Lecture 17 - Personality I.pptx

Personality I Geneviève Trudel, PhD Candidate University of Ottawa Midterm 2 To submit questions for the final : • https://uottawapsy.az1.qualtrics.c om/jfe/form/SV_1HQ9wQubyeOtRx c • Last day: November 23rd, @11:59pm Final day to submit optional assignment: • Last day: November 30th, @11:59pm • T...

Personality I Geneviève Trudel, PhD Candidate University of Ottawa Midterm 2 To submit questions for the final : • https://uottawapsy.az1.qualtrics.c om/jfe/form/SV_1HQ9wQubyeOtRx c • Last day: November 23rd, @11:59pm Final day to submit optional assignment: • Last day: November 30th, @11:59pm • Trigger warning: next class we will talk about suicide • Outline • What is personality? • Overview of personality disorders • Challenges of diagnosing personality disorders • Diagnostic clusters • DSM-5 alternative model What is personality? Personality is difficult to define • “The characteristic ways a person thinks or behaves” • There are so many facets to our identity, which makes personality complicated to define • There are dozens of theories on personality and only some consensus on the best ways to describe it • Lots of debate remains within this area of research The “Big 5” Factor theory of personalit y Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness to experience Openness to experience Conscientiousne ss Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism Conscientiousness Agreeableness Neuroticism Openness to experience Extraversion Extraversion • More complicated than whether people recharge through socializing or alone time • “the state of or tendency toward being predominantly concerned with and obtaining gratification from what is outside the self : a personality trait or style characterized by a preference for or orientation to engaging socially with others” • Subscales on the NEO-PI 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Warmth Gregariousness Assertiveness Activity level Excitement-seeking Positive emotion Agreeableness • “The state or quality of having a pleasant or agreeable manner in socializing with others” • Subscales on the NEO-PI 1. Trust in others 2. Morality 3. Altruism 4. Cooperation 5. Modesty 6. Sympathy Conscientiousness • “very careful about doing what you are supposed to do : concerned with doing something correctly” • Subscales on the NEO-PI • Self-efficacy • Orderliness • Dutifulness (Sense of duty) • Achievement striving • Self-discipline • Cautiousness Neuroticism/Negative Emotionality • The tendency towards experiencing intense negative emotions • One of the most robust predictive factors for experiencing a mental health problem • Subscales on the NEO-PI • Anxiety • Anger • Depression • Self-consciousness • Immoderation/impulsiveness • Vulnerability to stress Openness to experience • Enjoying trying new things, even when they are less practical • Subscales on the NEO-PI • Imagination • Artistic interest • Emotionality • Adventurousness • Curiosity • Liberal values How influenced are personality traits by context? • Self-monitoring: a personality trait that determines how much people regulate their behaviour based on the context • High-self monitors adjust their behaviours based on who is around • Low-self monitors do not filter themselves based on context; act similarly regardless of situation Categorical models of personality: Myers-Briggs • People are placed into 16 personality types based on Carl Jung’s theories • Extraversion (E) vs introversion (I) • Sensing (S) versus intuition (N) • Thinking (T) versus feeling (F) • Judging (J) versus perceiving (P) • Widely used by businesses and corporations • Psychometric evidence suggests that this test has poor validity and reliability (“Why the Myers-Briggs test is totally meaningless”: youtube.com/watch?v=Q5pggDCnt5M) https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=haP7Ys9ocTk Barnum/Forer effect: people endorse vague and general information as highly accurate to their specific circumstances Overview of personality disorders General features of personality disorders • Personality disorders are generally considered chronic • Persistent pattern of emotions, cognitions, and behaviour that results in enduring emotional distress for the person affected and for others and may cause difficulties with work and relationships • Pattern of inner experience and behaviours that deviates markedly from the norms and expectations of the individual’s culture, is pervasive and inflexible • Symptoms for some personality disorders may improve as people age (e.g. antisocial and borderline personality disorders) • The person may not feel distress themselves, but they may cause distress to others (e.g. antisocial personality disorder) • People with personality disorders who are depressed have worse treatment outcomes Personality disorders are stigmatizing, controversial, and poorly understood. There are 10 “distinct” personality disorders in DSM-5 Paranoid Schizoid Borderlin e Schizotypa l Antisocial Histrionic Narcissisti c Avoidant Dependen t Obsessivecompulsive There are 10 “distinct” personality disorders in DSM-5 Paranoid Schizoid Borderlin e Schizotypa l Antisocial Histrionic Cluster A: “odd” and “eccentric” Narcissisti c Avoidant Dependen t Obsessivecompulsive There are 10 “distinct” personality disorders in DSM-5 Paranoid Schizoid Cluster A: “odd” and “eccentric” Schizotypa l Antisocial Borderlin Cluster B: e “dramatic” , “emotional ”, “erratic” Histrionic Narcissisti c Avoidant Dependen t Obsessivecompulsive There are 10 “distinct” personality disorders in DSM-5 Paranoid Schizoid Cluster A: “odd” and “eccentric” Schizotypa l Antisocial Borderlin Cluster B: e “dramatic” , “emotional ”, “erratic” Histrionic Narcissisti c Avoidant Dependen t Cluster C: “anxious ” and “fearful” Obsessivecompulsive Personality disorders are highly co-morbid with one another, which reduces their credibility There is an alternative model for diagnosing personality disorders in DSM-5-TR that recognizes overlapping personality features DSM-5 alternative model for personality disorders General Criteria for Personality Disorder