كيمياء نظري كورس الثاني م2 PDF

Protein and Nucleic Acid ‫اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻦ واﻟﺤﻤﺾ اﻟﻨﻮوي‬ Protein - ‫اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻦ‬ Q1) put (T) or (F) on suitable sentences - ‫اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻦ‬ ‫( ﺿﻊ )ﺻﺢ( أو )ﺧﻄﺄ( ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ؟‬1‫س‬ 1.proteins constitute a large part of the solid matt...

Protein and Nucleic Acid ‫اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻦ واﻟﺤﻤﺾ اﻟﻨﻮوي‬ Protein - ‫اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻦ‬ Q1) put (T) or (F) on suitable sentences - ‫اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻦ‬ ‫( ﺿﻊ )ﺻﺢ( أو )ﺧﻄﺄ( ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ؟‬1‫س‬ 1.proteins constitute a large part of the solid matter of muscle..‫ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻨﺎت ﺟﺰ ًءا ﻛﺒﯿ ًﺮا ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻀﻼت‬-1 2.proteins are organic compound containing C,H,O,N,P,S & I C،H،O،O،N،P،S،I ‫ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻨﺎت ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻋﻀﻮي ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ‬-2 3. The bond in protein is peptide bond..‫ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻦ ھﻲ راﺑﻄﺔ اﻟﺒﺒﺘﯿﺪ‬ Proteins are polymers of a.a.‫أ‬.‫ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻨﺎت ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺑﻮﻟﯿﻤﺮات ﻣﻦ أ‬ 4.Metabolic of amino acid in (blood) : : (‫ اﺳﺘﻘﻼب اﻷﺣﻤﺎض اﻷﻣﯿﻨﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ )اﻟﺪم‬-4 o A.NH2 c|| - NH2 B.Glucose - ‫ﺟﻠﻮﻛﻮز‬ C.Acetrp - cop - ‫ ﻛﻮب‬- ‫ أﺳﯿﺘﺮب‬: 1.Co2 + H2o 2. Fatty acids Lipid - ‫اﻷﺣﻤﺎض اﻟﺪھﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﺪھﻮن‬ a.a metabolized to Glucose..‫أ اﺳﺘﻘﻼﺑﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺟﻠﻮﻛﻮز‬-‫أ‬ 5. Clinical Significance - ‫ اﻷھﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺴﺮﯾﺮﯾﺔ‬: A.hyer proteinemia (asin the following Gases): :(‫ھﯿﯿﺮ ﺑﺮوﺗﯿﻦ اﻟﺪم )ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬.‫أ‬ 1)delydration (vomiting &Diarhea)-( ‫اﻟﺪﯾﻠﯿﺪرﯾﻦ )اﻟﻘﻲء واﻹﺳﮭﺎل‬ 2)Multiple myeloma - ‫اﻟﻮرم اﻟﻨﺨﺎﻋﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪد‬ B.as in following Gases - ‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬: 1)Nephrotic syndrome - ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻼزﻣﺔ اﻟﻜﻠﻮﯾﺔ‬ 2)Burns & extensive yleeding - ‫اﻟﺤﺮوق واﻟﻨﺰﯾﻒ اﻟﺸﺪﯾﺪ‬ 3)Decreas absorption from the GIT-‫اﻧﺨﻔﺎض اﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎص ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﮭﺎز اﻟﮭﻀﻤﻲ‬ 6.separation of proteins- ‫ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻨﺎت‬ 1)salt or solvent fractionation -‫ﺗﺠﺰﺋﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﺢ أو اﻟﻤﺬﯾﺒﺎت‬ 2)Electrophoresis - ‫اﻟﺮﺣﻼن اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬ 3)ultracentrifugation - ‫اﻟﻄﺮد اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰي اﻟﻔﺎﺋﻖ‬ 4)chromatography - ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﺎﺗﻮﻏﺮاﻓﯿﺎ‬ 5)Gel Filteration - ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻔﯿﺔ اﻟﮭﻼﻣﯿﺔ‬ 6)Imm unochemical Analysis -‫اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻷﺣﺎدي اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﻲ‬ The technique used for separation of protein Electrophoresis and other.. ‫ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻦ اﻟﺮﺣﻼن اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻦ وﻏﯿﺮھﺎ‬ 7.Amino acids are Essential and Non-essential ‫ اﻷﺣﻤﺎض اﻷﻣﯿﻨﯿﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ وﻏﯿﺮ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬-7 A)Non-essential A.A - ‫أ‬.