Lecture 1 - Introduction to Computers PDF

Lecture 1: Introduction to Computers Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) Program January 2022 Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022 ...

Lecture 1: Introduction to Computers Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) Program January 2022 Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022  Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022 Lecture 1.1: Computer Organization Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) Program January 2022 Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022 What is a computer? A computer is a device that can perform computations and make logical decisions billions of times faster than human beings can. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022  Computers are categorized by performance and purpose: Supercomputer A computer that offers the fastest speed and highest performance for high-speed processing such as science and technology calculations. APPLICATIONS: The IBM-built Sierra supercomputer at Lawrence Livermore National Weather forecasting, air traffic control, Laboratory is today's second-fastest supercomputer, but it'll be about one- sixteenth as fast as the Cray-built Frontier due in 2021. aerospace development, etc. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022 Computers are categorized by performance and purpose: General-Purpose Computer A computer, also known as mainframe, designed to be used for both office processing and science and technology calculations. APPLICATIONS: Train seat reservations, online bank Photo from: http://missmckenzi.blogspot.com/2014/04/general- purpose-computer-system.html deposit systems, etc. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022 Computers are categorized by performance and purpose: Office Computer A specialized computer, also known as business server, used for office processing in corporations. APPLICATIONS: Inventory control, sales management, Photo from: computer-office https://www.shutterstock.com/video/clip-4636655- etc. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022 Computers are categorized by performance and purpose: Workstation A high-performance computer used for specialized work, mainly connected to LANs and used as servers.. APPLICATIONS: Software development, CAD/CAM, servers, etc. Photo from: https://techgearoid.com/articles/what-is-a-workstation- computer/ Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022  Basic Computer Organization Storage Unit Data Information Central Processing Unit Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022  Basic Computer Organization Input Unit - devices used to assign instructions and data to a personal computer. KEYBOARD - A standard device for inputting characters, numbers, and symbols, by pressing the keys positioned on the keyboard. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022  Basic Computer Organization Input Unit - devices used to assign instructions and data to a personal computer. MOUSE - A typical pointing device for inputting positional information such as icons, by rotating a mouse ball to move the pointer on the screen. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022  Basic Computer Organization Input Unit - devices used to assign instructions and data to a personal computer. TRACKBALL - A pointing device for inputting positional information such as icons, by rotating a ball using the fingers. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022  Basic Computer Organization Input Unit - devices used to assign instructions and data to a personal computer. TRACKPAD (TOUCHPAD) - A pointing device that moves a mouse pointer by brushing a finger against a flat, plastic surface. It detects changes in capacitance when a finger brushes against the trackpad. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022  Basic Computer Organization Input Unit - devices used to assign instructions and data to a personal computer. POINTING STICK - A pointing device that moves a mouse pointer, by using a finger to apply pressure forward/backward/left/right against a stick that protrudes from the middle of a keyboard. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022  Basic Computer Organization Input Unit - devices used to assign instructions and data to a personal computer. DIGITIZER/TABLET - A device that uses a coordinate indicator to input a position on a flat surface. It is used to input design plans and drawings. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022  Basic Computer Organization Input Unit - devices used to assign instructions and data to a personal computer. TOUCH PANEL / TOUCH SCREEN - A device that inputs data by touching the fingers against icons or buttons shown on the display. Used for bank ATM and library information displays, etc. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022  Basic Computer Organization Input Unit - devices used to assign instructions and data to a personal computer. IMAGE SCANNER – An image input device that captures photographs, pictures, printed materials, and handwritten characters as digital data. There are “flatbed”, “sheet feeder”, and “portable” scanners. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022  Basic Computer Organization Input Unit - devices used to assign instructions and data to a personal computer. DIGITAL CAMERA – Similar to a regular camera, it photographs scenery and people, but captures the images as digital data. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022  Basic Computer Organization Input Unit - devices used to assign instructions and data to a personal computer. BARCODE READER – A device that optically reads barcodes placed on products and other items. Used as an input device for POS terminals. