Lec. 1 Physiology PDF

 Lec.1.plasma protein & RBCs Blood Definition and Function 1. Approximately what percentage of body weight does blood make up in a 70 kg man?  a) 5%  b) 8%  c) 10%  d) 15% 2. The defense function of blood is primarily mediated by:  a) Red blood cell...

 Lec.1.plasma protein & RBCs Blood Definition and Function 1. Approximately what percentage of body weight does blood make up in a 70 kg man?  a) 5%  b) 8%  c) 10%  d) 15% 2. The defense function of blood is primarily mediated by:  a) Red blood cells  b) White blood cells  c) Platelets  d) Plasma proteins 3. The process of blood clotting is known as:  a) Hemolysis  b) Hemostasis  c) Hemoglobin synthesis  d) Hemopoiesis 4. The blood's ability to maintain a constant internal environment is known as:  a) Hemostasis  b) Homeostasis  c) Hemolysis  d) Hematocrit 5. Which of the following is NOT a major function of blood?  a) Transport of nutrients  b) Regulation of body temperature  c) Maintenance of pH balance  d) All of the above are major functions of blood ① Blood components 6. What are the two main components of blood?  a) Cells and plasma  b) Serum and platelets  c) Red blood cells and white blood cells  d) Plasma proteins and lipids 7. What percentage of plasma is made up of water?  a) 50%  b) 70%  c) 90%  d) 95% 8. Plasma proteins constitute what percentage of the total plasma?  a) 1%  b) 7%  c) 9.1%  d) 10% 9. Which of the following is NOT an inorganic component of plasma?  a) Sodium (Na⁺ )  b) Potassium (K⁺ )  c) Chloride (Cl⁻ )  d) Urea 10. The fluid part of blood, also known as plasma, makes up what percentage of total blood volume?  a) 45%  b) 55%  c) 60%  d) 50% 11. What percentage of blood is made up of cells, including RBCs, WBCs, and platelets?  a) 45%  b) 55%  c) 40%  d) 60% ② Plasma Proteins 12. Which plasma protein is the most abundant in the blood?  a) Globulins  b) Fibrinogen  c) Prothrombin  d) Albumin 13. What is the approximate molecular weight of globulins?  a) 30,000-50,000  b) 60,000-80,000  c) 90,000-150,000  d) 160,000-180,000 14. What is the approximate molecular weight of fibrinogen?  a) 50,000  b) 100,000  c) 200,000  d) 340,000 15. Which organ is primarily responsible for synthesizing most plasma proteins, including albumin and fibrinogen?  a) Kidney  b) Pancreas  c) Liver  d) Stomach 16. Gamma globulins, which are involved in immune responses, are primarily synthesized in which of the following tissues?  a) Kidney  b) Lymphoid tissues  c) Pancreas  d) Muscle cells 17. Plasma proteins, including albumin, are in a constant state of:  a) Storage  b) Breakdown and resynthesis  c) Rapid degradation without replacement  d) Unchanging levels ③ 18. During starvation, which source is primarily used by the body for plasma protein synthesis?  a) Food proteins  b) Tissue proteins  c) Reserve carbohydrates  d) Plant proteins 19. When there is an acute loss of plasma proteins, such as during hemorrhage, which reserve is quickly mobilized?  a) Labile reserve proteins from the liver  b) Proteins from food  c) Fibrinogen stores  d) Carbohydrate reserves 20. What is the role of plant proteins in plasma protein synthesis?  a) Enhances albumin formation  b) Promotes globulin formation  c) Serves as a source for tissue proteins  d) Is stored in the liver 21. What percentage of plasma proteins such as alpha and beta globulins are synthesized by the liver?  a) 20-30%  b) 50-80%  c) 80-100%  d) 30-50% 22. What process replaces the albumin that is degraded in the body by tissue macrophages?  a) Kidney filtration  b) Pancreatic synthesis  c) Hepatic synthesis of 200-400 mg/kg/day  d) Lymphatic circulation albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio 23. The albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio is defined as:  a) The ratio of albumin and hemoglobin concentrations in plasma  b) The ratio of albumin and globulin concentrations in plasma  c) The ratio of globulin and albumin concentrations in plasma  d) The ratio of albumin and fibrinogen concentrations in plasma ④ 24. Which of the following values falls within the normal range for the A/G ratio in healthy individuals?  a) 0.8  b) 2.0  c) 1.4  d) 0.6 25. In which of the following conditions would you expect the A/G ratio to be decreased due to a significant loss of albumin?  a) Congenital agamma globulinaemia  b) Advanced liver disease  c) Increased protein intake  d) Hyperglobulinemia 26. Which of the following conditions would likely increase the globulin fraction, thus decreasing the A/G ratio?  