SI Base Units PDF

Appendices 215 Appendix I Definitions of t...

Appendices 215 Appendix I Definitions of the SI Base Units Metre (m): The metre, symbol m, is the SI unit of length. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the speed of light in vacuum c to be 299792458 when expressed in the unit ms-1, where the second is defined in terms of the caesium frequency. Kilogram (k): The kilogram, symbol kg, is the SI unit of mass. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the planck constant h to be 6.62607015 ×10–34 when expressed in the unit Js, which is equal to kgm2s-1, where the metre and the second are defined in terms of c and Vcs. Second (s): The symbol s, is the SI unit of time. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the caesium frequency Vcs, the unperturbed ground-state hyperfine transition frequency of the caesium-133 atom, to be 9192631770 when expressed in the unit Hz, which is equal to s–1. Ampere (A): The ampere, symbol A, is the SI unit of electric current. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the elementary charge e to be 1.602176634×10–19 when expressed in the unit C, which is equal to A s, where the second is defined in terms of. Kelvin (K): The Kelvin, symbol K, is the SI unit of thermodynamic temperature. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Boltzmann constant K to be 1.380649×10–23 when expressed in the unit JK–1, which is equal to kgm2s–2K–1, where the kilogram, metre and second are defined in terms of h, c and Vcs. Mole (mol): The mole, symbol mol, is the SI unit of amount of substance. One mole contains exactly 6.02214076×1023 elementary entities. This number is the fixed numerical value of the Avogadro constant, NA, when expressed in the unit mol–1 and is called the Avogadro number. The amount of substance, symbol n, of a system is a measure of the number of specified elementary entities. An elementary entity may be an atom, a molecule, an ion, an electron, any other particle or specified group of particles. Candela (cd): The candela, symbol cd is the SI unit of luminous intensity in a given direction. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the luminous efficacy of monochromatic radiation of frequency 540×1012 Hz, Kcd, to be 683 when expressed in the unit lm·W–1, which is equal to cd·sr·W–1, or cd sr kg–1m–2s3, where the kilogram, metre and second are defined in terms of h, c and Vcs. (The symbols listed here are internationally agreed and should not be changed in other languages and scripts. Rationalised 2023-24 Appendix 1.indd 215 8/24/2022 12:32:22  216 chemistry Appendix II Elements, their Atomic Number and Molar Mass Element Atomic Symbol Molar Element Atomic Symbol Molar Number mass/ Number mass/ (g mol–1) (g mol–1) Actinium Ac 89 227.03 Mercury Hg 80 200.59 Aluminium