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022  Basic Computer Organization Input Unit - devices used to assign instructions and data to a personal computer. OPTICAL CHARACTER READER (OCR) – A device that optically reads handwritten characters and printed characters. OCR for personal computers read images with an image scanner, and use OCR software for character recognition. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022  Basic Computer Organization Input Unit - devices used to assign instructions and data to a personal computer. SOUND INPUT DEVICE – A device that uses a microphone to input data or operate a personal computer by voice. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022  Basic Computer Organization Input Unit - devices used to assign instructions and data to a personal computer. MAGNETIC CARD READER – A device that reads information from magnetic stripes attached on magnetic stripe cards such as credit cards and debit cards. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022  Basic Computer Organization Output Unit - devices that retrieves information from within a computer in a manner that is easy to understand for humans. CRT DISPLAY – A display device that uses a CRT (Cathode Ray Tube). It comes in a variety of sizes such as 15- inch, 17-inch, and 21-inch, and basically uses the same principles as a CRT television. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022  Basic Computer Organization Output Unit - devices that retrieves information from within a computer in a manner that is easy to understand for humans. LCD DISPLAY – A display device that uses LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) technology. It ranges in size from 10 inches to around 60 inches, and employs the property of liquid crystals (light transparency changes when voltage is applied) to display images. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022  Basic Computer Organization Output Unit - devices that retrieves information from within a computer in a manner that is easy to understand for humans. ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE (OLED) DISPLAY – A low voltage drive and low power consumption display device that emits light when voltage is applied. It gets its name from the use of luminescent organic molecules such as diamine and anthracene. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022  Basic Computer Organization Output Unit - devices that retrieves information from within a computer in a manner that is easy to understand for humans. LASER PRINTER – A page printer device that uses a laser beam and electrostatic technology to deposit toner on paper. Printers primarily used in offices due to high speed and quality of printing. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022  Basic Computer Organization Output Unit - devices that retrieves information from within a computer in a manner that is easy to understand for humans. INKJET PRINTER – A serial printer device that sprays ink droplets from nozzle tips onto paper. Printers primarily suited for consumer use due to low price and high quality of color printing. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022  Basic Computer Organization Output Unit - devices that retrieves information from within a computer in a manner that is easy to understand for humans. DOT IMPACT PRINTER – A serial printer device that uses a set of pins that are driven forward to form the shape of a character. An ink ribbon is positioned between the paper and pins, and the pins hit the ribbon to transfer ink. Used for printing on carbon paper. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022  Basic Computer Organization Output Unit - devices that retrieves information from within a computer in a manner that is easy to understand for humans. THERMAL TRANSFER PRINTER – A printing device that uses thermal heat to transfer the ink from an ink ribbon. Some use thermal paper instead of an ink ribbon. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022  Basic Computer Organization Primary Storage Unit Memory Unit - refers to a device that is used to store programs and data required for processing in the operation of a computer. Secondary Storage Unit Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022  Basic Computer Organization Random Access Memory (RAM) - is a volatile type of memory in which stored content is lost when the power is turned off. Data can be read and written, and is used as main memory or cache memory. Dynamic Random Access Static Random Access Memory (DRAM) Memory (SRAM) Capacity Large Small Processing Speed Slow Fast Cost Low High Refresh function Available Not Available Power consumption High Low Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022  Basic Computer Organization Read Only Memory (ROM) - is a non-volatile type of memory that retains stored content after the power is turned off. There are read-only ROMs for data and programs, and rewritable ROMs used as flash memory. ✔ Mask ROM - Data is written at the manufacturing stage and cannot be rewritten afterwards. ✔ Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM) - Data can be written afterwards. Data can be erased using ultraviolet light. ✔ Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM) - EPROM that can erase data electrically. Flash memory is a typical type of EPROM that is used in digital cameras and IC cards. