IT Systems Student's Guide - Networks and Cybersecurity (2024-2025)

‫شبكات و امن معلومات‬ ‫الصف األول‬ Networks and Cybersecurity STUDENT GUIDE 1 st 2024- 2025 ‫شبكات و امن معلومات‬ ‫الصف األول‬ ‫‪2‬‬ Unit...

‫شبكات و امن معلومات‬ ‫الصف األول‬ Networks and Cybersecurity STUDENT GUIDE 1 st 2024- 2025 ‫شبكات و امن معلومات‬ ‫الصف األول‬ ‫‪2‬‬ Unit 4 Name IT Systems (Hardware and Software) Goals / By the end of this unit student should be able to: Outcomes Remembering 1. Identify the key components of a computer system, including hardware and software. 2. Recall the main functions of input and output peripherals. Understanding 1. Explain how different computer components (like the motherboard and operating system) work together. 2. Describe the purpose of safety regulations and troubleshooting steps in IT systems. Applying 1. Demonstrate how to choose and install an operating system on a computer. 2. Show how to manage users in an operating system securely. Analyzing 1. Compare the functions of different types of input and output devices. 2. Break down the steps needed to troubleshoot common computer hardware or software issues. Evaluating 1. Assess the effectiveness of different computer safety protocols. 2. Evaluate the performance of various operating systems based on user needs. Creating 1. Design a step-by-step guide for installing and configuring an operating system. 2. Develop a troubleshooting checklist for resolving hardware or software problems. 3  Code Description TPK01 the health and safety legislation, regulations and Knowledge requirements of the work environment. TPK06 Basic principles of data and IT (Hardware - software). TPK10 Basic principles of programming development. Code Description TPC1.3 Apply safety measures in the workplace TPC2.2 Determines the prober tools needed for operations. TPC2.5 Identify, install, and configure the appropriate Skill computer hardware components including peripherals. TPC2.6 Identifies related devices needed for operations TPC2.10 use data and IT in organizations to support business functions Unit Preface 4 Lesson 1 Name Computer Components-HW-(Motherboards, Processors, cooling systems, memory) Goals / By the end of this unit student should be able to: Outcomes Remembering 1. Identify the key components of a computer system, including hardware and software. Understanding 1. Explain how different computer components (like the motherboard) work together. Applying 1. Demonstrate how to connect Motherboard components. Analyzing 1. Compare the roles of various hardware components (e.g., CPU vs. RAM). 2. Compare BIOS chip, CMOS chip and the function of CMOS battery. 3. Analyze the flow of data within a computer system (Northbridge and Southbridge). Evaluating 1. Assess the suitability of different types of computers for specific tasks (e.g., workstation for graphic design). 2. Evaluate the importance of cooling systems in maintaining computer performance. Creating 1. Develop a simple upgrade plan for a computer. 2. Develop civil research about Computer specs for games. Code Description TPK01 the health and safety legislation, regulations and Knowledge requirements of the work environment. TPK06 Basic principles of data and IT (Hardware - software). TPK10 Basic principles of programming development. Code Description Skill TPC1.3 Apply safety measures in the workplace TPC2.2 Determines the prober tools needed for operations. 5  TPC2.5 Identify, install, and configure the appropriate computer hardware components including peripherals. TPC2.6 Identifies related devices needed for operations TPC2.10 use data and IT in organizations to support business functions Section1: Introduction Computer is an electronic device that processes information or data. It can store, retrieve, and process data. A computer is a machine. It helps us do many things. We can use a computer to: Write, play games, watch videos, or send messages. Computers can be different depending on what they are used for. Here are some types: i. Desktop Computer A family uses a desktop computer at home to browse the internet and do homework. ii. Laptop A student takes a laptop to school to write essays and do research. 6  iii. Workstation An artist uses a workstation to create detailed graphics and animations for movies. iv. Server A company uses servers to store and manage all the employees' emails and files. v. Supercomputer Scientists use a supercomputer to simulate weather patterns and predict storms. vi. Mainframe Computer A bank uses mainframe computers to process millions of transactions every day. To see more information about different types of PCs you can go to this link and read more about it. https://sway.cloud.microsoft/Ox2iHNvMOiH6YK5P?ref=Link 7 Section2: Computer Components Any computer device is mainly consisting of two major components: Hardware. Software. Section 2.1. Hardware components Everything you can touch, plug it and unplug it. Computer Hardware components are: 8 Section 2.2. Software Software is a set of programming code installed on the hard drive of your computer. You cannot touch software. Section 3: Motherboard The motherboard is the main circuit board of your computer. It is also called the main board or logic board. The motherboard makes everything in your computer work together. It has many parts: 1. Chipsets 2. CPU Socket 3. Memory slots 4. PCI Slots 5. Disk controllers. 