Al 13 26.98 Molybdenum Mo 42 95.94 Americium Am 95 (243) Neodymium Nd 60 144.24 Antimony Sb 51 121.75 Neon Ne 10 20.18 Argon Ar 18 39.95 Neptunium Np 93 (237.05) Arsenic As 33 74.92 Nickel Ni 28 58.71 Astatine At 85    210 Niobium Nb 41 92.91 Barium Ba 56 137.34 Nitrogen N 7 14.0067 Berkelium Bk 97 (247) Nobelium No 102 (259) Beryllium Be 4 9.01 Osmium Os 76 190.2 Bismuth Bi 83 208.98 Oxygen O 8 16.00 Bohrium Bh 107 (264) Palladium Pd 46 106.4 Boron B 5 10.81 Phosphorus P 15 30.97 Bromine Br 35 79.91 Platinum Pt 78 195.09 Cadmium Cd 48 112.40 Plutonium Pu 94 (244) Caesium Cs 55 132.91 Polonium Po 84 210 Calcium Ca 20 40.08 Potassium K 19 39.10 Californium Cf 98 251.08 Praseodymium Pr 59 140.91 Carbon C 6 12.01 Promethium Pm 61 (145) Cerium Ce 58 140.12 Protactinium Pa 91 231.04 Chlorine Cl 17 35.45 Radium Ra 88 (226) Chromium Cr 24 52.00 Radon Rn 86 (222) Cobalt Co 27 58.93 Rhenium Re 75 186.2 Copper Cu 29 63.54 Rhodium Rh 45 102.91 Curium Cm 96 247.07 Rubidium Rb 37 85.47 Dubnium Db 105 (263) Ruthenium Ru 44 101.07 Dysprosium Dy 66 162.50 Rutherfordium Rf 104 (261) Einsteinium Es 99 (252) Samarium Sm 62 150.35 Erbium Er 68 167.26 Scandium Sc 21 44.96 Europium Eu 63 151.96 Seaborgium Sg 106 (266) Fermium Fm 100 (257.10) Selenium Se 34 78.96 Fluorine F 9 19.00 Silicon Si 14 28.08 Francium Fr 87 (223) Silver Ag 47 107.87 Gadolinium Gd 64 157.25 Sodium Na 11 22.99 Gallium Ga 31 69.72 Strontium Sr 38 87.62 Germanium Ge 32 72.61 Sulphur S 16 32.06 Gold Au 79 196.97 Tantalum Ta 73 180.95 Hafnium Hf 72 178.49 Technetium Tc 43 (98.91) Hassium Hs 108 (269) Tellurium Te 52 127.60 Helium He 2 4.00 Terbium Tb 65 158.92 Holmium Ho 67 164.93 Thallium Tl 81 204.37 Hydrogen H 1 1.0079 Thorium Th 90 232.04 Indium In 49 114.82 Thulium Tm 69 168.93 Iodine I 53 126.90 Tin Sn 50 118.69 Iridium Ir 77 192.2 Titanium Ti 22 47.88 Iron Fe 26 55.85 Tungsten W 74 183.85 Krypton Kr 36 83.80 Ununbium Uub 112 (277) Lanthanum La 57 138.91 Ununnilium Uun 110 (269) Lawrencium Lr 103 (262.1) Unununium Uuu 111 (272) Lead Pb 82 207.19 Uranium U 92 238.03 Lithium Li 3 6.94 Vanadium V 23 50.94 Lutetium Lu 71 174.96 Xenon Xe 54 131.30 Magnesium Mg 12 24.31 Ytterbium Yb 70 173.04 Manganese Mn 25 54.94 Yttrium Y 39 88.91 Meitneium Mt 109 (268) Zinc Zn 30 65.37 Mendelevium Md 101 258.10 Zirconium Zr 40 91.22 The value given in parenthesis is the molar mass of the isotope of largest known half-life. Rationalised 2023-24 Appendix 1.indd 216 8/24/2022 12:32:22  Appendices 217 Appendix III A. Specific and Molar Heat Capacities for Some Substances at 298 K and one Atmospheric Pressure Substance Specific Heat Capacity Molar Heat Capacity (J/g) (J/mol) air 0.720 20.8 water (liquid) 4.184 75.4 ammonia (gas) 2.06 35.1 hydrogen chloride 0.797 29.1 hydrogen bromide 0.360 29.1 ammonia (liquid) 4.70 79.9 ethyl alcohol (liquid) 