Introduction to Mobile Technology Lecture Notes PDF

Introduction to Mobile Technology 1. History of Mobile Devices and Mobile OS Introduction MOBILE PHONE, the most common gadget in the present era, is considered as the greatest gift to the mankind. Most of us feel like we couldn't live without our mobile phones. No wonder the mobile phone has becom...

Introduction to Mobile Technology 1. History of Mobile Devices and Mobile OS Introduction MOBILE PHONE, the most common gadget in the present era, is considered as the greatest gift to the mankind. Most of us feel like we couldn't live without our mobile phones. No wonder the mobile phone has become an essential part of our lives. Mobile phones, particularly the smartphones that have become our inseparable companions today, are relatively new. Of course, the origin of this gadget is as interesting as its use. Starting from bulky devices that were as long and heavy as one’s forearms to ultra-thin and techno savvy handsets.  The First Mobile Phone The history of mobile phones goes back to 1908 when Nathan B. Stubblefield applied for a US Patent for a wireless telephone and was issued in Murray, Kentucky. The very first mobile phones were not really mobile phones at all, it is actually a high-tech radio. They were two-way radios that allowed people like taxi drivers and the emergency services to communicate. Instead of relying on base stations with separate cells (and the signal being passed from one cell to another), the first mobile phone networks involved one very powerful base station covering a much wider area. STUBBLEFIELD (1908) WITH HIS LATER, INDUCTION, WIRELESS TELEPHONE The First Mobile Phone In the 1940s, Motorola came up with new developments in the two way radios and as a result, the walkie talkie was born. Being large, bulky and battery operated, this device soon found its way to the US military. The First Mobile Phone Motorola, on April 3, 1973 were first company to mass produce the first handheld mobile phone. These early mobile phones are often referred to as 0G mobile phones, or Zero Generation mobile phones. Most phones today rely on 3G or 4G mobile technology. The Motorola DynaTAC 8000X was the first handheld cellular phone that allowed people to make longer distance calls than just a landline phone. It did not require any lines or cords to be attached to make a call. The first ever cellular phone call was made in 1973, using this phone, by Dr. Martin Cooper. The Beginning – The Telephone and Radio Communication Obviously, it all started with the basic telephony. In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell was the first one to patent telephone. The telephone technology was perhaps developed using the equipment that was actually designed for telegraph. Those were the days when calls were connected with the help of designated operators. The first pillar of the mobile telephony propped up when Charles Stevenson invented radio communication in the early 1890s for communication with the offshore lighthouses. Following that, Guglielmo Marconi an Italian inventor and electrical engineer, was able to transmit signals over a distance of 2 km in the year 1894. The First Ever Wireless Telephone Call – The Foundation of Mobile Phones Laid It was on 23rd December 1900, on the outskirts of Washington DC, Reginald Fessenden accomplished a noteworthy feat. He made the first ever wireless telephone call by being the first to transmit human voice through radio waves by sending a signal from one radio tower to another!! This paved way for broadcast radio; however, indisputably, it also provided a strong foundation for the concept of mobile phones and networks. In 1906, Fessenden broadcasted music through radio. History of Mobile Phones (1973-2023) 1973 – The Very First Cell Phone  Motorola developed the first portable cell phone in 1973. The hand-held device was shaped like a brick and weighed around 2.4 pounds. It was called the DynaTAC 8000X.  The device only operated for a maximum of 30 minutes talk time, and that was with a huge 10 hours of charging!  The cost of the DynaTAC phone was $3,995, which is equivalent to $10,000(or more) in today’s money. 1983 – Motorola DynaTAC  The DynaTAC, which was still large and expensive ($4,000), was still clunky and heavy.  The DynaTAC became synonymous with the 80s. It featured in so many TV series and movies of that era.  The phone’s most famous appearance was in Wall Street, used by Gordon Gecko (Michael Douglas), History of Mobile Phones (1973-2023) 1985 – Siemens Mobiltelefon C1  The Siemens Mobiltelefon C1, which resembled a briefcase, was the company’s first mobile phone. 1987 – Mobira Cityman 900 – The Very First Nokia  The phone was seen as pricey and only available to those of a higher status and weighed just 800g (28 oz) when the battery was included. The phone measured 183 × 43 × 79 mm. 1987 – GSM’  The common standard agreed upon was called GSM. It got this name from the Groupe Spécial Mobile who came up with it, but eventually changed to Global System for Mobile Communications.  