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022  Basic Computer Organization Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022  Basic Computer Organization Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) - performs calculations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. It also contains the decision mechanisms that allow the computer, for example, to compare two items from the memory unit to determine whether they’re equal. Control Unit (CU) - circuitry that directs operations within a computer's processor. It lets the computer's logic unit, memory, and both input and output devices know how to respond to instructions received from a program Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022 Lecture 1.2: Number Systems Conversion and Operation Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) Program January 2022 Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022  Number System refers to the set of symbols used to represent numbers If the number system does not have a special name, it is termed as base – N where N is the base. Common Number Systems: ☞ Binary – 0 and 1 ☞ Octal – 0 to 7 ☞ Decimal – 0 to 9 ☞ Hexadecimal – 0 to 9 and A to F Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022  Representation of Number System Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022  Radix Conversion deals with the replacement of one number system with another Radix Conversions: o Binary ☞ Decimal and vice versa o Binary ☞ Octal / Hexadecimal and vice versa o Decimal ☞ Base-N and vice versa Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022  Radix Conversion Examples: Convert 1110.0012 to decimal. Convert 123.24 to decimal. Ans: 14.125 Ans: 27.5 Convert 148.25 to binary. Convert 27.5 to base-4. Ans: 10010100.012 Ans: 123.24 Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022  Radix Conversion DECIMAL BINARY OCTAL HEXADECIMAL 0 02 08 016 Example: Perform the ff. base number 1 12 18 116 conversions: 2 102 28 216 a) 111100102 to octal 3 112 38 316 b) 111100102 to hex 4 1002 48 416 c) 1278 to binary 5 1012 58 516 d) A6B316 to binary 6 1102 68 616 7 1112 78 716 e) 213.528 to hex 8 10002 108 816 9 10012 118 916 Ans: 10 10102 128 A16 a) 3628 11 10112 138 B16 b) F216 12 11002 148 C16 c) 10101112 13 11012 158 D16 d) 10100110101100112 14 11102 168 E16 e) 8B.A816 15 11112 178 F16 Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022  Complements used in digital computers to simplify the subtraction operation and for logical manipulation. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022  Complements Example: Perform the following complement operations: a) 7’s complement of 56213428 b) 10’s complement of 1684292 c) 1’s complement of 110111002 d) 2’s complement of 110111002 Ans: a) 21564358 b) 8315708 c) 001000112 d) 001001002 Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022 Lecture 1.3: Application Software and the Internet Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) Program January 2022 Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022 What is an Application Software? Application Software refers to software that is used for a specific purpose or work. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022  Application Software ✔ Word Processing Software - software used to create, edit, and print documents. ✔ Spreadsheet Software - software used to perform calculations such as tabulation, and create graphs by entering data and formulas into a worksheet. ✔ Database Software - software used to collect, manage, and apply various data. ✔ Graphics Software - software used to produce drawings or edit photographic images. ✔ Presentation Software – software used for visualization via inserting drawings, graphs, tables, and photographs into presentation documents. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022  Application Software Word Processing Software - software used to create documents that offers extensive functions for printing and enhancing the readability of documents. Create documents Create tables Embed drawings, graphic objects, and tables Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022  Application Software Spreadsheet Software - is integrated software that offers a variety of functions from spreadsheet and graph creation to data management. Spreadsheet Functions Graphing Functions Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022 What is a WWW? World Wide Web (WWW) refers to a service that is used to view and search information from “Web pages” on the Internet. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022  Viewing Web Pages Uniform Resource Locators (URL) - a convention for displaying a Web page address. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022  Parts of a URL ☞ Scheme - tells web servers which protocol to use when it accesses a page on your website. ☞ Subdomain - indicates which particular page of your website the web browser should serve up ☞ Second-Level Domain - indicates the name of the website. ☞ Top-Level Domain - specifies what type of entity your organization registers as on the internet. ☞ Subdirectory - helps people as well as web crawlers understand which particular section of a webpage they’re on. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022  Searching Web Pages Search Engine - utilized when the address of a Web page a user wishes to view is not known. The user simply enters or selects a keyword using the search engine to display matching Web pages. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022 REFERENCES: C How to Program 8th Edition by Paul Deitel, Harvey Deitel ENG 209 Workbook by Engr. Ma. Madecheen Pangaliman, M.Sc. Engr. Gabriel Rodnei Geslani, M.Sc. Asst. Prof. Maria Lourdes L. Edang, MIEM Asst. Prof. Alex A. Santos, M.Sc. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022 END OF LECTURE Thank you Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) Program January 2022 Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 - 2022