‫ﻏﯿﺮ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ أ‬. Glutamate - ‫اﻟﻐﻠﻮﺗﺎﻣﺎت‬ Glutamine - ‫ﺟﻠﻮﺗﺎﻣﯿﻦ‬ Protein - ‫اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻦ‬ Aspartate -‫اﻷﺳﺒﺎرﺗﺎت‬ Asparagin - ‫اﻷﺳﺒﺎراﺟﯿﻦ‬ Alanin - ‫اﻷﻻﻧﯿﻦ‬ Serine - ‫ﺳﯿﺮﯾﻦ‬ Tyrosine - ‫اﻟﺘﯿﺮوزﯾﻦ‬ Cystcine - ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﺴﯿﻦ‬ B)Essential A.A - ‫ أﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬.‫ أ‬.‫ أ‬.‫أ‬ Isoleucine - ‫إﯾﺰوﻟﻮﺳﯿﻦ‬ Leucine - ‫اﻟﻠﯿﻮﺳﯿﻦ‬ Lysine - ‫ﻟﯿﺴﯿﻦ‬ Methionine - ‫ﻣﯿﺜﯿﻮﻧﯿﻦ‬ Phenyl Alanine - ‫ﻓﯿﻨﯿﻞ أﻻﻧﯿﻦ‬ Threonine - ‫ﺛﺮﯾﻮﻧﯿﻦ‬ Vadin - ‫ﻓﺎدﯾﻦ‬ Arginine - ‫أرﺟﯿﻨﯿﻦ‬ Histidin - ‫اﻟﮭﯿﺴﺘﯿﺪﯾﻦ‬ 8.Classification of proteins —-> according to shape : : ‫< ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬-- ‫ ﺗﺼﻨﯿﻒ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻨﺎت‬-8 A)Gobular protein or sherical shape ‫أ( اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻦ اﻟﻜﺮوي أو اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺸﺮﯾﺎﻧﻲ‬ B)Fibrous protein (water in soluble) (‫ب(ﺑﺮوﺗﯿﻦ ﻟﯿﻔﻲ )ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء‬ 9.Globular protein on heating exposure to extreme of PH or treatment with certain reagents:usually become insoluble and loss their Biological activity without domage to the polypeptide. ‫ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻦ اﻟﻜﺮوي ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺴﺨﯿﻦ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻦ اﻟﺰﻻﻟﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﮫ ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﺣﻤﻮﺿﺔ ﺷﺪﯾﺪة أو ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﮫ‬-9 ‫ ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﯾﺼﺒﺢ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎن وﯾﻔﻘﺪ ﻧﺸﺎطﮫ اﻟﺒﯿﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ دون أن ﯾﺘﺪﻣﺮ ﻣﺘﻌﺪد‬:‫ﺑﻜﻮاﺷﻒ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ‬.‫اﻟﺒﺒﺘﯿﺪ‬ This process called denaturation which is due to unfolding of the polypeptide chain Example. heating of egg albumin. Classification of serum protein (6-8gm ld)(MCQ) :.‫ ﺗﺴﺨﯿﻦ زﻻل اﻟﺒﯿﺾ‬:‫ھﺬه اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺗﻤﺴﺦ وھﻮ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻛﺸﻒ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪد اﻟﺒﺒﺘﯿﺪ ﻣﺜﺎل‬ : (MCQ) (‫ ﺟﻢ ل د‬8-6) ‫ﺗﺼﻨﯿﻒ ﺑﺮوﺗﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺼﻞ‬ A)Albumin(4-5.5)gm/100ml - ‫اﻟﺰﻻل‬ B)Globalin(2-2.7) gm/100ml - ‫ﻏﻠﻮﺑﯿﻦ‬ 10.Biological Function of protein (MCQ): : (MCQ) ‫ اﻟﻮظﯿﻔﺔ اﻟﺒﯿﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻦ‬-10 1)Enzymes - ‫اﻹﻧﺰﯾﻤﺎت‬ 2)Transport Proteins asHb,Lipoprotein ‫(ﺑﺮوﺗﯿﻨﺎت اﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﮭﯿﻤﻮﺟﻠﻮﺑﯿﻦ واﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻦ اﻟﺪھﻨﻲ‬2 3)Nutrient and storage protein - ‫اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﻐﺬي وﺑﺮوﺗﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﺨﺰﯾﻦ‬ 4)Defensc Protein as the immunoglobulin (Ab) (Ab) ‫(ﺑﺮوﺗﯿﻦ اﻟﺪﻓﺎع ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻐﻠﻮﺑﻮﻟﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﻲ‬4 5)Regulatory protein as the hormone  ‫(اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻤﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﮭﺮﻣﻮن‬5 11.protein yield their amino acid on hydrolysis some protein contain chemical group other than amino acid. The non-amino acid part of conjugated protein is usually called prosthetic group. ‫ ﯾﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻦ ﺣﻤﻀﮫ اﻷﻣﯿﻨﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻞ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻨﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬-11 ‫ وﻋﺎدةً ﻣﺎ ﯾُﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺰء ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﺤﻤﺾ اﻷﻣﯿﻨﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻦ‬.‫ﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ أﺧﺮى ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﺤﻤﺾ اﻷﻣﯿﻨﻲ‬.‫اﻟﻤﺘﺮاﻓﻖ اﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻨﯿﺔ‬ 12.Match Between Two calums - ‫اﻟﻤﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻋﻤﻮدﯾﻦ‬ Conjugated protein prosthetic group ‫اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﺮاﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻷطﺮاف اﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ Liro protein Lipid ‫ﺑﺮوﺗﯿﻦ ﻟﯿﺮو‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺤﻮم‬ Glyco protein carbohydrate ‫ﺑﺮوﺗﯿﻦ ﺟﻼﯾﻜﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮھﯿﺪرات‬ phospho protein phosphate group ‫ﺑﺮوﺗﯿﻦ ﻓﻮﺳﻔﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎت‬ hem protein Hem (iron porphyria) ‫ﺑﺮوﺗﯿﻦ اﻟﮭﯿﻢ‬ (‫ھﯿﻢ )ﺑﻮرﻓﯿﺮﯾﺎ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ Metallo protein Fe,Zn,Mg ‫ﺑﺮوﺗﯿﻦ ﻣﯿﺘﺎﻟﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ واﻟﺰﻧﻚ واﻟﻤﻐﻨﯿﺴﯿﻮم‬ Nucleic acid ‫اﻟﺤﻤﺾ اﻟﻨﻮوي‬ Nucleic Hxid: lt components nitrogenous base (A ,G,C , U ,T) sugar present (ribose , deoxyribose) and phosphate group. ‫( واﻟﺴﻜﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد‬A، G، C، U، T) ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫ ﱢ‬:‫ي ھﻜﺴﯿﺪ‬ ّ ‫ﺣﻤﺾ ﻧﻮو‬.‫ دﯾﻮﻛﺴﯿﺮﯾﺒﻮﻧﯿﻞ( وﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎت‬،‫)رﯾﺒﻮز‬ What is Deoxyribonncleil Acid (DNA) - ‫? ﻣﺎھﻮ ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﺪﯾﻮﻛﺴﻲ رﯾﺒﻮﻧﻠﯿﻞ‬ Pentose sngar phosphoric acid and some cyclic bases containy nitrogen (Adenin , guanine , cytosine , thymine). ‫ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﻮرﯾﻚ اﻟﺨﻤﺎﺳﻲ اﻟﺒﻨﺘﯿﻮز وﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺤﻠﻘﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ‬.(‫ اﻟﺜﺎﯾﻤﯿﻦ‬،‫ اﻟﺴﯿﺘﻮزﯾﻦ‬،‫ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﯿﻦ‬،‫)اﻷدﯾﻨﯿﻦ‬ These bases and their arrangment in the molecnles of DNH play an important in the storage of inforation form one generatim to the next one.  ‫ﺗﻠﻌﺐ ھﺬه اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ وﺗﺮﺗﯿﺒﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﺤﻤﺾ اﻟﻨﻮوي دوراً ﻣﮭﻤﺎ ً ﻓﻲ ﺗﺨﺰﯾﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻣﻦ ﺟﯿﻞ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ آﺧﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫‪?.