Cardio-Respiratory Anatomy and Physiology Part 1 (Prelim) PDF

COLLEGE OF RESPIRATORY THERAPY Cardio-Respiratory Anatomy and Physiology (Prelim Period) The Respiratory System  COLLEGE OF...

COLLEGE OF RESPIRATORY THERAPY Cardio-Respiratory Anatomy and Physiology (Prelim Period) The Respiratory System  COLLEGE OF RESPIRATORY THERAPY Overview of The Respiratory System -Author/s (Year) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=03qvN5pjCTU -Author/s (Year) 2  COLLEGE OF General Functions of the Respiratory RESPIRATORY THERAPY System To draw air from the atmosphere into the body so it will be in close proximity to the blood. Promotes the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the blood and air. It conditions the air that we breath: Filter Warm (near 37 C); 44mg/L Humidify (moisturize); 47mmHg -Author/s (Year) 3  COLLEGE OF Gross Anatomy of the Lungs RESPIRATORY THERAPY Thoracic Cage (The Bony Thorax) (vertebrosternal ribs)  Sternum (breastbone) 1. manubrium sterni 2. corpus sterni (body) 3. xiphoid process (ensiform) (Ribs 8 – 10: vertebrochondral ribs) -Author/s (Year) 4  COLLEGE OF Thoracic Vertebrae RESPIRATORY THERAPY -Author/s (Year) 5  COLLEGE OF Thoracic Vertebrae RESPIRATORY THERAPY -Author/s (Year) 6  COLLEGE OF Rib and Thoracic Vertebrae RESPIRATORY THERAPY -Author/s (Year) 7  Sternum (Breastbone)  COLLEGE OF Ribs RESPIRATORY THERAPY -Author/s (Year) 10 The compound action of ribs 2 – 7changes both the anteroposterior and transverse dimensions of the chest in an upward and outward motion.  COLLEGE OF Rib Movement – “Pump Handle” RESPIRATORY THERAPY motion As each rib (2 – 7) rotates about the axis of its neck, its sternal end rises and falls. This motion increases the antero-posterior (AP) thoracic diameter -Author/s (Year) 12 Rib Movement – “Bucket Handle” COLLEGE OF RESPIRATORY THERAPY motion At the same time, the rib (2 – 7) moves about its long axis from its angle at the sternum. This motion causes the middle part of the rib to move up and down. -Author/s (Year) 13  COLLEGE OF Rib Movement – other motions of the rib RESPIRATORY THERAPY The first rib moves Ribs 8 – 10: moves the slightly, raising and same as ribs 2 – 7. lowering the sternum. Its slight motion increases However, elevation of the the antero-posterior anterior ends of these ribs diameter of the chest. produces a small This action is not used backward movement of the during quiet breathing. lower sternum. This movement results to slight reduction in the thoracic antero-posterior diameter. -Author/s (Year) 14  COLLEGE OF Rib Movement – other motions of the rib RESPIRATORY THERAPY Ribs 11 – 12 (“floating” ribs): participate in changing the contour of the chest in a minor way. they are pulled upward and outward (“caliper” motion). -Author/s (Year) 15  COLLEGE OF RESPIRATORY THERAPY -Author/s (Year) 16  COLLEGE OF Pleurae RESPIRATORY THERAPY The serous membrane or mesothelial tissue that lines the lungs and thorax. Visceral (pulmonary) Parietal  Inner lining  Outer layer  Covers lung surface  Lines thoracic cavity Intrapleural space- contains intrapleural fluid; the pressure is negative. -Author/s (Year) 17 Pleural membranes, space and fluid COLLEGE OF RESPIRATORY THERAPY (thoracic wall cross-section) -Author/s (Year) 18  COLLEGE OF Gross Anatomy of the Lungs RESPIRATORY THERAPY -Author/s (Year) 19  COLLEGE OF Gross Anatomy of the Lungs RESPIRATORY THERAPY RIGHT LEFT  Larger  Smaller due to heart  Shorter due to liver apex  3 lobes  Longer  2 fissures  2 lobes  Horizontal & oblique  Lingula: represents fissure middle lobe  Oblique fissure -Author/s (Year) 20 Lung Lobes and Segments Lung Lobes and Segments