The early cellular networks used analogue signals, but the GSM system transmitted digitally -making it a ‘second generation,’ or 2G, system. History of Mobile Phones (1973-2023) 1988 – Samsung Releases Their First Phone  Samsung created the SH-100, its first “handphone,” a year later, in 1988. It was the first officially made and designed mobile phone in Korea. 1989 – The Start Of The Flip Phone Era – Motorola MicroTAC  After many years of the brick phone, Motorola innovated once more by introducing the “flip” design to the market. The name of this model was the “Motorola MicroTAC” and was the smallest and lightest phone available at the time. History of Mobile Phones (1973-2023) 1992 – The first mass-produced GSM (2G) phone  The antennas and phone bodies had both shrunk from the days of the brick phones. The next significant development was the Nokia 1011, the first GSM (2G) phone to be mass-produced,  Contrary to popular belief, the Nokia 1011 was not the first GSM phone. A year earlier, the British-made Orbitel TPU 900 was introduced Nokia 1011 Orbitel TPU 900  The first text message was also sent that year. The corporate director received it from developer, Neil Papworth, at Vodafone’s holiday office party. Neil was asked to develop a messaging system.  Simply put, the SMS message said, “Merry Christmas!” History of Mobile Phones (1973-2023) 1994 – Smartphones Arrive  Many more years earlier than most people realise saw the debut of the first smartphone. The IBM Simon, which was introduced in 1994, is regarded as the first smartphone in history because it was the first gadget to include apps and a touchscreen. 1996 – Vibrating Phones  The Motorola StarTAC was the first vibrating phone as well as the first clamshell phone. 1996 – First Phone With A Keyboard  The Nokia Communicator 9000, which was first made available in 1996, included a QWERTY keyboard. It was Nokia’s first smartphone. The Communicator 9000 provided a number of business-related functions in addition to a keyboard, including email, web browsing, faxing, word processing, and spreadsheets.  And it accomplished this long before Blackberry came to represent the mobile professional. History of Mobile Phones (1973-2023) 1997 – First Phone With No External Antenna  The Hagenuk GlobalHandy was the first phone to arrive without a discernible external antenna.  It was a stylish, ergonomically designed German phone that created history by becoming the first to do away with an external aerial. 1998 – Launch of Nokia 5110  The Nokia 5110 launched the early 2000s demand for mobile phones with interchangeable cases. People wanted the ability to change the color of their phones, without the need to buy a completely new device. History of Mobile Phones (1973-2023) 1998 – Color Comes To Mobile Phone Screens  The first cell phone with a colour screen, the Siemens S10, was introduced in 1998 and was a game-changer. It could show up to six lines of text, however the number of lines that could be shown may be reduced if the font size was increased to make the text easier to read. 1998 – 3G Network Launches  The third-generation mobile network’s introduction was another significant occasion that year. It’s important to note that the same year that personalised ringtones were introduced, they also became the first downloadable material for mobile devices. 1999 – Launch of First tri-band GSM phone  With the introduction of the Motorola Timeport, the first phone with global compatibility, Motorola accomplished yet another advancement. History of Mobile Phones (1973-2023) 1999 – Launch of WAP browser cell phone  Not only Motorola, but Nokia also introduced a product with a ground-breaking function this year. The first cell phone with a WAP browser that allowed users to browse the internet was the Nokia 7110. 1999 – Launch of First phone + MP3 player Nokia 7110  In 1999, Samsung released the Samsung SPH-M100 Uproar, a revolutionary phone of their own, not happy to let Motorola and Nokia have all the limelight. It gave the user the option of playing music by fusing the characteristics of a cell phone with an MP3 player. SPH-M100 History of Mobile Phones (1973-2023) 1999 – Launch first cell phone to feature a splash-proof case  The Nokia 5210 was one of the more popular models at the time and was the first cell phone to have a splash-proof cover. 1999 – First phone ever to feature GPS capabilities  The Benefon Esc! was the first phone to ever have GPS capabilities when it was released in the same year. 1999 – First camera phone  There is some disagreement over who invented the first camera phone. Although some claim it was the Sharp J-SH04, it was actually the Kyocera VP- 210 VisualPhone, a Japanese phone that had debuted a year earlier. It has a front-facing camera but just 20 photographs’ worth of memory. History of Mobile Phones (1973-2023) 2000 – A Legend Was Born  The size and weight of phones has increased at the turn of the millennium. Launched in 2000, the Nokia 3310 not only become one of the most recognisable phones ever, but it is still among the top-selling smartphones today. 2001 – The first phone having features for IR, radio, and calendar  The Nokia 8310 was the first phone with all of these features, but it wasn’t inexpensive. The cell phone originally cost $500 when it was launched in 2001. It was manufactured by Nokia between 2001 and 2002.  