‬ﻣﺎ ھﻮ ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﺮﯾﺒﻮﻧﻮﻛﻠﯿﯿﻚ ‪What is Ribonucleic Acid (RNH) -‬‬ ‫‪phosphoric Acid pentose sugar and soma cyclic base‬‬ ‫‪containing nitrogen.‬‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﻮرﯾﻚ ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﻮرﯾﻚ ﺳﻜﺮ ﺧﻤﺎﺳﻲ وﺳﻮﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﺣﻠﻘﯿﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ‬ ‫وظﯿﻔﺔ اﻟﺤﻤﺾ اﻟﻨﻮوي ‪Function Of Nucleic Acid -‬‬ ‫‪ Nucleic Acid is responsibte for synthesis of protein in‬‬ ‫‪our body.‬‬ ‫ اﻟﺤﻤﺾ اﻟﻨﻮوي ھﻮ اﻟﻤﺴﺆول ﻋﻦ ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻖ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ أﺟﺴﺎﻣﻨﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ All informaion of cells stored in DNA.‬‬ ‫ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﻤﺨﺰﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻤﺾ اﻟﻨﻮوي‪.‬‬ ‫‪ DNA fingerprinting is a methed usad for forensic‬‬ ‫‪experts to determine patcernity.‬‬ ‫ ﺗُﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺑﺼﻤﺎت اﻟﺤﻤﺾ اﻟﻨﻮوي ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺐ اﻟﺸﺮﻋﻲ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ ھﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪It is also used for identification of criminal.(F , T‬‬ ‫ﻀﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ ھﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺠﺮم‪).‬ﺻﺢ‪ ،‬ﺧﻄﺄ(‬ ‫ﯾُﺴﺘﺨﺪم أﯾ ً‬ ‫? ‪What are Components of Nucleic Acid‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ھﻲ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺤﻤﺾ اﻟﻨﻮوي؟‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻨﯿﺔ ‪1. Nitrogenous base -‬‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻜﺮ ‪2. sugar -‬‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﻮرﯾﻚ ‪3.phosphoric Acid -‬‬ ‫اﻟﻨﯿﻮﻛﻠﯿﻮﺳﯿﺪات ‪Nucleosides -‬‬ ‫‪Compund that Consist of purine or pyrimidine base‬‬ ‫‪Combined With deoxy‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﻮرﯾﻦ أو اﻟﺒﯿﺮﯾﻤﯿﺪﯾﻦ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺔ ﻣﻊ دﯾﻮﻛﺴﻲ‬ ‫‪ ribox or ribose and is found espe‬‬ ‫ اﻟﺮﯾﺒﻮﻛﺲ أو اﻟﺮﯾﺒﻮز وﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎص‬ ‫‪ cially in DNA or RNA Example Adenosise,‬‬ ‫‪Gaunosine.‬‬ ‫ ج ﺧﺎﺻﺔً ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻤﺾ اﻟﻨﻮوي أو اﻟﺤﻤﺾ اﻟﻨﻮوي اﻟﺮﯾﺒﻲ ﻣﺜﺎل أدﯾﻨﻮﺳﯿﺲ‪ ،‬ﻏﻮﻧﻮزﯾﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﯿﻮﻛﻠﯿﻮﺗﯿﺪات ‪Nucleotides -‬‬ ‫‪Compound are the bulding of block of Nucleic acid , they are‬‬ ‫‪Composed of three sub unit moleculy are nitrogen base ,‬‬ ‫‪sugar and at least one phosphate gromp Example AMP ,‬‬ ‫‪ADT , ATP.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ ھﻮ ﻟﺒﻨﺔ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺤﻤﺾ اﻟﻨﻮوي‪ ،‬وﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼث وﺣﺪات ﺟﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ ﻓﺮﻋﯿﺔ ھﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ واﻟﺴﻜﺮ وﺟﺮوم ﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎت واﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻗﻞ ﻣﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟﻚ ‪.AMP، ADT، ATP‬‬