6. Power connectors 7. BIOS Chip 8. CMOS battery 9. Back-panel connectors 10.Front-panel connectors. The motherboard connects all these parts so your computer can work. 9  1. Chipsets Chipsets act like traffic managers in a computer, helping data move between different parts. There are two main chipsets: Northbridge: connects the CPU to fast devices like RAM, built-in graphics, and PCIe. Southbridge connects the CPU to slower devices like SATA drives, USB ports, and built-in audio. Modern motherboards often combine these into one chip, making the computer faster and more efficient. 10  2. CPU Socket The CPU socket is where the computer's brain, the CPU (Central Processing Unit), goes. It's like a special seat for the most important part. The two primary processor manufacturers, AMD® and Intel®, each have their own processor socket designs. 11  3. Memory Slot Memory slots hold the computer’s RAM (Random Access Memory). More RAM means your computer is very fast. Memory slots allow RAM to be inserted into the computer. Most motherboards have two to four slots, determining the type of RAM used. For desktops, the common RAM types are SDRAM and DDR (DIMM). For laptops, the RAM type is SODIMM. Each type has different speeds. 12  4. Expansion Slot Expansion slots on the motherboard let you add more features to your computer. They are like extra spaces where you can plug in new parts. Common expansion slots are: PCI: (Peripheral Component Interconnect) Used for old types of expansion cards PCI Express (PCIe): Used for modern graphics cards, Wi-Fi cards, and more. You can use these slots to add better graphics, faster internet, or other new features to your computer. Expansion slots help you upgrade your computer without buying a new one. You definitely heard about NVIDIA cards these are types of Extensions to add in the expansion slots. Read more about it here. https://sway.cloud.microsoft/6GcWH1GpOHqOiwRz?ref=Link 13  5. Disk Controller A disk controller is a part of the motherboard that helps control how data is read and written to a hard drive or SSD. It works like a manager, ensuring data moves smoothly between the storage and the rest of the computer. Types of disk controllers: SATA: Used in most modern computers. IDE: Found in older computers. NVMe: Used for very fast SSDs in high-performance computers. The disk controller helps the computer access and store data efficiently. 14  6. BIOS BIOS stands for Basic Input/Output System. It is a small program that is saved on a chip inside your computer’s motherboard. This special chip is called the BIOS chip or the ROM (Read-Only Memory) chip. BIOS Function: Starts the computer: BIOS checks the hardware and starts the operating system when you turn on your computer. Controls settings: You can change settings like boot order and system time in the BIOS menu. Manages hardware: BIOS helps all parts of the computer work together. BIOS is important because it helps your computer start and run properly. 15  7. CMOS battery The CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) battery is a small battery on the motherboard. It powers the CMOS chip, which stores the BIOS settings and keeps the clock running when the computer is off. Without this battery, the computer would lose its time and settings. It is necessary for the BIOS to work properly. So, to summarize the previous two points, 16  8. Power Connectors A power connector supplies electricity from the computer’s power supply to the motherboard and other parts. Here are the main types: 24-pin ATX: Main power connector for the motherboard (3.3V, 5V, 12V). 4-pin/8-pin CPU connector: Gives extra power to the CPU (12V). SATA connector: Powers hard drives and SSDs (3.3V, 5V, 12V). Molex connector: Used for older components (5V, 12V). Power connectors ensure all parts receive the correct voltage to function properly. 17  9. Back‐panel connectors The back panel of a motherboard is the part where you connect different devices to your computer. It has several important ports (places to plug things in). Here are some common ports you will find: USB Ports: These are used to connect devices like keyboards, mice, and other accessories. Audio Jacks: These are for connecting speakers or microphones. Ethernet Port: This allows your computer to connect to the internet using a cable. HDMI, DisplayPort, or VGA: These are for connecting your computer to a monitor or TV. Power Connector: This is where you plug in the power cable to turn on your computer. The back panel allows you to easily connect and use external devices with your computer. 