A. Moderate or greater impairment in personality (self/interpersonal) functioning. B. One or more pathological personality traits. C. The impairments in personality functioning and the individual’s personality trait expression are relatively inflexible and pervasive across a broad range of personal and social situations. D. The impairments in personality functioning and the individual’s personality trait expression are relatively stable across time, with onsets that can be traced back to at least adolescence or early adulthood. E. The impairments in personality functioning and the individual’s personality trait expression are not better explained by another mental disorder. F. The impairments in personality functioning and the individual’s personality trait expression are not solely attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition (e.g., severe head trauma). G. The impairments in personality functioning and the individual’s personality trait expression are not better understood as normal for an individual’s developmental There are 10 “distinct” personality disorders in DSM-5 Paranoid Schizoid Cluster A: “odd” and “eccentric” Schizotypa l Antisocial Borderlin Cluster B: e “dramatic” , “emotional ”, “erratic” Histrionic Narcissisti c Avoidant Dependen t Cluster C: “anxious ” and “fearful” Obsessivecompulsive The alternative model implies that all personality disorders share similar deficits in specific areas (self/interpersonal functioning) and require the presence of some pathological personality traits Specific personality disorders can be understood using this model. DSM-5 alternative model of Antisocial Personality Disorder A. Moderate or greater impairment in personality functioning, manifested by characteristic difficulties in two or more of the following four areas: • Identity: Egocentrism; self-esteem derived from personal gain, power, or pleasure. • Self-direction: Goal setting based on personal gratification; absence of prosocial internal standards, associated with failure to conform to lawful or culturally normative ethical behavior. • Empathy: Lack of concern for feelings, needs, or suffering of others; lack of remorse after hurting or mistreating another. • Intimacy: Incapacity for mutually intimate relationships, as exploitation is a primary means of relating to others, including by deceit and coercion; use of dominance or intimidation to control others. DSM-5 alternative model of Antisocial Personality Disorder B. Six or more of the following seven pathological personality traits: • Manipulativeness (an aspect of Antagonism): Frequent use of subterfuge to influence or control others; use of seduction, charm, glibness, or ingratiation to achieve one’s ends. • Callousness (an aspect of Antagonism): Lack of concern for feelings or problems of others; lack of guilt or remorse about the negative or harmful effects of one’s actions on others; aggression; sadism. • Deceitfulness (an aspect of Antagonism): Dishonesty and fraudulence; misrepresentation of self; embellishment or fabrication when relating events. • Hostility (an aspect of Antagonism): Persistent or frequent angry feelings; anger or irritability in response to minor slights and insults; mean, nasty, or vengeful behavior. • Risk taking (an aspect of Disinhibition): Engagement in dangerous, risky, and potentially self-damaging activities, unnecessarily and without regard for consequences; boredom proneness and thoughtless initiation of activities to counter boredom; lack of concern for one’s limitations and denial of the reality of personal danger. • Impulsivity (an aspect of Disinhibition): Acting on the spur of the moment in response to immediate stimuli; acting on a momentary basis without a plan or consideration of outcomes; difficulty establishing and following plans. There are 10 “distinct” personality disorders in DSM-5 Paranoid Schizoid Borderlin e Schizotypa l Antisocial Histrionic Cluster A: “odd” and “eccentric” Narcissisti c Avoidant Dependen t Obsessivecompulsive General features of Cluster A disorders • While only Schizotypal Personality Disorder is technically on the Schizophrenia spectrum (according to DSM-5), all of 3 Cluster A disorders are defined by symptoms characteristic of subthreshold schizophrenia symptoms • There is ongoing debate whether these disorders should all be categorized under the Schizophrenia spectrum • Rarely seek treatment, unless for secondary mental health disorders (e.g. depression, anxiety) Schizoid personality disorder • A persistent pattern of detachment and restricted emotion in interpersonal settings • Neither desires nor enjoys close relationships, including being part of a family. • Almost always chooses solitary activities. • Has little, if any, interest in having sexual experiences with another person. • Takes pleasure in few, if any, activities. • Lacks close friends or confidants other than first-degree relatives. • Appears indifferent to the praise or criticism of others. • Shows emotional coldness, detachment, or flattened affectivity. Paranoid personality disorder • A pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by four (or more) of the following: • Suspects, without sufficient basis, that others are exploiting, harming, or deceiving him or her. • Is preoccupied with unjustified doubts about the loyalty or trustworthiness of friends or associates. • Is reluctant to confide in others because of unwarranted fear that the information will be used maliciously against him or her. • Reads hidden demeaning or threatening meanings into benign remarks or events. • Persistently bears grudges (i.e., is unforgiving of insults, injuries, or slights). • Perceives attacks on his or her character or reputation that are not apparent to others and is quick to react angrily or to counterattack. • Has recurrent suspicions, without justification, regarding fidelity of spouse or sexual partner. • Not better explained by another disorder (e.g. schizophrenia) Next class • Personality Disorders 2 Reminder: To submit questions for the final : https://uottawapsy.az1.qualtric s.com/jfe/form/SV_1HQ9wQuby eOtRxc