2.46 113.16 ethylene glycol (liquid) 2.42 152.52 water (solid) 2.06 37.08 carbon tetrachloride (liquid) 0.861 132.59 chlorofluorocarbon (CCl2F2) 0.5980 72.35 ozone 0.817 39.2 neon 1.03 20.7 chlorine 0.477 33.8 bromine 0.473 75.6 iron 0.460 25.1 copper 0.385 24.7 aluminium 0.902 24.35 gold 0.128 25.2 graphite 0.720 8.65 B. Molar Heat Capacities for Some Gases (J/mol) Gas Cp C­v Cp - C­v Cp / C­v Monatomic* helium 20.9 12.8 8.28 1.63 argon 20.8 12.5 8.33 1.66 iodine 20.9 12.6 8.37 1.66 mercury 20.8 12.5 8.33 1.66 Diatomic† hydrogen 28.6 20.2 8.33 1.41 oxygen 29.1 20.8 8.33 1.39 nitrogen 29.0 20.7 8.30 1.40 hydrogen chloride 29.6 21.0 8.60 1.39 carbon monoxide 29.0 21.0 8.00 1.41 Triatomic† nitrous oxide 39.0 30.5 8.50 1.28 carbon dioxide 37.5 29.0 8.50 1.29 Polyatomic† ethane 53.2 44.6 8.60 1.19 *Translational kinetic energy only. †Translational, vibrational and rotational energy. Rationalised 2023-24 Appendix 1.indd 217 8/24/2022 12:32:22  218 chemistry Appendix IV Physical Constants Quantity Symbol Traditional Units SI Units Acceleration of gravity g 980.6 cm/s 9.806 m/s Atomic mass unit (1/12 amu 1.6606 × 10-24 g 1.6606 × 10-27 kg the mass of 12C atom) or u Avogadro constant NA 6.022 ×1023 6.022 × 1023 particles/mol particles/mol Bohr radius ao 0.52918  5.2918 × 10-11 m 5.2918 × 10-9 cm Boltzmann constant k 1.3807 × 10-16 erg/K 1.3807 × 10-23 J/K Charge-to-mass e/m 1.758820 ×l08 coulomb/g 1.7588 × 1011 C/kg ratio of electron Electronic charge e 1.602176 × 10-19 coulomb 1.60219 × 10-19 C 4.8033 × 10-19 esu Electron rest mass me 9.109382 ×10-28 g 9.10952 ×10-31 kg 0.00054859 u Faraday constant F 96,487 coulombs/eq 96,487 C/mol e- 23.06 kcal/volt. eq 96,487 J/V.mol e- L atm kPa dm 3 Gas constant R 0.8206 8.3145 mol K mol K cal 1.987 8.3145 J/mol.K mol K Molar volume (STP) Vm 22.710981 L/mol 22.710981 × 10-3 m3/mol 22.710981 dm3/mol Neutron rest mass mn 1.674927 × 10-24 g 1.67495 × 10-27 kg 1.008665 u Planck constant h 6.6262 × 10-27 ergs 6.6262 × 10-34 J s Proton rest mass mp 1.6726216 ×10-24 g 1.6726 ×10-27 kg 1.007277 u Rydberg constant R∞ 3.289 × 1015 cycles/s 1.0974 × 107 m-1 2.1799 × 10-11 erg 2.1799 × 10-18 J Speed of light c 2.9979 ×1010 cm/s 2.9979 × 108 m/s (in a vacuum) (186,281 miles/second) π = 3.1416 2.303 R = 4.576 cal/mol K = 19.15 J/mol K e = 2.71828 2.303 RT (at 25°C) = 1364 cal/mol = 5709 J/mol ln X = 2.303 log X Rationalised 2023-24 Appendix 1.indd 218 8/24/2022 12:32:23  Appendices 219 Appendix V Some Useful Conversion Factors Common Unit of Mass and Weight Common Units of Length 1 pound = 453.59 grams 1 inch = 2.54 centimetres (exactly) 1 pound = 453.59 grams = 0.45359 kilogram 1 mile = 5280 feet = 1.609 kilometres 1 kilogram = 1000 grams = 2.205 pounds 1 yard = 36 inches = 0.9144 metre 1 gram = 10 decigrams = 100 centigrams 1 metre = 100 centimetres = 