Lecture 1_An Introduction to the Human Body PDF

8/16/2024 An Introduction to the Human Body (Chapter 1) 1 Objectives o Anatomy vs. Physiology o Levels of Structural Organization o Homeostasis o Basic Anatomical Terminology 2...

8/16/2024 An Introduction to the Human Body (Chapter 1) 1 Objectives o Anatomy vs. Physiology o Levels of Structural Organization o Homeostasis o Basic Anatomical Terminology 2 1  8/16/2024 Anatomy vs. Physiology o Anatomy = the o Physiology = the study of how study of structure body parts function 3 Branch of Anatomy Study of Embryology The first eight weeks of development after fertilization of a human egg. Developmental biology The complete development of an individual from fertilization to death. Cell biology Cellular structure and functions. Histology Microscopic structure of tissues. Systemic Gross anatomy anatomy Structure of Structures specific that can besystems of the examined bodyasuch without as the microscope. nervous or respiratory systems. Regional anatomy Specific regions of the body such as the head or chest. Surface anatomy Surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpation (gentle touch). Imaging anatomy Internal body structures that can be visualized with techniques such as x-rays, MRI, CT scans, and other technologies for clinical analysis and medical intervention. Pathological anatomy Structural changes (gross to microscopic) associated with (path'-ō-LOJ-i-kal; disease. path- = disease) 4 2  8/16/2024 Branch of Physiology Study of Molecular physiology Functions of individual molecules such as proteins and DNA. Neurophysiology Functional properties of nerve cells. Endocrinology Hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) and how they control body functions. Cardiovascular physiology Functions of the heart and blood vessels. Immunology The body's defenses against disease-causing agents. Respiratory physiology Functions of the air passageways and lungs. Renal physiology Functions of the kidneys. Exercise physiology Changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity. Pathophysiology Functional changes associated with disease and aging. 5 Levels of Structural Organization Individual living thing resulting from organ systems working together to achieve homeostasis 6 3  8/16/2024 Level of organization Example Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism 7 Introduction to Organ Systems o There are 11 organ systems in the human body o Each with organs that work together to perform specific functions Run Mrs. Lidec 8 4  8/16/2024 Integumentary System (chapter 5) Skeletal System (chapters 6-9) Components: Skin and associated Components: Bones and joints of the body structures, such as hair, fingernails and and their associated cartilages. toenails, sweat glands, and oil glands. Functions: Supports and protects body; Functions: Protects body; helps regulate provides surface area for muscle body temperature; eliminates some attachments; aids body movements; wastes; helps make vitamin D; detects houses cells that produce blood cells; sensations such as touch, pain, warmth, stores minerals and lipids (fats). and cold; stores fat and provides insulation. 9 Muscular System (Chapters 10,11) Nervous System (Chapters 12-17) Components: Specifically, skeletal muscle Components: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, tissue—muscle usually attached to bones and special sense organs, such as eyes and (other muscle tissues include smooth and ears. cardiac). Functions: Generates action potentials Functions: Participates in body movements, (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities; such as walking; maintains posture; detects changes in body's internal and produces heat. external environments, interprets changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions. 10 5  8/16/2024 Endocrine System (chapter 18) Cardiovascular System (chapters 19-21) Components: Hormone-producing glands Components: Blood, heart, and blood (pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary vessels. gland, thymus, thyroid gland, Functions: Heart pumps blood through blood parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, vessels; blood carries oxygen and nutrients pancreas, ovaries, and testes) and to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away hormone-producing cells in several other from cells and helps regulate acid–base organs. balance, temperature, and water content of Functions : Regulates body activities by body fluids; blood components help defend releasing hormones (chemical against disease and repair damaged blood messengers transported in blood from vessels. endocrine gland or tissue to target organ). 11 Lymphatic System and Immunity (chapter 22) Respiratory System (chapter 23) Components: Lymphatic fluid and vessels; Components: Lungs and air passageways spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils; such as the pharynx (throat), larynx cells that carry out immune responses (B {voice box), trachea (windpipe), and cells, T cells, and others). bronchial tubes leading into and out of Functions: Returns proteins and fluid to lungs. blood; carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract Functions: Transfers oxygen from inhaled to blood; contains sites of maturation and air to blood and carbon dioxide from proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect blood to exhaled air; helps regulate acid- against disease-causing microbes. base balance of body fluids; air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sounds. 