompanied by a long piece of fabric that reached the knees called a bixi. The higher the rank the better the clothes they wore were. This included the length of a skirt, the wideness of a sleeve and the amount of ornamentation. Fashion was mostly unisex and uncomplicatedly cut. As the dynasties changed , gender specifically came into the Clothes. During the Winter months people wore padded jackets over their tunics. peasants and their rough clothes made of hemp and leather. Iron Age Iron Age, final technological and cultural stage in the Stone–Bronze–Iron Age sequence It is sitting between the collapse of the Bronze Age and the beginning of recorded /written history. Market pressures caused by tin scarcity forced metalworkers to search for alternative metals, with the plentiful iron (which was known in the Bronze Age but considered inferior) becoming the material of the day. The time frame for the Iron Age varies widely depending on location, but in Western Europe the start point is about when iron replaced bronze in arms manufacture. The end point is the Roman Conquest (in Britain AD43) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uXrSCqtamZM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ESsnU-ECYnw Activity Research on Clothing During Iron Age Movie Time  Thank You! https://edu.glogster.com/glog/the-metal- age/2591wv9bbo8