18  10. Front‐panel connectors The front panel of the computer case has ports and buttons that you use frequently. Common parts of the front panel include: Power button: To turn the computer on and off. Reset button: To restart the computer quickly. USB ports: For connecting devices like flash drives. Audio jacks: For headphones and microphones. LED indicators: Show the power status and hard drive activity. The front panel makes it easy to access important functions and connect devices quickly. 19  Motherboards come in different sizes for various needs and devices: ATX: Used in standard desktop computers for gaming and professional workstations. Micro ATX: Found in mid-sized desktop computers for home and office use. Mini ITX: Used in compact desktop computers, such as home theater PCs. Nano ITX: Found in specialized devices like small industrial computers and custom projects. Pico ITX: Used in ultra-compact devices like embedded systems, robotics, and IoT devices. https://www.jigsawplanet.com/?rc=play&pid=0b5ac5459ca2 20 Section 4: Central Processing Unit (CPU) The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the brain of the computer. It takes input from devices like a keyboard or mouse, processes the input and shows information on the monitor or does a certain task. CPU consist of two main parts: ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): Does math and logic operations. CU (Control Unit): Directs CPU operations. 21 The CPU has an internal memory (inside the CPU) called Cache Memory, it has 3 levels L1, L2 and L3. 22 Section 5: Memory There are two main types of memory, primary and secondary. The key difference between primary and secondary memory is speed of access. Section 5.1: Primary Memory Includes ROM and RAM. It stores data the CPU needs immediately. 23 Section 5.1: Secondary Memory Located in separate storage devices like hard disk drives (HDD) or solid-state drives (SSD), connected to the computer directly. A Hard Disk Drive (HDD) is a type of permanent storage in your PC or laptop. It uses magnetic storage to store and retrieve data. Inside an HDD, there are spinning disks called platters, where the data is stored. A part called the Read/Write arm moves to read or write data on these disks. 24 The speed of HDDs is measured in RPM (Revolutions Per Minute), with most HDDs having speeds between 5400 RPM and 7200 RPM. Higher RPM means faster data movement and heat produce is high too. A Solid-State Drive (SSD) is another type of storage and is stronger than an HDD. SSDs have no moving parts, so they are smaller and take up less space. They use flash memory chips to store data and are faster and more reliable than HDDs. However, SSDs are more expensive because the technology is newer. 25 In summary, HDDs are cheaper and good for larger storage needs, while SSDs are faster, more reliable, and cost more. 26 Section 6: Cooling Systems In modern processors, many transistors are installed to increase performance and speed. Each transistor produces heat, which warms up the processor. If the temperature goes above 60°C, the computer can slow down or even break. To prevent this, computers need extra cooling systems to remove heat quickly. Section 6.1: Air Cooling (Heat Sink and Fan - HSF) Heat Sink and Fan (HSF): A combination of a heat sink and a fan to cool the CPU. Heat Sink: Made of materials like aluminum or copper, with fins to increase surface area. It absorbs heat from the CPU. Fan: Blows air over the heat sink to carry away the heat. Thermal Paste: A special paste applied between the CPU and the heat sink. It fills tiny gaps to improve heat transfer. 27 28 Section 6.2: Water Cooling Water Cooling: Uses liquid to cool the CPU or GPU. It is more efficient than air cooling because the liquid transfers heat away faster. These cooling methods help keep the computer running smoothly and prevent overheating. It is mainly used in gaming PCs. 29 30 31 32 33 Lesson 2 Name Input and Output PC peripherals Goals / By the end of this unit student should be able to: Outcomes Remembering Recall the main functions of input and output peripherals. Understanding Explain how different computer components work together. Applying Demonstrate how to connect different peripheral devices. Analyzing Compare the functions of different types of input and output devices. Evaluating Evaluate the importance of peripheral devices in maintaining computer. Code Description TPK01 the health and safety legislation, regulations and Knowledge requirements of the work environment. TPK06 Basic principles of data and IT (Hardware - software). TPK10 Basic principles of programming development. Code Description TPC1.3 Apply safety measures in the workplace TPC2.2 Determines the prober tools needed for operations. TPC2.5 Identify, install, and configure the appropriate Skill computer hardware components including peripherals. TPC2.6 Identifies related devices needed for operations TPC2.10 use data and IT in organizations to support business functions 34 Section 1: Introduction Peripherals are extra parts that connect to the computer. They help us use the computer better. Input means putting information into the computer. When we type on the keyboard, we are putting information into the computer. Output means getting information out of the computer. When we see a picture on the monitor, we are getting information out of the computer. 