Lecture 1 What is Development SOCI3026 PDF

What is Development? SOCIOLOGY OF DEVELOPMENT (SOCI3026) RASHALEE MITCHELL SEPTEMBER 13, 2024 What is Development? What is development?  Development is a multidimensional & multifaceted concept  Generally includes the advancement and improvement of people’s lives socially, econom...

What is Development? SOCIOLOGY OF DEVELOPMENT (SOCI3026) RASHALEE MITCHELL SEPTEMBER 13, 2024 What is Development? What is development?  Development is a multidimensional & multifaceted concept  Generally includes the advancement and improvement of people’s lives socially, economically. Human and environmental factors are also accounted for. What is development?  “Development is a multidimensional undertaking to achieve a higher quality of life for all people. Economic development, social development and environmental protection are interdependent and mutually reinforcing components of sustainable development.”  https://research.un.org/en/docs/dev#:~:text=%22Development %20is%20one%20of%20the,of%20life%20for%20all %20people.&text=%22Sustained%20economic%20growth%20is %20essential,countries%2C%20in%20particular%20developing %20countries. Leadership & political participation: women in parliaments  According to UN Women Facts & Figures 2018;  Only 22.8% of all national parliamentarians were women as of June 2016, a slow increase from 11.3% in 1995.  As of October 2017, 11 women are serving as Head of State and 12 are serving as Head of Government. Leadership & political participation: women in parliaments  Rwanda had the highest number of women parliamentarians worldwide. Women there have won 63.8% of seats in the lower house.  Globally, there are 38 States in which women account for less than 10% of parliamentarians in single or lower houses, as of June 2016, including 4 chambers with no women at all! Leadership & political participation: women in parliaments cont’d  As of June 2017, only 2 countries have 50% or more women in parliament in single or lower houses:  Rwanda-61.3%, Bolivia – 53.1% but greater number of countries have reached 30% or more.  As of June 2017, 46 single or lower houses composed of 30% or more women.  Gender balance in political participation and decision making is the internationally agreed target set in the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action. Leadership & political participation: women in parliaments cont’d  In Jamaica the recent general elections have seen an increase in the participation of women in politics—the parliament & the senate.  The Jamaica Labour Party (JLP) has 14 Women MPs in parliament & 4 Women in the Senate.  The People’s National Party (PNP) has 4 Women MPs in parliament & 4 Women in the senate.  Total number of Women MP = 18 or 28.5%  Total number of women senators = 8 or 38% Definitions of the sociology of development  Kincaid and Portes notes that the sociology and development is the subfield of sociology concerned with social conditions and processes which determine a company or are affected by the course of national development.  Concerned with the examination of social change particularly the move from agrarian based society to an industrial one especially as it applies to the third world. The world in Context  It is a given that not all societies in the world are equal  The world can be divided into two:  1. Developed  2. Developing The world in Context cont’d Developed World Developing World  world-is typically made up of countries who have a diverse  a large part of their population engaged in economy, undergone industrialisation, have only a small agriculture, undiversified economies, less portion of their economically active access to cutting edge technology, a work persons involved in agriculture, force of mainly low skilled persons, less typically have a highly skilled than ideal transport and communication population, a low level of systems, poorly formed institutions, law unemployment, well-organised order and internal security, not well systems of transportation and developed commercial & financial communications, large & well developed commercial and financial institutions & high levels of population institutions well establishes systems growth when compared to the developed for maintaining law, order & security, nation. access to cutting edge technology & low levels of population growth. The world in Context cont’d  Any country that you can think of that fits this description? Give examples as to why you highlight a particular country.  Successive human development reports have highlighted the numerous problems that the world faces, and the particular vulnerabilities of many groups.  Global Stratification  New global order increasingly defined according to countries’ wealth or poverty  First World  Buys into assumption that it is the best  Second World  Largely used to describe countries of former Soviet Union  Command economy: state manages the production and distribution of goods  Third World  Undeveloped, underdeveloped or developing are terms that were used to suggest lack of any economic talent  Sociologists prefer the terms Global North, Global South  Global Stratification Cont’d  Global North  Western Europe, Canada, U.S., Australia and Japan  Democratic and technologically advanced, high standard of living, well-educated, access to health care and clean water, stable political structures  Global South  Poor countries of the world  Asia, South America and Africa  Lack financial, industrial and technological infrastructure necessary to develop their own competitive economies GLOBAL NORTH V.S. GLOBAL SOUTH  As a rule, states in the Global North are democratic and technologically advanced, have a high standard of living, and experience very low population growth.  