Respiratory System Laboratory Activity PDF

Name: ____________________________________ Date Submitted: _______________ Year/Section: ______________ Score: ________________ LABORATORY ACTIVITY 12 RESPIRATORY SYST...

Name: ____________________________________ Date Submitted: _______________ Year/Section: ______________ Score: ________________ LABORATORY ACTIVITY 12 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM INTRODUCTION “The major organs of the respiratory system function primarily to provide oxygen to body tissues for cellular respiration, remove the waste product carbon dioxide, and help to maintain acid-base balance. Portions of the respiratory system are also used for non-vital functions, such as sensing odors, speech production, and for straining, such as during childbirth or Learning outcomes of the lab exercises: 1. Identify the structures of the human respiratory tract on models 2. State the main function of each respiratory structure 3. Determine the pathway of airflow into the lungs 4. Compare the histological features of the various respiratory system tissues LABORATORY DISCUSSION The respiratory system can be functionally divided into two zones: 1. Respiratory zone: for gas exchange, consists of respiratory bronchioles and alveoli. 2. Conducting zone: portions of respiratory system whose function is to conduct air to the alveoli 190 | Page Structures of the Respiratory Tract You must be able to identify all of the terms in bold on models for the lab exam. A. Nasal Cavity - Air enters the nasal cavity via the external nares, opening into the nasal vestibule - The nasal cavity is divided midline by the nasal septum, which is cartilaginous anteriorly and vomer bone in the posterior. -The nasal cavity connects to the pharynx via the internal nares. 1.) Boundaries of nasal cavity - Floor: hard palate (formed by the palatine process of the maxillary bone and the horizontal process of the palatine bone) - Roof: contributed by the sphenoid, ethmoid, frontal, and nasal bones - Lateral walls: superior, middle, and inferior concha 2.) Nasal Conchae - Three bony mucous covered shelves protrude from the lateral wall of the nasal cavity; two arise from ethmoid bone (superior and middle), the third is its own bone (inferior) - Ridging increases surface area in the nasal cavity and causes air turbulence, so heavier inhaled particles drop and become trapped in mucus. 3.) Paranasal Sinuses – Mucus lined, air filled cavities found in some of the bones of the skull. Each sinus drains into the nasal cavity in close relation to one of the conchae. Maxillary paranasal sinus Frontal paranasal sinus Sphenoid paranasal sinus Ethmoidal paranasal sinus B. Pharynx -the funnel-shaped region that lies behind the nasal and oral cavities and the larynx. The inferior end is continuous with the esophagus. 1.) Nasopharynx: Region from the posterior nasal cavity down to the soft palate. - Contains the pharyngeal tonsils (the adenoids), which can swell and block the passageway for air. -entrance to the auditory (eustachian) tube 191 | Page 2.) Oropharynx: Region from soft palate down to epiglottis. - The oropharynx is connected to the oral cavity by a passageway called the fauces. - Palatine tonsils line the fauces. - Lingual tonsils lie near the base of the tongue. - Uvula closes off the opening to the nasopharynx so food and liquid do not enter this cavity 3.) Laryngopharynx - connects the oropharynx to the openings of both the larynx and esophagus. -epiglottis closes the opening to the larynx preventing food & liquid from entering the trachea (prevents aspiration) C. Larynx: The larynx is a complicated structure of nine cartilages connected by membranes and ligaments. - The laryngeal prominence of the thyroid cartilage is visible externally as the Adam’s apple. - Ring of cricoid cartilage sits atop trachea. - The arytenoid and corniculate cartilage are visible on the posterior aspect and connect the vocal cords for movement and sound production - The vocal cords vibrate and produce sound as air passes up from the lungs. Vestibular folds cover the vocal cords and are sometimes called ‘false’ vocal cords. 192 | Page - The glottis is the superior opening of the larynx containing the vocal cords - The epiglottis is a small, flexible elastic cartilage covered with taste buds. OpenStax A&P, pg. 1039 193 | Page D. Trachea - As the trachea approaches the lungs (approximately T7), it splits to form the left and right primary bronchi. -The carina is a highly sensitive cartilage located at this branching point. E. Bronchi - A primary (Main) bronchus enters each lung. - Each primary bronchus splits to form several secondary (Lobar) bronchi. - Each secondary bronchus will serve a lobe of the lung. - tertiary bronchi arise from the secondary as branching continues F. Lungs - The large pair of lungs occupies most of the thoracic cavity, with the exception of the mediastinum. (Costal and mediastinal surfaces) - The wide base of a lung is bordered by the diaphragm inferiorly. - Each lung proceeds upward and narrows into an apex that is superior to the superior thoracic aperture (the 1st rib). - The root is a bundle of