a) Renal disease  b) Severe infections  c) Congenital agamma globulinaemia  d) Burns 27. What is the likely effect on the A/G ratio in a patient with congenital agamma globulinaemia?  a) Decrease in the A/G ratio due to lower albumin  b) Increase in the A/G ratio due to lower globulin  c) Increase in the A/G ratio due to higher albumin  d) Decrease in the A/G ratio due to higher globulin 28. In renal disease, how does the A/G ratio change, and why?  a) It decreases due to a loss of albumin in the urine  b) It increases due to a loss of globulin in the urine  c) It decreases due to increased albumin synthesis  d) It remains constant 29. How does starvation affect the albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio?  a) Increases the A/G ratio due to increased albumin synthesis  b) Decreases the A/G ratio due to a reduction in protein intake  c) Increases the A/G ratio due to a decrease in globulin levels  d) Has no effect on the A/G ratio ⑤ Function Of Plasma Protein 30. Which of the following is a specific function of plasma proteins?  a) Buffering functions  b) Regulation of capillary permeability  c) Defensive functions  d) Carriage of CO₂ 31. Which of the following is a non-specific function of plasma proteins?  a) Blood clotting  b) Carrier functions  c) Viscosity of plasma  d) Osmotic pressure regulation 32. Plasma proteins primarily regulate blood volume and tissue fluid formation by:  a) Acting as buffers  b) Exerting osmotic pressure  c) Transporting nutrients  d) Promoting blood clotting 33. The major protein responsible for producing osmotic pressure in plasma is:  a) Globulins  b) Fibrinogen  c) Prothrombin  d) Albumin 34. Plasma proteins involved in blood coagulation are:  a) Albumin and globulins  b) Fibrinogen and prothrombin  c) Globulins and prothrombin  d) Albumin and fibrinogen 35. The primary defense mechanism provided by plasma proteins is:  a) Phagocytosis  b) Antibody formation  c) Blood clotting  d) Buffering ⑥ 36. Plasma proteins contribute to the buffering capacity of blood by:  a) Acting as weak acids or bases  b) Binding to hydrogen ions  c) Regulating pH through enzymatic reactions  d) All of the above 37. Plasma proteins play a crucial role in:  a) Transporting hormones  b) Maintaining blood pH  c) Regulating capillary permeability  d) All of the above 38. Which plasma protein is primarily responsible for transporting iron in the blood?  a) Albumin  b) Transferrin  c) Ceruloplasmin  d) Fibrinogen 39. Plasma proteins can act as carriers for:  a) Hormones  b) Vitamins  c) Minerals  d) All of the above 40. The primary source of amino acids for plasma protein synthesis is:  a) Dietary proteins  b) Tissue proteins  c) Both A and B  d) Neither A nor B 41. Plasma proteins can be used as a reservoir for:  a) Hormones  b) Vitamins  c) Minerals  d) All of the above ⑦ Characters Of RBCs 42. Which of the following statements accurately describes the erythrocyte count in newborns?  a) 3.5-4.5 million/mm³  b) 4.5-5.0 million/mm³  c) 5.0-5.5 million/mm³  d) 6-8 million/mm³ 43. The biconcave shape of RBCs is important for which of the following reasons?  a) Increases surface area for gas exchange  b) Decreases the volume of the cell  c) Allows the cell to have a nucleus  d) Enhances osmotic pressure regulation 44. Which intracellular ion is the chief cation in RBCs?  a) Na⁺  b) K⁺  c) Ca²⁺  d) Mg²⁺ 45. Which enzyme present in RBCs is critical for CO₂ transport?  a) Carbonic anhydrase  b) Hexokinase  c) Catalase  d) Lactate dehydrogenase 46. What is the average volume of a red blood corpuscle (RBC)?  a) 60-70 µ³  b) 75-85 µ³  c) 90-95 µ³  d) 100-110 µ³ 47. Which of the following is NOT found in RBCs?  a) Hemoglobin  b) Carbonic anhydrase  c) Mitochondria  d) Potassium ions ⑧ 48. Why are RBCs considered corpuscles rather than true cells?  a) They lack mitochondria  b) They lack nuclei  c) They are unable to replicate  d) They have a semipermeable membrane 49. How does the plastic semipermeable membrane of RBCs benefit their function?  a) It allows flexibility and shape change to pass through capillaries  b) It maintains a constant osmotic pressure  c) It prevents gas exchange  d) It enhances the binding of oxygen 50. In which group would you expect the lowest RBC count?  a) Adults living at high altitudes  b) Newborns  c) Elderly individuals  d) Children living at sea level 51. The energy production in RBCs occurs primarily through which process?  