https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eTdLVSFUJ_c Lung Lobes and Segments *  COLLEGE OF Thoracic Cavity RESPIRATORY THERAPY -Author/s (Year) 24  COLLEGE OF Thoracic Cavity RESPIRATORY THERAPY 1. Mediastinum – middle of the thorax that contains the heart, trachea, major blood vessels and nerves 2. Hilum – the part where the root (mainstem bronchi) enters the lungs 3. Left and right pleural cavities Note: intra-thoracic pressure (pleural pressure) is more negative compared to atmospheric pressure https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wc2K1Olt4Q8 -Author/s (Year) 25  COLLEGE OF Thoracic Cavity RESPIRATORY THERAPY Thoracic cavity Primarily contains two vital organs: heart & lungs Diaphragm Dome shaped muscle that divides the 2 body cavities Primary muscle of inspiration innervated by the phrenic nerve Abdominal Cavity -Author/s (Year) 26  COLLEGE OF Lung Mechanics RESPIRATORY THERAPY Elastance (E) – ability of a distorted or distended object (lung-thorax) to return to its original shape/position. Compliance (C) – ease with which an object (lung-thorax) can be distorted/distended. C 1/∞ E or C = 1/E C E C E -Author/s (Year) 27  COLLEGE OF Elastance and Compliance RESPIRATORY THERAPY Elastance: ∆P E = ∆V Compliance: ∆V C = ∆P -Author/s (Year) 28  COLLEGE OF Lung/Chest Wall Elasticity RESPIRATORY THERAPY 1. Tissues beneath the diaphragm 2. Ligaments and cartilages 3. Elastic fibers (Elastin) 4. Surfactant - decreases ST; decreases Pressure - decreases E; increases C Laplace’s Law P = 2 (ST) / r The smaller the radius (alveolar size), the greater the internal pressure of a sphere/bubble. -Author/s (Year) 29  COLLEGE OF Surface Tension (ST) RESPIRATORY THERAPY  Forces between two interfaces (liquid-gas/air; liquid-liquid).  Force that will tend the alveolus to collapse – increased during exhalation.  ST increases when size of alveoli decrease (e.g. during exhalation)  LaPlace’s Law: The pressure (dynes/sq. cm.) as a result of surface tension (ST) in dynes/cm is equal to the ST of the liquid multiplied by one over the radii (r) in cm. of curvature. 2 (ST) P = r -Author/s (Year) 30  Surface Tension ST The smaller the alveolar size (radius), the greater the internal pressure (ST). SURFACTANT- decreases the ST within an alveolus.  COLLEGE OF Lung Mechanics RESPIRATORY THERAPY Airway Resistance (RAW) - force necessary to maintain a specific flow within the respiratory system. ∆P R = flow -Author/s (Year) 32  COLLEGE OF Lung Mechanics RESPIRATORY THERAPY Factors affecting increased in airway resistance (RAW): Decreased in diameter (lumen) size of the airways Directional changes in the airways Branching of the airways -Author/s (Year) 33  COLLEGE OF Lung Mechanics RESPIRATORY THERAPY Gas Flows and Airway Resistance Poiseuille’s (PWA-ZUI-YAH) Law- states that for fluids flowing in a laminar pattern, the driving pressure will increase whenever the fluid viscosity, tube length or flow increases. Furthermore, greater pressure will be required to maintain a given flow if the tube radius decreases. 8nl R = ___________ πr4 R = resistance; n = viscosity; l = length; π = pi; r = radius -Author/s (Year) 34  COLLEGE OF Lung Mechanics RESPIRATORY THERAPY Conductance - the capability of the respiratory system (airways) to maintain gas flow. Conductance (G) is inversely related to Resistance (R) Flow GAW = ∆P -Author/s (Year) 35  COLLEGE OF Lung Mechanics RESPIRATORY THERAPY Types of Gas Flows 1. Laminar gas flow 2. Turbulent gas flow 3. Transitional gas flow Reynold’s number (RN): indicates whether gas flow is laminar or turbulent. (diameter) (velocity) (density) RN = viscosity ≥2,000 = turbulent