Lecture 1: Introduction to Computers (University of Santo Tomas)

Lecture 1: Introduction to Computers Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) Program January 2022 Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 -2022 ...

Lecture 1: Introduction to Computers Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) Program January 2022 Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 -2022  Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 -2022 Lecture 1.1: Computer Organization Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) Program January 2022 Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 -2022 What is a computer? A computer is a device that can perform computations and make logical decisions billions of times faster than humanbeingscan. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 -2022  Computers are categorized by performanceand purpose: Supercomputer A computer that offers the pe rfor fastest mancespeed for and highest high-speed processing such as science and APPLICATIONS: The IBM-built Sierra supercomputer at Lawrence Livermore National Weather forecasting, technology aircalculations. traffic control, Laboratory is today's second-fastest supercomputer, but it'll be about one- sixteenth as fast as the Cray-built Frontier due in 2021. aerospace development, etc. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 -2022 Computers are categorized by performanceand purpose: General-Purpose Computer A computer, also known as mainframe, designed to be used for both office processing and science and technology c alc ul at io ns. APPLICATIONS: Train seat reservations, online bank deposit systems, etc. Photo fr o m: htt p://m i ssmc kenzi.b l og sp o t.co m /2 01 4/ 0 4/g e ner al - purpose-computer-system.html Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 -2022 Computers are categorized by performanceand purpose: Office Computer A specialized computer, also known as business server, used for office processing in corporations. APPLICATIONS: Photo fr o m: https://www.shutterstock.com/video/clip-4636655- Inventory control, sales management, co m put er -o ffi ce etc. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 -2022 Computers are categorized by performanceand purpose: W o rks ta tio n A high-performance computer used for specialized w ork , mainly connected to LANs and usedasservers.. APPLICATIONS: Software development, CAD/CAM, servers, etc. Photo from: https://techgearoid.com/articles/what-is-a-workstation- computer/ Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 -2022  Basic Computer Organization Storage Unit Data In fo rma tio n Central Processing Unit Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 -2022 Basic Computer Organization Input Unit - devices used to assign instructions and data to a personal computer. KEYBOARD - A standard device for inputting characters, numbers, and symbols, by pressing the keys positioned on the keyboard. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 -2022 Basic Computer Organization Input Unit - devices used to assign instructions and data to a personal computer. MOUSE - A typical pointing device for inputting positional information such as icons, by rotating a mouse ball to move the pointer on the screen. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 -2022 Basic Computer Organization Input Unit - devices used to assign instructions and data to a personal computer. TRACKBALL - A pointing device for inputting positional information such as icons, by rotating a ball using the fingers. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 -2022 Basic Computer Organization Input Unit - devices used to assign instructions and data to a personal computer. TRACKPAD (TOUCHPAD) - A p o i n t i n g d e v i c e t h a t m o v e s a mouse pointer by brushing a finger against ap flat, l a s t i c surface. It detects changes i n capacitance whenf i an g e r brushes against the trackpad. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 -2022 Basic Computer Organization Input Unit - devices used to assign instructions and data to a personal computer. POINTING STICK - A pointing device that moves a mouse pointer, by using a finger to apply pressure forward/backward/left/right against a stick that protrudes from the middle of a keyboard. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 -2022 Basic Computer Organization Input Unit - devices used to assign instructions and data to a personal computer. DIGITIZER/TABLET - A device that uses a coordinate indicator to input a position on a flat surface. It is used to input design plans and drawings. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 -2022 Basic Computer Organization Input Unit - devices used to assign instructions and data to a personal computer. TOUCH PANEL / TOUCH SCREEN - A device that inputs data by touching the fingers against icons or buttons shown on the display. Used for bank ATM and library information displays, etc. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 -2022 Basic Computer Organization Input Unit - devices used to assign instructions and data to a personal computer. IMAGE SCANNER – An image input device that pictures, captures printed photographs, materials, and feeder”, and “portable” scanners. handwritten characters as digital data. There are “flatbed”, “sheet Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 -2022 Basic Computer Organization Input Unit - devices used to assign instructions and data to a personal computer. DIGITAL CAMERA – Similar to a regular camera, it photographs scenery and people, but captures the images as digital data. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 -2022 Basic Computer Organization Input Unit - devices used to assign instructions and data to a personal computer. BARCODE READER – A device that optically reads barcodes placed on products and other items. Used as an input device for POS terminals. