Introduction To Biochemistry Lecture Notes PDF

INTRODUCTION TO BIOCHEMISTRY OBJECTIVES This lesson specifically aims: to be able to define Biochemistry to be able to integrate the importance of Biochemistry in Medicine to be able to distinguish the Bio in Biochemistry to understand the Chemical foundation of Biochemistry ...

INTRODUCTION TO BIOCHEMISTRY OBJECTIVES This lesson specifically aims: to be able to define Biochemistry to be able to integrate the importance of Biochemistry in Medicine to be able to distinguish the Bio in Biochemistry to understand the Chemical foundation of Biochemistry  BIOCHEMISTRY is the study of the chemical substances found in living organisms and the chemical interactions of these substances with each other. a chemical substance found within a living organism. Biochemical Biochemical substances are divided into two groups: bioinorganic substances and bioorganic substances. substance Bioinorganic substances include water and inorganic salts. Bioorganic substances include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Big Small Important Elements of Life Some atoms stay bonded together forming biological molecules Macromolecules Carbohydrates are sugars and polymers of sugars. These are used for energy, and to build biological structures. Lipids are nonpolar molecules, like fats, oils, and phospholipids. These are important for energy storage, for cushioning, and for structures like cell membranes. Proteins are large, complex molecules that play many critical roles in the body. They do most of the work in cells and are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs. Nucleic Acids include DNA and RNA. These store genetic information. Another level of complexity emerges when biological molecules interact with each other  BIOCHEMISTRY Health Disease all molecules needed state wherein there for the optimal are abnormalities in functioning of the the biomolecules body exists in their (quantity or quality), appropriate amounts and the different and in the most biochemical harmonious balance reactions/processes they undergo and participate in  Importance to Medical Science Knowledge of Biochemistry Two Major Concerns in the Health Sciences Understanding and maintenance of Knowledge of Medicine health Understanding of effective treatment of diseases Rational Basis for a Rational Practice of Medicine "wide, two-way street" "wide, two-way street" CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE AND THE CELLS All living organisms are made up of cells. but no matter what type of organism you are, simple or complex, whether you are tiny or large, plant or animal, we all have 4 cellular components in common Two broad categories of cells Eukaryotic cells Prokaryotic cells Another level of complexity emerges when biological molecules interact with each other CHEMICAL FOUNDATIONS OF BIOCHEMISTRY Terminology functional group: group of atoms having an extremely important role in the compound’s functionality compound: any substance composed of two or more different elements that have been chemically joined organic compounds: carbon-containing  sugar (CHO) inorganic compounds: lacking carbon  water (H2O), table salt (NaCl) alkyl: a group of an organic chemical that contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms, which are arranged in a chain (R) FUNCTIONAL GROUPS Class of General Name of Example Compound Structure Functional Group RHC = CH2 RHC = CHR Alkenes Double Bond H2C = CH2 R2HC = CHR R2HC = CR2 a class of hydrocarbons with at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond FUNCTIONAL GROUPS Class of General Name of Example Compound Structure Functional Group Alcohols R – OH Hydroxyl CH3-CH2— OH consists of a carbon atom of an alkyl bonded to an –OH group FUNCTIONAL GROUPS Class of General Name of Example Compound Structure Functional Group Ethers R – O – R’ Ether CH3— O— CH3 characterized by an oxygen atom bonded to two alkyl groups FUNCTIONAL GROUPS Class of General Name of Example Compound Structure Functional Group Thiols R – SH Sulfhydryl CH3— SH sulfur analogue of alcohols (that is, sulfur takes the place of oxygen in the hydroxyl group of an alcohol) FUNCTIONAL GROUPS Class of General Name of Example Compound Structure Functional Group O O Aldehydes Carbonyl R –C –H CH3— C— H a carbon atom shares a double bond with an oxygen atom, a single bond with a hydrogen atom, and a single bond with an alkyl (atom or groups of atom) FUNCTIONAL GROUPS Class of General Name of Example Compound Structure Functional Group O O Ketones Carbonyl R – C – R’ CH3— C— CH3 consists of a carbonyl group (which is a carbon atom bound to an oxygen atom by a double bond) and two alkyl groups FUNCTIONAL GROUPS Class of General Name of Example Compound Structure Functional Group O O Carboxylic Carboxyl Acids R – C – OH CH3— C— OH organic acid that contains a carboxyl group attached to an R-group When a carboxylic acid donates its proton, it becomes a negatively charged ion, RCOO−, called a carboxylate ion FUNCTIONAL GROUPS Class of General Name of Example Compound Structure Functional Group O O Carboxylic Carboxyl Acids R – C – OH CH3— C— OH organic acid that contains a carboxyl group attached to an R-group When a carboxylic acid donates its proton, it becomes a negatively charged ion, RCOO−, called a carboxylate ion FUNCTIONAL GROUPS Class of General Characteristic Name of Example Compound Structure Function Functional Group Group R – N – H2 Amines R2 – N – H — N sss Amino CH3— N— H2 R3 – N contain nitrogen atoms bonded to three other atoms (alkyl groups or hydrogens)  consists of a carbonyl group and a nitrogen atom Class of General Characteristic Name of Example Compound Structure Function Functional Group Group O O Amides Amide – C – Nadac CH3— C— N— H2 Name the class of compound by looking at the functional groups present. Name the class of compound by looking at the functional groups present. Types of Chemical Bonds  Types of Chemical Reaction Combination Decomposition Displacement Combination Decomposition Displacement combination of two involves a breakdown of a An atom in a compound is compounds compound into different displaced by another element A + B → AB compounds; opposite of X + YZ → XZ + Y Examples: combination Examples: Na + Cl→ NaCl AB → A + B CuSO4 + Zn → Cu + ZnSO4 Examples: 2H2O → 2H2 + O2 STEREOCHEMISTRY STEREOCHEMISTRY the study of the three-dimensional structure of molecules Isomers: compounds that have the same molecular structure (same number of atoms), but differ from each other by the way atoms are arranged (different structure) Constitutional Isomers compounds that have the same molecular formula, but different connectivity of atoms C4H10 C4H10 Stereoisomers compounds that have the same molecular formula and connectivity, but differ in arrangement of atoms in space Enantiomers Diastereomers Chirality chiral: molecule containing a chiral carbon with four different groups (asymmetric); non- superimposable achiral: molecule that has a plane of symmetry; superimposable Stereoisomers Enantiomers— non-superimposable mirror images of one another Stereoisomers Diastereomers— all compounds that are not mirror images of one another Cis/Trans isomers  END THANK YOU