vessels and airway that enters the lung at the hilum. Hilum - indentation through which the structures at the root pass into lung stroma - Layers of the Lungs 1. Visceral pleura – touches the lungs directly 2. Parietal pleura – touches the rib cage directly in the pleural cavity Right lung is divided into: Left lung is divides into: 1. Superior lobe 1. Superior lobe 2. Middle lobe 2. Inferior lobe 3. Inferior lobe 3. Oblique fissure 4. Oblique fissure 4. Cardiac notch 5. Horizontal fissure 194 | Page Diaphragm - the principle muscle of respiration. It has three openings (hiatuses) to allow passage of the descending aorta, esophagus, and inferior vena cava. G. Bronchioles and Alveoli - terminal bronchioles arise from the tertiary bronchi -bronchioles are ~1mm in diameter - muscular walls of bronchioles do NOT contain cartilage, resulting in constriction and dilation just like in arterioles - terminal bronchioles branch into respiratory bronchioles, which lead into the alveolar sacs - alveolar sacs are clusters of individual alveoli that perform gas exchange 195 | Page Microscope Exercise: Histology of Respiratory System Sketch the following respiratory structure histology in the spaces below. Simple Squamous - Alveoli Stratified Squamous – Oral Cavity 196 | Page Pseudostratified Epithelia – trachea & bronchial tree Hyaline Cartilage - trachea & bronchial tree Elastic Cartilage – epiglottis Nasal Cavity & Pharynx Image to Label Word Bank Hard palate Soft palate Pharyngeal (adenoid) tonsil Entrance to eustacian tube Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Superior nasal conchae of ethmoid Middle nasal conchae of ethmoid Inferior nasal conchae bone Nasal vestibule External nares Frontal sinus 197 | Page Larynx Image to Label 198 | Page  Word Bank Corniculate cartilages Arytenoid cartilages Thyroid cartilage Epiglottis Cricoid cartilage Trachea Hyoid bone Trachealis muscle Glottis Bronchial Tree Image to Label Word Bank (may be used more than once) Right & Left Primary Bronchi Carina Secondary Bronchi Tertiary Bronchi Trachea Larynx Lung Image to Label 199 | Page  Word Bank Base Apex Superior lobe of right lung Inferior lobe of right lung Superior lobe of left lung Inferior lobe of left lung Middle lobe Horizontal fissure Left Lung Right Lung Diaphragm Oblique fissure (right and left) Carina Trachea Primary Bronchi 200 | Page  Alveoli Image to Label Word Bank Alveolus Alveolar Sacs Alveolar Duct Terminal Bronchioles Venule Arteriole 201 | Page  Activity: Complete the Story of the Airflow Pathway Use the word bank below to complete the airflow pathway of the respiratory system. Alveolar sacs Bronchioles Primary (main) bronchi Secondary (lobar) bronchi 202 | Page  Nares Trachea Carina Larynx Glottis Epiglottis Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Nasal conchae Oxygen Carbon dioxide Three Two Air from the outside enters the nasal cavity through the _(1)_. It will move past the septum where it will be humidified and warmed by epithelia tissue lining the _(2)_ of the ethmoid bone. Next it will enter the _(3)_, the superior region of the throat that only moves air. After this, it passes through the _(4)_, the middle region of the throat that sits behind the tongue. The final region of the throat is the _(5)_. The _(6)_, a structure made of elastic cartilage and lined with taste buds will remain upright while air passes the area. Air will now move through the _(7)_, an orifice that surrounds the vocal cords. The _(8)_ is essentially a box made of cartilage, with an anterior projection known as the ‘Adams apple’. Air continues to flow into a short, wide diameter tube with hyaline cartilage rings known as the _(9)_. At the distal end of the tube is a structure called the _(10)_, which contains mechanoreceptors capable of initiating a powerful cough reflex if activated by food or liquid. The trachea branches into the right and left _(11)_, which then branch into the _(12)_ which carry air to each lobe of the lungs. There are _(13)_ (#) lobes on the right lung and _(14)_ (#) lobes on the left lung. The branching continues in the bronchial tree until the air reaches the smallest diameter tubes known as _(15)_. These tubes do not contain cartilage, rather have smooth muscle in the walls allowing for bronchodilation and bronchoconstriction. The last stop for airflow is the _(16)_, which contain Type 1 Pneumocytes capable of performing gas exchange at the respiratory membrane. _(17)_ moves into the erythrocytes while _(18)_ moves into the alveolar sacs. Lab Review Questions 1-6.) Fill in the names of the labeled structures of the respiratory system using the terms in the table below. 203 | Page Pharyngeal (adenoid) tonsil Nasal conchae Nares Soft palate Sublingual tonsil laryngopharynx 204 | Page 7-10.) What is the name of this complex region of the respiratory system? Fill in the names of the labeled structures using the table below. Epiglottis Arytenoid cartilage Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage 205 | Page 11-15.) Fill in the names of the labeled structures using the table below. Inferior lobe Carina Primary (main) bronchi Trachea Horizontal fissure 206 | Page