39.37 inches = 1000 milligrams = 3.281 feet 1 gram = 6.022 × 1023 atomic mass units or u = 1.094 yards 1 atomic mass unit = 1.6606 × 10–24 gram 1 kilometre = 1000 metres = 1094 yards 1 metric tonne = 1000 kilograms = 0.6215 mile = 2205 pounds 1 Angstrom = 1.0 × 10–8 centimetre = 0.10 nanometre Common Unit of Volume = 1.0 × 10–10 metre 1 quart = 0.9463 litre = 3.937 × 10–9 inch 1 litre = 1.056 quarts Common Units of Force* and Pressure 1 litre = 1 cubic decimetre = 1000 cubic centimetres = 0.001 cubic metre 1 atmosphere = 760 millimetres of mercury 1 millilitre = 1 cubic centimetre = 0.001 litre = 1.013 × 105 pascals = 1.056 × 10-3 quart = 14.70 pounds per square inch 1 cubic foot = 28.316 litres = 29.902 quarts 1 bar = 105 pascals = 7.475 gallons 1 torr = 1 millimetre of mercury 1 pascal = 1 kg/ms2 = 1 N/m2 Common Units of Energy 1 joule = 1 × 107 ergs Temperature SI Base Unit: Kelvin (K) 1 thermochemical calorie** =  4.184 joules K = -273.15°C = 4.184 × 107 ergs K = °C + 273.15 = 4.129 × 10–2 litre-atmospheres ° F = 1.8(°C) + 32 = 2.612 × 1019 electron volts 1 ergs = 1 × 10–7 joule = 2.3901 × 10–8 calorie 1 electron volt = 1.6022 × 10–19 joule = 1.6022 × 10–12 erg = 96.487 kJ/mol† 1 litre-atmosphere = 24.217 calories = 101.32 joules = 1.0132 ×109 ergs 1 British thermal unit = 1055.06  joules = 1.05506 ×1010 ergs = 252.2 calories * Force: 1 newton (N) = 1 kg m/s2, i.e., the force that, when applied for 1 second, gives a 1-kilogram mass a velocity of 1 metre per second. ** The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water from 14.50C to 15.50C. † Note that the other units are per particle and must be multiplied by 6.022 ×1023 to be strictly comparable. Rationalised 2023-24 Appendix 1.indd 219 8/24/2022 12:32:23  220 chemistry Appendix VI Thermodynamic Data at 298 K INORGANIC SUBSTANCES Substance Enthalpy of formation, Gibbs Energy of formation, Entropy,* ∆fH/ (kJ mol–1) ∆fG/ (kJ mol–1) S/(J K–1 mol–1) Aluminium Al(s) 0 0 28.33 Al3+(aq) – 524.7 –481.2 –321.7 Al2O3(s) –1675.7 –1582.3 50.92 Al(OH)3(s) –1276 — — AlCl3(s) –704.2 –628.8 110.67 Antimony SbH3(g) 145.11 147.75 232.78 SbCl3(g) –313.8 –301.2 337.80 SbCl5(g) –394.34 –334.29 401.94 Arsenic As(s), gray 0 0 35.1 As2S3(s) –169.0 –168.6 163.6 AsO43–(aq) –888.14 –648.41 –162.8 Barium Ba(s) 0 0 62.8 Ba2+(aq) –537.64 –560.77 9.6 BaO(s) –553.5 –525.1 70.42 BaCO3(s) –1216.3 –1137.6 112.1 BaCO3(aq) –1214.78 –1088.59 –47.3 Boron B(s) 0 0 5.86 B2O3(s) –1272.8 –1193.7 53.97 BF3(g) –1137.0 –1120.3 254.12 Bromine Br2(l) 0 0 152.23 Br2(g) 30.91 3.11 245.46 Br(g) 111.88 82.40 175.02 Br–(aq) –121.55 –103.96 82.4 HBr(g) –36.40 –53.45 198.70 BrF3(g) –255.60 –229.43 292.53 Calcium Ca(s) 0 0 41.42 Ca(g) 178.2 144.3 154.88 Ca2+(aq) –542.83 –553.58 –53.1 (continued) Rationalised 2023-24 Appendix 1.indd 220 8/24/2022 12:32:23  