12 6  8/16/2024 Digestive System (chapter 24) Urinary System (chapter 26) Components: Organs of gastrointestinal Components: Kidneys, ureters, urinary tract, a long tube that includes the mouth, bladder, and urethra. pharynx (throat), esophagus (food tube), Functions: Produces, stores, and eliminates stomach, small and large intestines, and urine; eliminates wastes and regulates anus; also includes accessory organs that volume and chemical composition of blood; assist in digestive processes, such as helps maintain the acid–base balance of salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and body fluids; maintains body's mineral pancreas. balance; helps regulate production of red Functions: Achieves physical and chemical blood cells. breakdown of food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid wastes. 13 Reproductive Systems (chapter 28) Components: Gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females) and associated organs (uterine tubes or fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands in females and epididymis, ductus or (vas) deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis in males). Functions: Gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to form a new organism; gonads also release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes; associated organs transport and store gametes; mammary glands produce milk. 14 7  8/16/2024 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE 15 M R S C G R A N 16 8  8/16/2024 Maintain internal balance o Homeostasis o homeo = similar, stasis = stable o maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment o The survival of our body cells is dependent on the precise regulation of the chemical composition of their surrounding fluid = extracellular fluid (ECF) 17 o does NOT mean that ion composition, temperature, pH, heart rate, etc. don’t ever change o if homeostasis is disrupted and is not corrected, disease/sickness and eventually death can occur 18 9  8/16/2024 Homeostatic Control Systems 19 Types of Homeostatic Control o Feedback = response made after a change has been detected 1. Negative feedback o reversal of original stimulus 2. Positive feedback o intensification of original stimulus o Must have a shut off 20 10  8/16/2024 1. Negative Feedback o Most common o Reactive, counteracts the change o Physiological variable is returned to normal (i.e., its setpoint) 21 22 11  8/16/2024 o Regulated variable = ? o Receptors = ? o Control Center =? o Effectors = ? Other Examples: o Blood sugar regulation o Blood pressure regulation o Osmoregulation o Hormonal regulation 23 2. Positive Feedback o Physiological variable is moved away from setpoint o Must have a shut off Set point Effectors working Deviation away from set point 24 12  8/16/2024 25 o Regulated variable = ? o Receptors = ? o Control Center =? o Effectors = ? Other Examples: o Blood clotting o Lactation o Action potential 26 13  8/16/2024 Reproduction o Asexual reproduction o Sexual reproduction o one individual gives rise to two o fusion of egg & sperm to or more offspring which are form a fertilized egg. The similar (identical) to the parent offspring has a o (e.g., bacteria, plants, fungi, combination of traits from protists, many animals) the parents 27 Sensitivity o All organisms sense what is going on around them = sensitivity/irritability o Stimuli = physical or chemical changes in the internal or external environment via receptors 28 14  8/16/2024 Composed of Cells/Order o Organisms are highly organized structures that consist of one or more cells o Cells = smallest basic unit of life o Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic 29 o Cell theory o Cells are the basic unit of life o All organisms are composed of cells - unicellular or multicellular o All cells come from pre-existing cells o Every cell has the following: o Plasma membrane o Cytoplasm o Genetic material (DNA) o Ribosomes 30 15  8/16/2024 Growth and development Growth – increase in the size of individual cells, increase in the number of cells, or both Development – all of the changes that take place in an organism over time 31 Regulation o Organisms require multiple regulatory mechanisms to coordinate internal functions, response to stimuli, and cope with environmental stresses (e.g., nutrient transport, blood flow) o Accomplished by the different body systems 32 16  8/16/2024 Adaptation and Evolution o All living organisms exhibit a “fit” to their environment o Evolution occurs via Natural Selection = survival of the fittest o population becomes adapted to their environment over time o Individuals with favorable traits survive and reproduce 33 Nutrition/Energy Processing o Given the diversity of life on our planet, it is not surprising that diets would also vary substantially o Animals (heterotrophs) use food to produce energy o Plants produce their own food (autotrophs) o Move to obtain nutrition 34 