35 Section 2: Input Peripherals Input peripherals are parts we use to put information into the computer. A. Keyboard 36  B. Mouse 37 C. Microphone D. Web Cameras and Digital Cameras 38 Section 3: Output Peripherals Output peripherals are parts that show us information from the computer. A. Monitor The monitor is like a TV. It shows us pictures and words from the computer. When we watch a video or play a game, we see it on the monitor. There are two major types of monitors LCD and LED. 39 We can connect Monitors to the PC using one of the following connectors: B. Printer The printer makes a copy of what is on the computer screen on paper. When we want to print a picture or a document, we use the printer. The two main types of printers are inkjet and laser printers. 40 Both printers commonly use USB connectors. Older devices may use parallel connectors. You can watch more about printers from this link. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JEVurb1uVFA C. Speakers Speakers make sound come out of the computer. When we listen to music or watch a video, we hear the sound through the speakers. The connector type to connect the speakers: 3.5mm audio jack, USB, wireless (Bluetooth), built-in (Laptops). 41 Section 4: Devices that are Both Input and Output Some devices can be both input and output. This means they can put information into the computer and get information out of the computer. A. Touchscreen A touchscreen is a monitor that we can touch to control the computer. When we use a tablet, we can touch the screen to select apps (input) and see pictures and videos (output). B. Headset A headset has both headphones and a microphone. When we use a headset for an online game, we can talk to our friends (input) and hear them talk to us (output). 42  C. Flash Disk (USB Drive) A flash disk is used to store and transfer data to and from the computer. When we save a document or transfer files between computers, we use a flash disk. Flash drives use the same technology that solid‐state drives (SSDs) use. There are no moving parts. Flash drivers are identified by their color as shown in the table below. Port Color Type Max. Data transfer speed White USB-A or USB-B 12 Mbps Micro USB-A Black USB-A or USB-B 480 Mbps Micro USB-B Blue USB-A or USB-B 5 Gbps 43 44 45 46 Lesson 3 Name Basic Functions of Operating Systems Goals / By the end of this unit student should be able to: Outcomes Remembering Students recall facts and key concepts related to operating systems. Understanding Students explain and summarize key ideas such as types of operating systems and system requirements. Applying Students demonstrate hands-on skills, such as checking system requirements and installing an operating system. Analyzing Students compare and distinguish between different operating systems and account types. Evaluating Students assess the implications of software usage and security risks. Creating Students design installation guides and selection checklists based on their understanding. Code Description TPK01 the health and safety legislation, regulations and Knowledge requirements of the work environment. TPK06 Basic principles of data and IT (Hardware - software). TPK10 Basic principles of programming development. Code Description TPC1.3 Apply safety measures in the workplace TPC2.2 Determines the prober tools needed for operations. TPC2.5 Identify, install, and configure the appropriate Skill computer hardware components including peripherals. TPC2.6 Identifies related devices needed for operations TPC2.10 use data and IT in organizations to support business functions 47 Section 1: Introduction An Operating System (OS) is special software that helps you use a computer or mobile device. It acts as a bridge between you and the computer hardware. Without an OS, you wouldn’t be able to use your computer, tablet, or smartphone. Section 2: Types of Operating Systems There are different types of operating systems for different devices: For Computers: Windows, macOS, and Linux. For Mobile Devices: iOS (Apple) and Android (which is built from Linux). For Special Uses: Real-time operating systems (RTOS) for things like robots and medical devices. For Servers: Special versions of Linux RedHat and Windows server. 