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 -2022 Basic Computer Organization Input Unit - devices used to assign instructions and data to a personal computer. OPTICAL CHARACTER READER (OCR) – A device that optically reads handwritten characters and printed characters. OCR for personal computers read images with an image scanner, and use OCR software for character recognition. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 -2022 Basic Computer Organization Input Unit - devices used to assign instructions and data to a personal computer. SOUND INPUT DEVICE – A device that uses a microphone to input data or operate a personal computer by voice. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 -2022 Basic Computer Organization Input Unit - devices used to assign instructions and data to a personal computer. MAGNETIC CARD READER – A device that reads information from magnetic stripes attached on magnetic stripe cards such as credit cards and debit cards. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 -2022 Basic Computer Organization Output Unit - devices that retrieves information from within a computer in a manner that is easy to understand for humans. CRT DISPLAY – A display device that uses a CRT (Cathode Ray Tube). It comes in a variety of sizes such as 15- inch, 17-inch, and 21-inch, and basically uses the same principles as a CRT television. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 -2022 Basic Computer Organization Output Unit - devices that retrieves information from within a computer in a manner that is easy to understand for humans. LCD DISPLAY – A display device that uses LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) technology. It ranges in size from 10 inches to around 60 inches, and employs the property of liquid crystals (light transparency changes when voltage is applied) to display images. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 -2022 Basic Computer Organization Output Unit - devices that retrieves information from within a computer in a manner that is easy to understand for humans. ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE (OLED) DISPLAY – A low voltage drive and low power consumption display device that emits light when voltage is applied. It gets its name from the use of luminescent organic molecules such as diamine and anthracene. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 -2022 Basic Computer Organization Output Unit - devices that retrieves information from within a computer in a manner that is easy to understand for humans. LASER PRINTER – A page printer device that uses a laser beam and electrostatic technology to deposit toner on paper. Printers primarily used in offices due to high speed and quality of printing. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 -2022 Basic Computer Organization Output Unit - devices that retrieves information from within a computer in a manner that is easy to understand for humans. INKJET PRINTER – A serial printer device that sprays ink droplets from nozzle tips onto paper. Printers primarily suited for consumer use due to low price and high quality of color printing. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 -2022 Basic Computer Organization Output Unit - devices that retrieves information from within a computer in a manner that is easy to understand for humans. DOT IMPACT PRINTER – A serial printer device that uses a set of pins that are driven forward to form the shape of a character. An ink ribbon is positioned between the paper and pins, and the pins hit the ribbon to transfer ink. Used for printing on carbon paper. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 -2022 Basic Computer Organization Output Unit - devices that retrieves information from within a computer in a manner that is easy to understand for humans. THERMAL TRANSFER PRINTER – A printing device that uses thermal heat to transfer the ink from an ink ribbon. Some use thermal paper instead of an ink ribbon. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 -2022  Basic Computer Organization Primary Storage Unit Memory Unit - refers to a device that is used to store programs and data required for processing in the operation of a computer. Secondary Storage Unit Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 -2022 Basic Computer Organization Random Access Memory (RAM) - is a volatile type of memory in which stored content is lost when the power is turned off. Data can be read and written, and is used as main memory or cache memory. Dynamic Random Access Static Random Access Memory (DRAM) Memory (SRAM) C apa ci ty La rge Small Processing Speed Slow Fast Cost Low High Refresh function Available Not Available Power consumption High Low Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 -2022  Basic Computer Organization Read Only Memory (ROM) - is a non-volatile type of memory that retains stored content after the power is turned off. There are read-only ROMs for data and programs, and rewritable ROMs used as flash memory. ✔ Mask ROM - Data is written at the manufacturing stage and cannot be rewritten af terward s. ✔ Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM) - Data can be written afterwards. Data can be erased using ultraviolet light. Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM) - EPROM that can erase data ✔ electrically. Flash memory is a typical type of EPROM that is used in digital cameras and IC cards. Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 -2022  Basic Computer Organization Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 -2022 Basic Computer Organization Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) - performs calculations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. It also contains the decision mechanisms that allow the computer, for example, to compare two items from the memory unit to determine whether they’re equal. Control Unit (CU) - circuitry that directs operations within a computer's processor. It lets the computer's logic unit, memory, and both input and output devices know how to respond to instructions received from a program Engineering Pre-Major Year Collaborative (EPYC) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SECOND TERM, AY 2021 -2022