Appendices 221 Substance Enthalpy of formation, Gibbs Energy of formation, Entropy,* ∆fH/ (kJ mol–1) ∆fG/ (kJ mol–1) S/(J K–1 mol–1) Calcium (continued) CaO(s) –635.09 –604.03 39.75 Ca(OH)2(s) –986.09 –898.49 83.39 Ca(OH)2(aq) –1002.82 –868.07 –74.5 CaCO3(s), calcite –1206.92 –1128.8 92.9 CaCO3(s), aragonite –1207.1 –1127.8 88.7 CaCO3(aq) –1219.97 –1081.39 –110.0 CaF2(s) –1219.6 –1167.3 68.87 CaF2(aq) –1208.09 –1111.15 –80.8 CaCl2(s) –795.8 –748.1 104.6 CaCl2(aq) –877.1 –816.0 59.8 CaBr2(s) –682.8 –663.6 130 CaC2(s) –59.8 –64.9 69.96 CaS(s) –482.4 –477.4 56.5 CaSO4(s) –1434.11 –1321.79 106.7 CaSO4(aq) –1452.10 –1298.10 –33.1 Carbon** C(s), graphite 0 0 5.740 C(s), diamond 1.895 2.900 2.377 C(g) 716.68 671.26 158.10 CO(g) –110.53 –137.17 197.67 CO2(g) –393.51 –394.36 213.74 CO32–(aq) –677.14 –527.81 –56.9 CCl4(l) –135.44 –65.21 216.40 CS2(l) 89.70 65.27 151.34 HCN(g) 135.1 124.7 201.78 HCN(l) 108.87 124.97 112.84 Cerium Ce(s) 0 0 72.0 Ce3+(aq) –696.2 –672.0 –205 Ce4+(aq) –537.2 –503.8 –301 Chlorine Cl2(g) 0 0 223.07 Cl(g) 121.68 105.68 165.20 Cl–­(aq) –167.16 –131.23 56.5 HCl(g) –92.31 –95.30 186.91 HCl(aq) –167.16 –131.23 56.5 Copper Cu(s) 0 0 33.15 Cu+(aq) 71.67 49.98 40.6 Cu2+(aq) 64.77 65.49 –99.6 Cu2O(aq) –168.6 –146.0 93.14 CuO(s) –157.3 –129.7 42.63 CuSO4(s) –771.36 –661.8 109 CuSO4.5H2O(s) –2279.7 –1879.7 300.4 (continued) ** For organic compounds, a separate table is provided in continuation. Rationalised 2023-24 Appendix 1.indd 221 8/24/2022 12:32:23  222 chemistry Substance Enthalpy of formation, Gibbs Energy of formation, Entropy,* ∆fH/ (kJ mol–1) ∆fG/ (kJ mol–1) S/(J K–1 mol–1) Deuterium D2(g) 0 0 144.96 D2O(g) –249.20 –234.54 198.34 D2O(l) –294.60 –243.44 75.94 Fluorine F2(g) 0 0 202.78 F–(aq) –332.63 –278.79 –13.8 HF(g) –271.1 –273.2 173.78 HF(aq) –332.63 –278.79 –13.8 Hydrogen (see also Deuterium) H2(g) 0 0 130.68 H(g) 217.97 203.25 114.71 H+(aq) 0 0 0 H2O(l) –285.83 –237.13 69.91 H2O(g) –241.82 –228.57 188.83 H2O2(l) –187.78 –120.35 109.6 H2O2(aq) –191.17 –134.03 143.9 Iodine I2(s) 0 0 116.14 I2(g) 62.44 19.33 260.69 I–(aq) –55.19 –51.57 111.3 HI(g) 26.48 1.70 206.59 Iron Fe(s) 0 0 27.28 Fe2+(aq) –89.1 –78.90 –137.7 Fe3+(aq) –48.5 –4.7 –315.9 Fe3O4(s), magnetite –1118.4 –1015.4 146.4 Fe2O3(s), haematite –824.2 –742.2 87.40 FeS(s,α) –100.0 –100.4 60.29 FeS(aq) — 6.9 — FeS2(s) –178.2 –166.9 52.93 Lead Pb(s) 0 0 64.81 Pb2+(aq) –1.7 –24.43 10.5 PbO2(s) –277.4 –217.33 68.6 PbSO4(s) –919.94 –813.14 148.57 PbBr2(s) –278.7 –261.92 161.5 PbBr2(aq) –244.8 –232.34 175.3 Magnesium Mg(s) 0 0 32.68 Mg(g) 147.70 113.10 148.65 Mg2+(aq) –466.85 –454.8 –138.1 MgO(s) –601.70 –569.43 26.94 MgCO3(s) –1095.8 –1012.1 65.7 MgBr2(s) –524.3 –503.8 117.2 (continued) Rationalised 2023-24 Appendix 1.indd 222 8/24/2022 12:32:23  Appendices 223 Substance Enthalpy of formation, Gibbs Energy of