a) Oxidative phosphorylation  b) Aerobic respiration  c) Anaerobic glycolysis  d) Fatty acid oxidation Function Of RBCs 52. The primary function of the RBC cell membrane's large surface area is:  A) Providing structural strength  B) Facilitating gas diffusion  C) Preventing hemoglobin loss  D) Increasing blood viscosity 53. The plastic nature of the RBC membrane is crucial for:  A) Preventing hemoglobin loss  B) Allowing flexibility for passage through capillaries  C) Maintaining blood viscosity  D) Increasing gas exchange ⑨ 54. The main reason hemoglobin is kept within RBCs is:  A) Preventing hemoglobin degradation  B) Protecting hemoglobin from enzymes  C) Preventing its loss in urine and potential kidney damage  D) Assisting in acid-base buffering 55. If hemoglobin were filtered into the kidney glomeruli, it would likely:  A) Increase oxygen transport  B) Precipitate in renal tubules, causing acute renal failure  C) Enhance CO₂ transport  D) Improve blood viscosity 56. Hemoglobin contributes to acid-base balance by acting as:  A) A carrier of oxygen  B) A buffer  C) A promoter of glycolysis  D) A source of potassium ions 57. Hemoglobin's primary functions do NOT include:  A) Transport of oxygen from the lungs to tissues  B) Transport of CO₂ from tissues to the lungs  C) Acting as an acid-base buffer  D) Maintaining blood viscosity 58. RBCs play a key role in maintaining blood viscosity by:  A) Reducing blood pressure  B) Contributing to viscosity, which helps maintain arterial blood pressure  C) Preventing capillary ruptures  D) Enhancing capillary flow Factors Affecting Erythropoiesis 59. What is the primary source of erythropoietin (EPO) in adults?  a) Liver  b) Spleen  c) Kidney  d) Bone marrow ⑩ 60. Which factor is NOT a known regulator of erythropoietin secretion?  a) Hypoxia  b) Adrenaline  c) Prostaglandins  d) Glucocorticoids 61. What effect does erythropoietin (EPO) have on bone marrow stem cells?  a) Inhibits differentiation into proerythroblasts  b) Promotes transfer of stem cells to proerythroblasts  c) Enhances destruction of proerythroblasts  d) Prevents maturation of RBCs 62. How does high altitude affect RBC formation?  a) Decreases erythropoiesis  b) Increases erythropoiesis  c) Has no effect on erythropoiesis  d) Causes immediate destruction of RBCs 63. Which hormone is directly involved in stimulating erythropoiesis by promoting tissue metabolism and increasing erythropoietin levels?  a) Thyroid hormones  b) Insulin  c) Glucagon  d) Estrogen 64. What is the role of iron in erythropoiesis?  a) important for the formation of Hb  b) Stimulates erythropoietin production  c) Enhances bone marrow flexibility  d) Regulates RBC membrane permeability 65. What happens to transferrin saturation when iron stores are depleted?  a) Transferrin becomes fully saturated with iron  b) The rate of iron absorption decreases  c) The rate of iron absorption increases significantly  d) Transferrin levels in plasma decrease 66. What is the primary function of copper in erythropoiesis?  a) Enhances oxygen transport  b) Acts as a cofactor in hemoglobin synthesis  c) Regulates iron absorption  d) Aids in RBC membrane flexibility ⑪ 67. Which vitamin is essential for DNA synthesis and final maturation of RBCs?  a) Vitamin A  b) Vitamin C  c) Vitamin B12  d) Vitamin E 68. How does the liver respond when the body has excess iron stores?  a) Increases apotransferrin production  b) Decreases apotransferrin production  c) Enhances iron absorption from the intestine  d) Reduces iron storage in the liver 69. What physiological role does iron play beyond hemoglobin formation?  a) Production of ATP  b) Formation of cytochrome enzymes  c) Regulation of blood pressure  d) Enhancement of RBC membrane stability 70. What percentage of the body's total iron is found in hemoglobin?  a) 50%  b) 65%  c) 75%  d) 85% 71. Which of the following factors does NOT stimulate erythropoiesis?  a) High altitude  b) Androgens  c) Vitamin C deficiency  d) Hypoxia 72. The destruction of bone marrow can lead to which type of anemia?  a) Sickle cell anemia  b) Iron-deficiency anemia  c) Aplastic anemia  d) Hemolytic anemia 73. What is the primary source of erythropoietin in fetuses?  a) Kidneys  b) Liver  c) Bone marrow  d) Spleen ⑫ 74. What happens to iron absorption when apoferritin is fully saturated with iron?  a) Absorption increases significantly  b) Absorption remains unchanged  c) Absorption decreases significantly  d) Iron absorption ceases ⑬