Citizens in the Global North are well educated, have access to health care and clean water, and exist within stable political structures.  Given their economic, political, and social clout, it should come as no surprise that people who live in the Global North generally enjoy long, happy, and productive lives. GLOBAL NORTH V.S. GLOBAL SOUTH CONT’D  All Global South countries are less powerful, both economically and politically, than those in the Global North.  Many of the countries in the Global South emerged after the end of colonial rule and decided not to follow the path of Western capitalism or of socialism as practiced in the former Soviet Union.  These countries attempted to achieve development and prosperity through a third method—that is, one between capitalism and socialism. GLOBAL NORTH V.S. GLOBAL SOUTH CONT’D  However, the crushing inequalities left behind as a result of colonization made a realistic alternative impossible. Former colonies lacked the financial, industrial, and technological infrastructure necessary to develop their own vibrant and competitive economies. Main components of development  Economic growth– Increase in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) & Gross Domestic Product (GNP). Generally accepted increase of 5% & above.  The problems of economic growth as the sole indicator must be considered eg. Glosses over issues of equity in income distribution, only captures what happens in the formal sector, economic growth does not capture the informal sector and the connections with both & perhaps most important it does not capture the human conditions. Main components of development (Cont’d)  Improvement in human & social conditions:  Quality of life indicators:  access to clean drinking water, immunization coverage, access to proper health care/coverage, decent housing/shelter solutions, education & training which guarantees successful outcomes, treatment of women in society, high life expectancy rates, high literacy rates, low infant mortality rates, treatment of the elderly, treatment of animals in society etc. Main components of development (Cont’d)  Environmental indicators– preserving the environment, addressing climate change, deforestation vs. reforestation (planting more trees). For in Jamaica – National Tree Planting Day under the theme: “Every Tree Counts 1,2,3,”– headed by the Forestry department. They lead and encourage the replanting of trees on this particular day as a part of the national strategy. On National Tree planting day the aim is distribute free seedlings (at 3 key locations in the country: Kingston, St. Ann and Manchester) to facilitate the preservation of the environment. Main components of development (Cont’d)  Advancement – more efficient and flexible (anything the society undertakes it does it better and more quickly  Freedoms-- of speech, choice, to participate in the political process etc.  Justice  Equity & equality- Consideration for those who may need more to achieve the same outcomes as others (equity) Equality & Equity are not equal Main components of development (Cont’d)  Democracy –(western conceptualisation-liberal democracies) eg. Freedom to choose from multiple parties.  Good Governance – credible political leadership with the political will to lead the country on the right path—absent of corruption.  Sustainable development- development that meets the of today’s generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Bruntland report, 1987). Main components of development (Cont’d)  Ethics- Development should not be gained at all costs. Exploitation of weaker and more vulnerable groups must not be acceptable eg. No child labour, no inhumane working conditions.  Dennis Goulet- is associated with development ethics and is widely considered to be the father of development ethics.  He believes that development ethics should be concerned with rendering the development process humane.  Additionally, note the contributions of Dudley Seers- basic rights a feature of development and David Crocker – ethics & morality in development.  It is Important as it helps to address moral dilemmas in development. Main components of development (Cont’d)  Note - Millennium Development Goals (MDGs),  Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) & Jamaica’s Vision 2030, various Human Development Reports (focus on 2014, 2015 & 2016), Human Development Index (HDI) ranking of the various English speaking Caribbean countries (eg. highest 3), developed countries (eg. USA Canada, UK, France Germany & other western European countries, BRICS & the overall top 10 countries.  Many of the indicators are reflected in the above plans/goals Development  As time proceeds there are other important indicators of development. **Cowen & Shenton: Doctrines of Development- Summary  Doctrines of Development By M. P. Cowen and R. W. Shenton (Book Review)  Staudt, Kathleen.The Journal of Developing Areas; Macomb Vol. 31, Iss. 3, (Spring 1997): 422.  