formation, Entropy,* ∆fH/ (kJ mol–1) ∆fG/ (kJ mol–1) S/(J K–1 mol–1) Mercury Hg(1) 0 0 76.02 Hg(g) 61.32 31.82 174.96 HgO(s) –90.83 –58.54 70.29 Hg2Cl2(s) –265.22 –210.75 192.5 Nitrogen N2(g) 0 0 191.61 NO(g) 90.25 86.55 210.76 N2O(g) 82.05 104.20 219.85 NO2(g) 33.18 51.31 240.06 N2O4(g) 9.16 97.89 304.29 HNO3(1) –174.10 –80.71 155.60 HNO3(aq) –207.36 –111.25 146.4 NO3– (aq) –205.0 –108.74 146.4 NH3(g) –46.11 –16.45 192.45 NH3(aq) –80.29 –26.50 111.3 NH+4 (aq) –132.51 –79.31 113.4 NH2OH(s) –114.2 — — HN3(g) 294.1 328.1 238.97 N2H4(1) 50.63 149.34 121.21 NH4NO3(s) –365.56 –183.87 151.08 NH4Cl(s) –314.43 –202.87 94.6 NH4ClO4(s) –295.31 –88.75 186.2 Oxygen O2(g) 0 0 205.14 O3(g) 142.7 163.2 238.93 OH–(aq) –229.99 –157.24 –10.75 Phosphorus P(s), white 0 0 41.09 P4(g) 58.91 24.44 279.98 PH3(g) 5.4 13.4 210.23 P4O10(s) –2984.0 –2697.0 228.86 H3PO3(aq) –964.8 — — H3PO4(1) –1266.9 — — H3PO4(aq) –1277.4 –1018.7 — PCl3(1) –319.7 –272.3 217.18 PCl3(g) –287.0 –267.8 311.78 PCl5(g) –374.9 –305.0 364.6 Potassium K(s) 0 0 64.18 K(g) 89.24 60.59 160.34 K+(aq) –252.38 –283.27 102.5 KOH(s) –424.76 –379.08 78.9 KOH(aq) –482.37 –440.50 91.6 KF(s) –567.27 –537.75 66.57 (continued) Rationalised 2023-24 Appendix 1.indd 223 8/24/2022 12:32:23  224 chemistry Substance Enthalpy of formation, Gibbs Energy of formation, Entropy,* ∆fH/ (kJ mol–1) ∆fG/ (kJ mol–1) S/(J K–1 mol–1) Potassium (continued) KCl(s) –436.75 –409.14 82.59 KBr(s) –393.80 –380.66 95.90 KI(s) –327.90 –324.89 106.32 KClO3(s) –397.73 –296.25 143.1 KClO4(s) –432.75 –303.09 151.0 K2S(s) –380.7 –364.0 105 K2S(aq) –471.5 –480.7 190.4 Silicon Si(s) 0 0 18.83 SiO2(s,α) –910.94 –856.64 41.84 Silver Ag(s) 0 0 42.55 Ag+(aq) 105.58 77.11 72.68 Ag2O(s) –31.05 –11.20 121.3 AgBr(s) –100.37 –96.90 107.1 AgBr(aq) –15.98 –26.86 155.2 AgCl(s) –127.07 –109.79 96.2 AgCl(aq) –61.58 –54.12 129.3 AgI(s) –61.84 –66.19 115.5 AgI(aq) 50.38 25.52 184.1 AgNO3(s) –124.39 –33.41 140.92 Sodium Na(s) 0 0 51.21 Na(g) 107.32 76.76 153.71 Na+(aq) –240.12 –261.91 59.0 NaOH(s) –425.61 –379.49 64.46 NaOH(aq) –470.11 –419.15 48.1 NaCl(s) –411.15 –384.14 72.13 NaCl(aq) –407.3 –393.1 115.5 NaBr(s) –361.06 –348.98 86.82 NaI(s) –287.78 –286.06 98.53 NaHCO3(s) –947.7 –851.9 102.1 Na2CO3(s) –1130.9 –1047.7 136.0 Sulphur S(s), rhombic 0 0 31.80 S(s), monoclinic 0.33 0.1 32.6 S2–(aq) 33.1 85.8 –14.6 SO2(g) –296.83 –300.19 248.22 SO3(g) –395.72 –371.06 256.76 H2SO4(l) –813.99 –690.00 156.90 H2SO4(aq) –909.27 –744.53 20.1 SO42–(aq) –909.27 –744.53 20.1 H2S(g) –20.63 –33.56 205.79 H2S(aq) –39.7 –27.83 121 SF6(g) –1209 –1105.3 291.82 (continued) Rationalised 2023-24 Appendix 1.indd 224 8/24/2022 12:32:23  Appendices 225 Substance Enthalpy of formation, Gibbs Energy of formation, Entropy,* ∆fH/ (kJ mol–1) ∆fG/ (kJ mol–1) S/(J K–1 mol–1) Tin Sn(s), white 0 0 51.55 Sn(s), gray –2.09 