48 Section 2.1: System Requirements System requirements help make sure that the software works well on your computer. If your computer does not meet these requirements, the software might not work, or it could run very slowly and cause problems. For example, if a game needs 4GB of RAM to run but your computer only has 2GB, the game might be very slow or might not start at all. Choosing the right OS depends on your computer’s hardware. Here are the minimum requirements for Windows 10 (https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/windows-10-system-requirements- 6d4e9a79-66bf-7950-467c-795cf0386715 ): For Windows 11 you can check from the official website of Microsoft. (https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/windows-11-specifications ) A 64-bit OS can handle more data at once, making it faster and more efficient. 49 Section 3: Buying Operating Systems and applications Buying software can cost a lot of money. Some people try to use cracked (illegal) software, but this can be very risky. 50 Section 4: How to Install an Operating System (OS) on a Computer. To install an operating system (OS) on a desktop or laptop, follow these steps carefully: When starting a new computer or installing Windows, you will create a local user account (in the image below WE School is the local user). This account holds your settings, permissions, and files. Two other accounts exist—Guest and Administrator—but both are disabled by default. 51 To keep your computer secure, avoid enabling the Administrator account or giving users administrative privileges. The Guest account should stay disabled. It has no password and gives limited access for users without accounts. 52 53 54 55 Lesson 4 Name Managing Folders and Files Goals / By the end of this unit student should be able to: Outcomes Remembering Define "file," "folder," "file system," and "file extension." Understanding Explain how file systems organize and store data. Applying Demonstrate creating and organizing folders for different file types. Analyzing Compare file systems based on file size limits and compatibility. Evaluating Evaluate the best file system for specific devices. Creating Design a folder structure for a project using appropriate file systems. Code Description TPK01 the health and safety legislation, regulations and Knowledge requirements of the work environment. TPK06 Basic principles of data and IT (Hardware - software). TPK10 Basic principles of programming development. Code Description TPC1.3 Apply safety measures in the workplace TPC2.2 Determines the prober tools needed for operations. TPC2.5 Identify, install, and configure the appropriate Skill computer hardware components including peripherals. TPC2.6 Identifies related devices needed for operations TPC2.10 use data and IT in organizations to support business functions 56 Section 1: Introduction Files and folders are the basic tools for storing and organizing data on computers. A file is like a container for your documents, pictures, videos, music, or programs. Each file has a specific type of data, which makes it easy to find and use when needed. Folders are special containers that hold these files. Just like the folders you use in school to keep your papers, computer folders help organize your files. For example, you can create a folder for schoolwork, one for pictures, and another for documents. 57 The way files and folders are organized depends on the computer's operating system (OS). Different operating systems, like Windows, macOS, or Linux, have their own ways of managing data. By understanding files and folders, you can keep your computer organized and always find what you're looking for. Section 2: File System A file system is a type of software that helps your computer store and organize data on a storage device, like a hard drive or a USB stick. It tells the computer how to arrange data so that it uses space well and can find your files easily. Think of it like a closet with different sections for different items. There’s a shelf for shirts, a space for shoes, and a drawer for trousers. When you get a new shirt, you know exactly where to put it. In the same way, when you save a file, like a photo or game, the computer knows where to store it because of the file system. 58 Different operating systems (OS) use different file systems. A file system is like a guide that helps your computer keep everything in order so it runs smoothly and efficiently. 59 Section 2.1: New Technology File System (NTFS) It is a way that computers organize and store files on a hard drive. NTFS is mostly used on Windows computers. It can handle very large files, and it’s very safe. If the computer suddenly turns off, NTFS helps protect your files from being lost. It also lets you control who can open, edit, or delete files. Section 2.2: File Allocation Table 32 (FAT32) FAT32 is an older type of file system. It works on Windows, Mac, and even some gaming consoles. But there’s one problem: FAT32 can only handle files that are smaller than 4GB. This means if you have a big movie or game file, FAT32 wont work well. 60 Section 2.3: Extended File Allocation Table (exFAT) exFAT is like FAT32, but it can handle larger files more than 4GB. It also works on Windows and Mac computers, and it’s often used for USB