Click the link below for a succinct summary on Cowen & Shenton’s book  https://search.proquest.com/openview/ 19c9b29773c92b7cd9e584c48a2e2204/1?pq- origsite=gscholar&cbl=1818433 Leftwich Developmental States, Effective States and Poverty Reduction: The Primacy of Politics  Leftwich – Development is profoundly political (manifested in the meanings & focus of Dev.)  The Major understanding of dev. Falls within the 9 major categories,  Development as :  1/ Historical process  2/ Exploitation of natural resources  3/ As the planned promotion of the economic & (sometimes) social & political advancement Leftwich Developmental States, Effective States and Poverty Reduction: The Primacy of Politics  4/ A condition  5/ A process  6/ Economic growth  7/ Structural change  8/ Modernisation  9/ Marxism & development as an increase in the forces of production Leftwich Developmental States, Effective States and Poverty Reduction: The Primacy of Politics  Click the link below for a succinct summary on Leftwich’s book  http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/search/ EE2D4DF653F6077BC1257A5D004C7E5E Approaches to Development Jack Jenkins  The Developmental State Politics and International Development : Jack Jenkins  Click the link below for a succinct summary on Jack Jenkins ideas of development  https://jacktjenkins.weebly.com/uploads/2/1/7/3/21737296/ developmentalstate.pdf Discussion question  What role does the state play in achieving development? Critical Discussion question  Covid-19 has reduced the ability of the Global South to achieve the SDGs. What measures are needed to build resilience for these countries? Martha Nussbaum- Capabilities approach  Martha Nussbaum 10  6. Practical Reason Capabilities:  7. Affiliation  1. Life  8. Other Species  2. Bodily Health  9. Play  3. Bodily Integrity  10. Control over one’s  4. Senses Imagination environment  5. Emotions Amartya Sen: Capability Approach  Capability Approach first articulated by the Indian economist and philosopher Amartya Sen in the 1980s.  Widely used in the context of human development, eg. by the United Nations Development Programme.  In 1998 won the Nobel Prize in Economics  His seminal piece, Development as Freedom, 1999- the capabilities approach is elaborated in how he construes the relationship between development and freedom.  An expansion of substantive freedoms available to people Amartya Sen: Development as Freedom  “According to Sen, these freedoms are access to health care, education, political dissent, economic markets, and equality, and each freedom encourages the development of another. Sen depicts this process of the “expansion of substantive freedoms” as “both an ends and a means of development,” and therefore promotes a dialectical understanding of development, whereby political, economic, and social freedoms “link with each other and with the ends of enhancement of human freedom in general.” Video #1 on Amartya Sen Video # 2 Amartya Sen Additional resources  http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/what-human-development  http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/ten-years-human-development-0  file:///C:/Users/Rashalee/Downloads/UNDP_brochure_Rio+20_Sust ainable_Development_Time_for_Action.pdf  http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/advancing-human-development-th eory-and-practicehttp://hdr.undp.org/en/content/advancing-huma n-development-theory-and-practice  http://hdr.undp.org/en/humandev Additional Resources  https://issuu.com/jlpjamaica/docs/jlp_manifesto_2020-web/1?ff  https://issuu.com/pnpjamaica/docs/pnp_manifesto/2?ff  http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/pnp-s-promises-estimated -at-78b-jlp-still-vague-on-its-total-manifesto-cost_201930?profile =1373  http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/latestnews/ JLP_manifesto_centred_on_10-point_COVID-19_recovery_plan? profile=1228 Additional Resources  https://books.google.com.jm/books?hl=en&lr=&id=9R69I--rpzUC &oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=Martha+Nussbaum-+Capabilities+approa ch&ots=Dld6OH5e_b&sig=2Yj5PgBRsPxpb74nfhnw5ziu9bw&redir _esc=y#v=onepage&q=Martha%20Nussbaum-%20Capabilities% 20approach&f=false  http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/latestnews/Record_number_of_ women_in_senate?profile=134  https://iep.utm.edu/sen-cap/#:~:text=The%20Capability %20Approach%20was%20first,most%20closely%20associated %20with%20him.&text=Here%20'poverty'%20is%20understood %20as,is%20understood%20as%20capability%20expansion. Additional Resources  http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.198.78 01&rep=rep1&type=pdf#:~:text=Cowen%20and%20Shenton%2 0bring%20out,the%20practices%20of%20the%20state.  https://www.unenvironment.org/regions/asia-and-pacific/regional- initiatives/supporting-resource-efficiency/green-economy Final Thoughts  Any questions, comments, concerns or suggestions??  Evaluation activities:  One minute summary  1 or 2 points that stood out for you about the topic  Muddiest points  Go in groups of 3 talk about a key point related the topic and then based on the discussion speak to the larger group.  There will be a prize at the end for the person who give the best One Minute Summary!    The End  Please use the additional resources on OURVLE and within the power point to help   Done by Rashalee M. Mitchell, September 8, 2023