0.13 44.14 SnO(s) –285.8 –256.9 56.5 SnO2(s) –580.7 –519.6 52.3 Zinc Zn(s) 0 0 41.63 Zn2+(aq) –153.89 –147.06 –112.1 ZnO(s) –348.28 –318.30 43.64 Zn(g) +130.73 +95.14 160.93 *The entropies of individual ions in solution are determined by setting the entropy of H+ in water equal to 0 and then defining the entropies of all other ions relative to this value; hence a negative entropy is one that is lower than the entropy of H+ in water. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Substance Enthalpy of Enthalpy of Gibbs Energy of combustion, formation, formation, Entropy, ∆cH/ (kJ mol–1) ∆fH/ (kJ mol–1) ∆fG/ (kJ mol–1) S/(J K–1 mol–1) Hydrocarbons CH4(g), methane –890 –74.81 –50.72 186.26 C2H2(g), ethyne (acetylene) –1300 226.73 209.20 200.94 C2H4(g), ethene(ethylene) –1411 52.26 68.15 219.56 C2H6(g), ethane –1560 –84.68 –32.82 229.60 C3H6(g), propene (propylene) –2058 20.42 62.78 266.6 C3H6(g), cyclopropane –2091 53.30 104.45 237.4 C3H8(g), propane –2220 –103.85 –23.49 270.2 C4H10(g), butane –2878 –126.15 –17.03 310.1 C5H12(g), pentane –3537 –146.44 –8.20 349 C6H6(l), benzene –3268 49.0 124.3 173.3 C6H6(g) –3302 — — — C7H8(l), toluene –3910 12.0 113.8 221.0 C7H8(g) –3953 — — — C6H12(l), cyclohexane –3920 –156.4 26.7 204.4 C6H12(g), –3953 — — — C8H18(l), octane –5471 –249.9 6.4 358 Alcohols and phenols CH3OH(l), methanol –726 –238.86 –166.27 126.8 CH3OH(g) –764 –200.66 –161.96 239.81 C2H5OH(l), ethanol –1368 –277.69 –174.78 160.7 C2H5OH(g) –1409 –235.10 –168.49 282.70 C6H5OH(s), phenol –3054 –164.6 –50.42 144.0 (continued) Rationalised 2023-24 Appendix 1.indd 225 8/24/2022 12:32:23  226 chemistry Substance Enthalpy of Enthalpy of Gibbs Energy of combustion, formation, formation, Entropy, ∆cH/ (kJ mol–1) ∆fH/ (kJ mol–1) ∆fG/ (kJ mol–1) S/(J K–1 mol–1) Carboxylic acid HCOOH(l), formic acid –255 –424.72 –361.35 128.95 CH3COOH(l), acetic acid –875 –484.5 –389.9 159.8 CH3COOH (aq) — –485.76 –396.64 86.6 (COOH)2(s), oxalic acid –254 –827.2 –697.9 120 C6H5COOH(s), benzoic acid –3227 –385.1 –245.3 167.6 Aldehydes and ketones HCHO(g), methanal –571 –108.57 –102.53 218.77 (formaldehyde) CH3CHO(l), ethanal –1166 –192.30 –128.12 160.2 (acetaldehyde) CH3CHO(g) –1192 –166.19 –128.86 250.3 CH3COCH3(l), propanone –1790 –248.1 –155.4 200 (acetone) Sugars C6H12O6(s), glucose –2808 –1268 –910 212 C6H12O6(aq) — — –917 — C6H12O6(s), fructose –2810 –1266 — — C12H22O11(s), sucrose –5645 –2222 –1545 360 Nitrogen compounds CO(NH2)2(s), urea –632 –333.51 –197.33 104.60 C6H5NH2(l), aniline –3393 31.6 149.1 191.3 NH2CH2COOH(s), glycine –969 –532.9 –373.4 103.51 CH3NH2(g), methylamine –1085 –22.97 32.16 243.41 Rationalised 2023-24 Appendix 1.indd 226 8/24/2022 12:32:23  Appendices 227 Appendix VII Standard potentials at 298 K in electrochemical order Reduction half-reaction E/V Reduction half-reaction