17  8/16/2024 ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY 35 The Anatomic Position o Characteristics of the anatomic position: o Standing upright o Feet parallel and on the floor o Head level and looking forward o Arms at side of body o Palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away from body o prone = when lying face down o supine = when lying face up o recumbent = lying on the side 36 18  8/16/2024 Anatomic Directions o Allow us to describe the relative position of one body structure in relation to another o Anterior vs. posterior o Superior vs. inferior o Medial vs. lateral o Proximal vs. distal o Caudal vs Cranial o Deep vs. Superficial o Ipsilateral vs Contralateral 37 Anterior/Ventral = in front of; toward front surface Posterior/Dorsal = in back of; toward back surface Stomach is ANTERIOR to the spinal cord. The heart is POSTERIOR to the sternum. 38 19  8/16/2024 Superior = closer to the head Inferior = closer to the feet The knee is SUPERIOR to the ankle. The stomach is INFERIOR to the heart. 39 Medial = towards the midline of the body Lateral = away from the midline of the body The lungs are MEDIAL to the shoulders. The arms are LATERAL to the heart. 40 20  8/16/2024 Proximal = Closer to the trunk Distal = away from the trunk The femur is Proximal to the tibia. The talus Distal to the tibia. The the elbow is Proximal to the hand. The wrist is Distal to the elbow. 41 o Caudal = at the rear or tail end o The abdomen is caudal to the head o Cranial = at the head end o The head is cranial to the trunk o Deep = on the inside (internal), under another structure o Muscles are deep to the skin o Superficial = on the outside (external) o The ribs are superficial to the lungs o Ipsilateral = On the same side of the body as another structure. o The gallbladder and ascending colon are ipsilateral. o Contralateral = On the opposite side of the body as another structure. o The ascending and descending colons are contralateral. 42 21  8/16/2024 Regional Anatomy o The body can be divided into 2 major regions: 1. Axial o head, neck, and trunk (the vertical axis of the body) 2. Appendicular o upper and lower limbs (appendages) 43 Regional names are names given to specific regions of the body for reference 44 22  8/16/2024 Sections and Planes o Used to visualize internal and 3-D anatomy of body parts relative to each other o Sections o an actual cut or slice through a structure o or a piece removed by slicing a structure o Planes o imaginary flat surfaces passing through the body or an organ o there are three standard anatomic planes 45 1. Coronal (frontal) plane o divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts 46 23  8/16/2024 2. Transverse (horizontal) plane o divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts 47 3. Midsagittal (median) plane o divides the body into equal left and right halves 4. Parasagittal plane o divides the body into unequal left and right parts 48 24  8/16/2024 5. Oblique plane o divides the body at any angle other than horizontal or vertical. 49 Major Body Cavities 1. Posterior/Dorsal o Cranial: formed by skull bones o Vertebral: formed by vertebral column (vertebrae) 2. Ventral o Thoracic: the superior cavity o Abdominopelvic: the inferior cavity 50 25  8/16/2024 Cavity Membranes o thoracic and abdominopelvic are lined a thin serous membrane: o divided into two continuous parts (layers) 1. Parietal layer: lines the internal surface of the body wall 2. Visceral layer: covers the external surface of organs (viscera) in the cavity o both layers produce a small amount of fluid to lubricate the organs, protect against friction 51 52 26  8/16/2024 Abdominopelvic Regions & Quadrants o The abdominal cavity can be subdivided into four quadrants and nine areas o The purpose of the abdominal divisions is to describe regional anatomy in the abdomen, and to help clinicians determine which organ and tissues are involved in a disease based on which regions experience pain 53 RUQ LUQ Right lobe of Liver Left Lobe of Liver Stomach (Pylorus) Stomach (majority) Gallbladder Body of Pancreas Right Kidney Left Kidney Head of Pancreas Spleen Right Adrenal Gland Left Adrenal Gland Small Intestine Small Intestine Transverse colon RLQ LLQ Small Intestine Small Intestine Reproductive Organs Reproductive Organs (right ovary, right (left ovary, left oviduct, oviduct, right spermatic left spermatic cord) cord) Left Ureter Right Ureter Descending Colon Ascending Colon Sigmoid colon Cecum Appendix 54 27  8/16/2024 55 R Hypochondriac (below Left Hypochondriac (below cartilage of ribs) Epigastric (over stomach) cartilage of ribs) Liver, Gallbladder, Right Liver, Stomach, Pancreas, Tip of the Liver, Spleen ,Left Kidney, Kidney, Small and Large Duodenum, Spleen, Adrenal Pancreas, Stomach, Small and intestines Glands Large intestines Umbilical (belly button) Duodenum, Small Intestine, Transverse Colon Right Lumbar Left Lumbar Ascending Colon, Descending Colon, Small Intestine, Small Intestine. Left Right Kidney Kidney Right Iliac Left Iliac Appendix, Cecum, sigmoid colon, Ascending Colon, descending colon, Hypogastric (below stomach) Small Intestine and small intestine Bladder, Small Intestines, Sigmoid Colon, Reproductive organs 56 28