English Workbook Units 1-8 PDF

# Unit 1 1. Define the law of the conservation of energy: The law of conservation of energy states that energy can be converted from one form to another but can never be created or destroyed. The total amount of energy always remains the same. 2. In what way is matter like energy? Like energy...

# Unit 1 1. Define the law of the conservation of energy: The law of conservation of energy states that energy can be converted from one form to another but can never be created or destroyed. The total amount of energy always remains the same. 2. In what way is matter like energy? Like energy, matter can be converted from one form to another but can neither be created nor destroyed. 3. What did Antoine Lavoisier prove? Antoine Lavoisier proved that there is no gain or loss of mass during a chemical change. For instance, when wood burns, the mass of the ashes, carbon dioxide, and water vapor equals the original mass of the wood and oxygen. 4. Give an example to support the law of the conservation of mass: When a piece of wood is burned, the ashes, carbon dioxide, and water vapor produced together have the same total mass as the original wood and the oxygen it reacted with. 5. How did Einstein contribute to the making of the atomic bomb? Einstein theorized that matter could be converted into energy, as expressed in his famous equation. This concept was applied in the splitting of uranium atoms (fission), which releases enormous energy, a principle used in the creation of the atomic bomb. # Unit 2 1. Why do we study history? We study history to learn about past events, understand why we are the kind of people we are, and to know where we came from and who our ancestors were. 2. What help can history give us? History helps us to be better in the present, prepare for the future, and understand ways of life different from our own. 3. How can we learn the lessons of history? By studying how people acted in the past, we can get ideas about how we would act in similar conditions. 4. What can a historian do when he has no written account of the period he is studying? The historian must get help from archeologists, who dig up ruins, or anthropologists, who study the development of man as a distinct being. 5. What are the kinds of history? History can be divided into ancient, medieval, and modern history, or by subject into social history, military history, and cultural history. 6. Where did the most important events of history take place? According to western tradition, the most important events of history took place in the Middle East, Europe, and North America. # Unit 3 1. Who first used: paper, papyrus, and parchment? - The Chinese first used paper. - The Egyptians first used papyrus. - Europeans used parchment. 2. When was paper first made in Europe? Paper was first made in Southern Europe around the year 1100. 3. What are the most important western countries in paper-making in the world today? The most important western countries in paper-making today are China, Sweden, Norway, Finland, and the United States. 4. What is paper usually used for? Paper is usually used for newspapers, books, letters, envelopes, and writing paper. 5. Give examples of the new products that are made of paper nowadays? New products made of paper nowadays include paper cups, plates, dishes, paper hats, raincoats, and paper boats. 6. What are the paper houses? Paper houses are large houses made of paper for people to live in. They have three main rooms and cost about 500 $. They can be used for five years. # Unit 4 1. How did Pavlov's family plan for his future? Pavlov's family hoped that he would become a priest, so they sent him to a theological seminary. 2. How did Darwin's work affect Pavlov? After reading Charles Darwin, Pavlov realized that he cared more for scientific pursuits and left the seminary to study at the University of St. Petersburg. 3. What made Pavlov a household name in psychology? Pavlov became well-known in psychology for his research on digestion, specifically his discovery of the "conditioned reflex" in dogs. 4. What is the relationship between salivation and the action of the stomach? Salivation and the action of the stomach are closely linked in the autonomic nervous system. Without salivation, the stomach does not get the message to start digesting. 5. How is conditioned reflex different from an innate reflex? A conditioned reflex has to be learned, while an innate reflex, such as pulling a hand back from a flame, is automatic and not learned. 6. Why did Pavlov ring a bell at the same time he gave food to the experimental dogs? Pavlov rang a bell at the same time he gave food to the experimental dogs to see if external stimuli (like the bell) could affect the salivation process. # Unit 5 1. Define sociology. Sociology is the science that studies human society, focusing on how it began, developed, and how people live in groups. 2. Which sciences does sociology overlap with? Sociology overlaps with anthropology, economics, political science, and psychology. 3. What does sociology focus on? Sociology focuses on social behavior and group relationships. 4. What do sociologists attempt to discover? Sociologists attempt to discover how people in different levels of society behave, including how they work, play, learn, worship, think, communicate, and are affected by their environment. 5. What is an institution? Give examples. An institution is a pattern of group behavior that becomes important to a society. Examples include marriage and the family group. 6. How old is the science of sociology? The science of sociology as a separate field is about 190 years old, since August Comte made it a distinct science in the 1830s. # Unit 6 1. Is Mahfouz interested more in life in the city or life in the village? Mahfouz was more interested in life in the city, especially Cairo, as many of his works center on life in the city and highlight its Egyptian character. 2. Where and when did Mahfouz get his university degree? Mahfouz graduated in 1934 from King Fuad I University (Cairo University), where he studied philosophy. 3. Why was he awarded the Nobel Prize for literature? Mahfouz was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1988 for the universal character of his art, which was considered a metaphor for relations between people in communities worldwide. 4. What are his masterpieces? Mahfouz's masterpieces include the Cairo Trilogy, which was published between 1955 and 1957 and depicts traditional urban life in Egypt during the first half of the 20th century. 5. What values are represented in his works? Mahfouz's works represent values that are common to all of humanity, focusing on universal themes such as human relations and societal changes. # Unit 7 1. How can the design of a room influence communication inside? The design of a room can influence communication by affecting people's energy, mood, and comfort. For example, a beautiful room with comfortable furniture and appealing surroundings can make people feel better, work more efficiently, and communicate more positively, whereas an unattractive room can make people feel bored and tired, which might hinder communication. 2. Who carried out the first experiment and to which university does he belong? The first experiment was carried out by Maslow and Mintz in 1956 at Brandeis University. 3. What are the results taught by that experiment? The results taught that people generally feel better and perform better in an attractive environment. In the beautiful room, subjects showed more energy, positivity, and enjoyment, while in the ugly room, they became tired, bored, and took longer to complete tasks. 4. What has Robert Sommer proved? Robert Sommer has proved that the design of an environment, such as lighting, noise levels, and furniture design, can influence people's behavior and communication. For example, dim lighting and comfortable seating can encourage people to stay longer in a restaurant, while uncomfortable seating in airports can force travelers to move to other areas. 5. How can customers be kept in a restaurant for a long time? Customers can be kept in a restaurant for a long time by creating a comfortable environment with dim lighting, subdued noise levels, and comfortable seats. This encourages customers to spend more time in the restaurant. # Unit 8 1. Why do you need to choose the right university? b. Because it has an impact on your success at university. 2. Which university should you go to if you already have a career choice? d. One that has a good reputation in your future profession. 3. What type of student will enjoy a highly academic environment? a. A student who has self-motivation to work hard. 4. Where should you study if you are prone to homesickness? c. At your local university. 5. What can you do if you do not have enough money to fund your study? d. Find a student loan or scholarship.