It had high-end capabilities like infrared and a fully functional calendar that were unusual for phones at the time, and it was the first Nokia phone to offer GPRS and an FM radio. History of Mobile Phones (1973-2023) 2001 – Cell phone with Bluetooth  The Ericsson T39 was the first Bluetooth cell phone, and other manufacturers soon followed suit in releasing this innovation. It was the follow-up to the T28 and T29. 2001 – Symbian OS cell phones arrive  The Nokia 7650 was both the first Nokia phone with an integrated camera and the first mass-market Symbian OS phone.  It was just what the industry needed. Basic phones were as cheap as they were going to get and with nearly everyone who wanted one having one. 2002 – Phones With Photo Display Function  2002 was the year that technology arrived in the form of the Sanyo SCP-5300, a phone that allowed users to view images directly on the screen without connecting the device to a computer. Additionally, this ground-breaking phone had a camera with flash and two colour screens. History of Mobile Phones (1973-2023) 2002 – The First Blackberry Smartphone was Released – BlackBerry 5810  In 2002, the first BlackBerry phones were released. The new “smartphones,” which provide cellular phone service, wireless e-mail functionality, and Internet access, completely revolutionised business communication.  One of the first Java-based devices with a built- in mobile phone, but a headset was needed, was the Blackberry 5810. 2002 – Sidekick was released in 2002  The Hiptop was rebranded as the Sidekick by T- Mobile. The Sidekick was like a little computer that individuals could carry around in their pockets, with a full keyboard that slid out from behind the screen. History of Mobile Phones (1973-2023) 2005 – Fully Waterproof Phone  In 2005, the first water-resistant phone appeared. It was the Casio G’zOne, capable of withstanding submersion up to one metre deep.  The Casio G’zOne phones came in three colours and included a digital camera, 2.2-inch QVGA screen, 1.0-inch round screen on the outside, lighted clock, stopwatch, and electronic compass. 2007 – Another Legend is Born – iPhone 1  In 2007, one of the most significant occasions in cell phone history happened. Due to the removal of the majority of physical hardware buttons in favour of a touch-based interface, the first iPhone, also known as the iPhone 2G. History of Mobile Phones (1973-2023) 2008 – The Android Phone Arrives  The HTC Dream was the first Android phone with the Linux-based Android operating system, to be commercially released. Although the Android operating system was critiqued for its lack of functionality and connection with third-party apps 2009 – 4G  In 2009, Norway and Sweden were the first countries to commercially implement the Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology, which has now spread to most of the world. 2009 – Samsung Galaxy – The First Galaxy Phone  The first in what would become the long-running Galaxy series, the Samsung Galaxy phone, the GT-I7500, was introduced by Samsung the same year. History of Mobile Phones (1973-2023) 2009 – First Phone with Google Maps  The Motorola Droid, which was released in the same year, was the first phone with the free Google Maps Navigator pre-installed. 2010 – First Samsung phone without front navigation buttons  The Samsung Galaxy S, the company’s new flagship, was introduced in 2010. It boasted the quickest graphical processing at the time and was the thinnest smartphone at 9.9mm. History of Mobile Phones (1973-2023) 2010 – First LTE (4G) smartphone  The Samsung SCH-R900, the first 4G smartphone, was also released by Samsung.  Several further innovative features hit the market. The Nexus S, the first Android smartphone with NFC.  Moto Defy, the first water-resistant Android smartphone, and Samsung’s 8-megapixel Galaxy II were all introduced. 2011 – Xiaomi smartphone  The Xiaomi Mi 1 was the company’s first phone, released in 2011, and it was solely sold in Asian markets.  It was originally priced at ¥1999(835.55php), with over 300,000 pre-orders in the first 34 hours. History of Mobile Phones (1973-2023) 2012 – Galaxy S3  Samsung released the Galaxy S3, a smartphone with its own personal voice assistant and cutting- edge capabilities like eye-tracking.  The groundbreaking Nokia Lumia 920 (which utilised the now-forgotten Windows Phone OS) was introduced at around the same time 2013 – iPhone 5s  Apple released the iPhone 5S (their first phone with a fingerprint sensor)  LG introduced the G2, Sony introduced the Xperia Z, History of Mobile Phones (1973-2023) 2014  The oneplus one was introduced in 2014,  And then the south korean goliaths samsung and  Lg introduced some new technology.  Samsung unveiled the galaxy s5, the first smartphone with a heart rate monitor,  While lg unveiled the g3, the first flagship with a qhd screen. 2015 – Curved Display  The Samsung Galaxy S6 Edge, the first smartphone with curved display edges that enabled additional functionality, was released in 2015, a year later.  The Nexus 5X and Nexus 6P were among the Nexus phones that Google released,  And the Google Pixel was the company’s first entirely original phone. History of Mobile Phones (1973-2023) 2016 – First Smartphone with HDR Display  Sony introduced the Xperia XZ, the first smartphone with an HDR display, in 2016.  