drives and SD cards. Section 2.4: HFS+ (Hierarchical File System Plus) HFS+ is a file system made for Mac computers. It works very well with Apple devices, but it doesn’t work on Windows without special software. Section 2.5: Extended File System (EXT) This file system is used with Linux-based computers. Although it is not supported by Windows, Windows is able to read data from EXT partitions with special software. Section 3: Understanding File Extensions File extensions are important because they tell your computer what kind of file it is. The file extension is the group of letters that comes after the dot in a file name. For example, in a file called "picture.jpg", the letters.jpg are the file extension. It tells the computer that the file is a picture. Every file has an extension that tells the computer which program should open it. 61 62 63 64 65 Lesson 5 Name Safety regulations Goals / By the end of this unit student should be able to: Outcomes Remembering Students will be able to list common risks in IT workplaces, such as electrical hazards, fire hazards, and manual handling injuries. Understanding Students will be able to explain the importance of following safe working practices to maintain a secure workplace and protect against hazards. Applying Students will be able to demonstrate how to safely lift and handle IT equipment following correct posture guidelines. Analyzing Students will be able to compare the effects of safe versus unsafe working practices in different IT scenarios. Evaluating Students will be able to evaluate the safety procedures in place in their IT lab and suggest improvements. Creating Students will be able to design a safety guide for new employees to follow in the IT workplace. Code Description TPK01 the health and safety legislation, regulations and Knowledge requirements of the work environment. TPK06 Basic principles of data and IT (Hardware - software). TPK10 Basic principles of programming development. Code Description TPC1.3 Apply safety measures in the workplace TPC2.2 Determines the prober tools needed for operations. TPC2.5 Identify, install, and configure the appropriate Skill computer hardware components including peripherals. TPC2.6 Identifies related devices needed for operations TPC2.10 use data and IT in organizations to support business functions 66 Section 1: Safe Working Practices It is very important to follow safe working practices when working in IT environments. This helps protect people from dangers and keeps the workplace safe. There are some common risks in IT workplaces, such as electrical hazards, which can cause shocks or burns, fire hazards, manual handling injuries when lifting heavy things, and damage to sensitive electronic equipment. To avoid these risks, it is necessary to work safely and carefully. 67 Section 2: Key Areas of Safe Working Practices A. Display Screen Equipment (DSE) Using display screen equipment (DSE), like computers or tablets, is very common today. It is important to use these devices properly to avoid health problems like eye strain, headaches, or bad posture. There are special rules at work and in schools to help people use screens safely. These rules are called ergonomic guidelines. They explain how to sit, where to put your screen, and how often to take breaks. i. Adjust the brightness of your screen, so it is not too bright or too dark. ii. The screen should be at eye level to avoid bending your neck. iii. Take breaks every 20 minutes to rest your eyes and stretch your body. 68  B. Manual Handling in IT Manual handling means moving things by hand, such as lifting, carrying, pushing, or pulling objects. In IT, this can include lifting heavy items like servers, monitors, and other equipment. If you do not lift heavy things in the right way, you could hurt your back, neck, or arms. To stay safe, always bend your knees, keep your back straight, and hold the item close to your body. This helps you carry the weight in a safe way. C. ESD (electrical static discharge) Electrostatic discharge (ESD) is when static electricity moves from one object to another. When you walk on a carpet and touch a metal doorknob, you might feel a small shock. Also, Lightning is a big and powerful form of ESD. Most ESD events are harmless, but in factories, ESD can damage important electronic devices. Even a small amount of ESD can hurt parts inside a computer, like hard drives. 69 To avoid this, people use special tools to protect computer parts. 1. An ESD wrist strap is one tool that helps stop static electricity from reaching the components. The strap is worn on your wrist and connected to the ground, which safely removes static charges from your body. 2. Another helpful tool is an ESD mat. You place computer parts on the mat while working, and it also helps move any static charge away. Section 3: General Safe Working Practices 70 References 1. https://stock.adobe.com/eg/photos 2. https://www.pexels.com 3. https://www.jigsawplanet.com 71 72 73 74