E/V H4XeO6 + 2H+ + 2e– → XeO3 + 3H2O +3.0 Cu+ + e– → Cu +0.52 F2 + 2e– → 2F– +2.87 NiOOH + H2O + e– → Ni(OH)2 + OH– +0.49 O3 + 2H+ + 2e– → O2 + H2O +2.07 Ag2CrO4 + 2e– → 2Ag + CrO42– +0.45 S2O2– 2– O2 + 2H2O + 4e– → 4OH– +0.40 8 + 2e → 2SO4 +2.05 – Ag + e → Ag + – + +1.98 ClO–4 + H2O + 2e– → ClO–3 + 2OH– +0.36 Co3+ + e– → Co2+ +1.81 [Fe(CN)6]3– + e– → [Fe(CN)6]4– +0.36 Cu2+ + 2e– → Cu +0.34 H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e– → 2H2O +1.78 Hg2Cl2 + 2e– → 2Hg + 2Cl– +0.27 Au+ + e– → Au +1.69 AgCl + e– → Ag + Cl– +0.27 Pb4+ + 2e– → Pb2+ +1.67 Bi3+ + 3e– → Bi +0.20 2HClO + 2H+ + 2e– → Cl2 + 2H2O +1.63 SO42 – + 4H+ + 2e– → H2SO3 + H2O +0.17 Ce4+ + e– → Ce3+ +1.61 Cu2+ + e– → Cu+ +0.16 2HBrO + 2H+ + 2e– → Br2 + 2H2O +1.60 Sn4+ + 2e– → Sn2+ +0.15 MnO–4 + 8H+ + 5e– → Mn2+ + 4H2O +1.51 AgBr + e– → Ag + Br– +0.07 Mn3+ + e– → Mn2+ +1.51 Ti4+ + e– → Ti3+ 0.00 Au3+ + 3e– → Au +1.40 2H+ + 2e– → H2 0.0 by Cl2 + 2e– → 2Cl– +1.36 definition Cr2O2– 7 + 14H + 6e → 2Cr + – 3+ + 7H2O +1.33 Fe3+ + 3e– → Fe –0.04 O3 + H2O + 2e– → O2 + 2OH– +1.24 O2 + H2O + 2e– → HO–2 + OH– –0.08 O2 + 4H+ + 4e– → 2H2O +1.23 Pb2+ + 2e– → Pb –0.13 ClO–4 + 2H+ +2e– → ClO–3 + 2H2O +1.23 In+ + e– → In –0.14 MnO2 + 4H+ + 2e– → Mn2+ + 2H2O +1.23 Sn2+ + 2e– → Sn –0.14 Pt2+ + 2e– → Pt +1.20 AgI + e– → Ag + I– –0.15 Br2 + 2e– → 2Br– +1.09 Ni2+ + 2e– → Ni –0.23 Pu4+ + e– → Pu3+ +0.97 V3+ + e– → V2+ –0.26 NO–3 + 4H+ + 3e– → NO + 2H2O +0.96 Co2+ + 2e– → Co –0.28 2Hg2+ + 2e– → Hg 2+ +0.92 In3+ + 3e– → In –0.34 2 ClO– + H2O + 2e– → Cl– + 2OH– +0.89 Tl+ + e– → Tl –0.34 Hg2+ + 2e– → Hg +0.86 PbSO4 + 2e– → Pb + SO2–4 –0.36 NO–3 + 2H+ + e– → NO2 + H2O +0.80 Ti3+ + e– → Ti2+ –0.37 Ag+ + e– → Ag +0.80 Cd2+ + 2e– → Cd –0.40 Hg 2+ +2e– → 2Hg +0.79 In2+ + e– → In+ –0.40 2 Cr3+ + e– → Cr2+ –0.41 Fe + e– → Fe2+ 3+ +0.77 Fe2+ + 2e– → Fe –0.44 BrO– + H2O + 2e– → Br– + 2OH– +0.76 In3+ + 2e– → In+ –0.44 Hg2SO4 +2e– → 2Hg + SO42– +0.62 S + 2e– → S2– –0.48 MnO42– + 2H2O + 2e– → MnO2 + 4OH– +0.60 In3+ + e– → In2+ –0.49 MnO–4 + e– → MnO42– +0.56 U4+ + e– → U3+ –0.61 I2 + 2e– → 2I– +0.54 Cr3+ + 3e– → Cr –0.74 I–3 + 2e– → 3I– +0.53 Zn2+ + 2e– → Zn –0.76 (continued) Rationalised 2023-24 Appendix 1.indd 227 8/24/2022 12:32:23  228 chemistry Appendix continued Reduction half-reaction E/V Reduction half-reaction E/V Cd(OH)2 + 2e– → Cd + 2OH– –0.81 La3+ + 3e– → La –2.52 2H2O + 2e– → H2 + 2OH– –0.83 Na+ + e– → Na –2.71 Cr2+ + 2e– → Cr –0.91 Ca2+ + 2e– → Ca –2.87 Mn2+ + 2e– → Mn –1.18 Sr2+ + 2e– → Sr –2.89 V2+ + 2e– → V –1.19 Ba2+ + 2e– → Ba –2.91 Ti2+ + 2e– → Ti –1.63 Ra2+ + 2e– → Ra –2.92 Al3+ + 3e– → Al –1.66 Cs+ + e– → Cs –2.92 U3+ + 3e– → U –1.79 Rb+ + e– → Rb –2.93 Sc3+ + 3e– → Sc –2.09 K+ +e– → K –2.93 Mg2+ + 2e– → Mg –2.36 Li+ + e– → Li –3.05 Ce3+ + 3e– → Ce –2.48 Rationalised 2023-24 Appendix 1.indd 228 8/24/2022 12:32:23