Motorola introduced the Moto Z, a smartphone with magnetic accessories that provide further functionality.  Apple released the iPhone 7 Plus, the first iPhone that was fully waterproof and had a dual-lens system but no headphone port.  Best selling cell phone in 2016: Samsung Galaxy S7 History of Mobile Phones (1973-2023) 2017 – Face ID  The higher-end iPhone X, a smartphone that replaced the fingerprint sensor (Touch ID) with face unlock technology, may have been more significant to Apple enthusiasts (Face ID).  The LG G6 smartphone with Dolby Vision was released in 2017  Asus Zenfone AR set the standard for smartphones with 8GB of RAM  The Galaxy Note 8 was released by Samsung as a “safe bet,”  Pixel 2 was introduced by Google 2018 – First Cell Phone to Feature 3 Cameras  The Huawei P20 Pro, which had a 40 MP primary camera, a 20 MP secondary camera, and an 8 MP front camera, was the first smartphone to feature three cameras.  Best selling cell phone in 2018: iPhone X History of Mobile Phones (1973-2023) 2018 – First Foldable Smartphone  The Royole Flexpai, the first commercially accessible foldable smartphone with an OLED display 2018 – Largest Battery in a Mobile Phone  The Power 5 from Chinese company Ulefone features the largest battery ever seen in a mobile phone (13,000 mAh) 2019 – Launch of the 5G network  The first 5G phones and the fifth-generation network both debuted in 2019.  Best selling cell phone in 2019: iPhone XR History of Mobile Phones (1973-2023) 2020  Second-generation folding phones were released by companies like Samsung, Motorola, and Huawei. The Samsung Galaxy Flip Z 5G, is one of the most notable folding display phones on the market in 2020.  Best selling cell phone in 2020: Samsung Galaxy A51 2020 – First Phone to Feature 5 Cameras – Nokia 9 PureView  The cameras on modern smartphones are getting more and more advanced as time goes on. The Nokia 9 PureView pushed the boundaries in camera technology by producing a cell phone that has 5 built in cameras. History of Mobile Phones (1973-2023) 2021  2021 was a year of production bottlenecks, shipment holdups, and chip shortages. However, despite all of this, manufacturers were still able to release a variety of new phones in 2021.  The most notable models was the Apple iPhone 13, 13 Pro and the Samsung Galaxy S21.  Best selling cell phone in 2021: iPhone 12 2022  It’s difficult to predict which phones will make the largest impact this year because we are still in 2022, but we can be sure that 5G phones and foldable gadgets are on the rise.  Also watch out for huge advancements in AI, Metaverse, Gaming and Augmented Reality features in 2023 MOBILE OPERATING SYSTEM A mobile operating system, also called a mobile OS, is an operating system that is specifically designed to run on mobile devices. such as mobile phones, smartphones, PDAs, tablet computers and other handheld devices. A mobile operating system is the software that allows mobile devices run applications and other programs. Most mobile operating systems only work on specific hardware. For example, an iPhone runs on iOS and a Google Pixel runs on Android. Different operating systems for mobile phones 1. Java ME Platform 2. Palm OS 3. Symbian OS 4. Linux OS 5. Windows Mobile OS 6. BlackBerry OS 7. iPhone OS 8. Google Android Platform Java ME Platform J2ME platform is a set of technologies, specificationsb and libraries developed for small devices like mobile phones, pagers, and personal organizers. Java ME was designed by Sun Microsystems. It is licensed under GNU General Public License Palm OS Palm OS is an embedded operating system designed for ease of use with a touchscreen-based graphical user interface. It has been implemented on a wide variety of mobile devices such as smart phones, barcode readers, and GPS devices. It is run on Arm architecture-based processors. It is designed as a 32-bit architecture. Symbian OS Symbian OS is 32 bit, little-endian operating system, running on different flavors of ARM architecture. It is a multitasking operating system and very less dependence on peripherals. Kernel runs in the privileged mode and exports its service to user applications via user libraries. Embedded Linux OS It is known as Embedded Linux which is used in embedded computer systems such as mobile phones, Personal Digital Assistants, media players and other consumer devices. In spite of Linux operating system designed for Servers and desktops, the Embedded Linux is designed for devices which have relatively limited resources such as small size of RAM, storage, screen, limited power and etc. Then, they should have an optimized kernel. Windows Mobile OS Windows Mobile is a compact operating system designed for mobile devices and based on Microsoft Win32. It is run on Pocket PCs, Smartphones and Portable media centers. Google Android Platform It is a platform and an operating system for mobile devices based on the Linux operating system. It allows developers design applications in a java-like language using Google-developed java libraries. iPhone OS iPhone OS is an operating system run on iPhone and iPod. It is based on Mach Kernel and Drawin core as Mac OS X.