Introduction to Islamic Architecture PDF

ASIAN ARCHITECTURE & INTRODUCTION TO ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE – ASIAN ARCHITECTURE SIMPLE DEFINITION HISTORY - a chronological...

ASIAN ARCHITECTURE & INTRODUCTION TO ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE – ASIAN ARCHITECTURE SIMPLE DEFINITION HISTORY - a chronological record of significant events (such as those affecting a nation or institution) often including an explanation of their causes ARCHITECTURE - the art or practice of designing and building structures and especially habitable ones. (https://www.merriam-webster.com/) PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  RECAP OF PREVIOUS HISTORY TIMELINE PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE BEFORE ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF BYZANTINE TO THE ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE? PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE BEFORE ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  The Hagia Sophia during Byzantine Era. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  The Hagia Sophia during Islamic Rule. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE BEFORE ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE The Hagia Sophia was built as a Christian church in the 6th century CE (532–537) under the direction of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I. In subsequent centuries it became a mosque, a museum, and a mosque again. It was and still is a great example of how the Architectural Style transitioned from being a Christian church into a Mosque that later on influenced how Islamic Architecture evolved all throughout Europe and Asia. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE AN INTRODUCTION - INFLUENCES PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE WHAT IS ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE? PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE DEFINITION: Islamic Architecture can be defined as a building tradition of a Muslim population of the Middle East and any countries where Islam has been dominant from 7 th Century to present. Defined as any construction based on the religious principles of Islam. Both religious and secular buildings reflect design principles of Islamic culture PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE GEOGRAPHY The Mos!em faith flourished principally in the countries of Southern Asia and North Africa. Other important communities were established in isolation outside this geographical block, in places such as Zanzibar, Madagascar and China, while twentieth century mobility has brought Islam to outposts throughout the world, with architectural consequences in apparently unlikely places as far apart as Sydney and South shields. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE GEOGRAPHY The spread of Islam has been associated with military conquest, racial move- ments, and in some cases with the consequent displacement of established populations. The most important of these movements were the Arab expansion northwards and west- wards out of the Arabian peninsula, and the drive of the Turkish and Mongol groups South, and South-west out of Central Asia. The resulting important architecture has very largely been associated vvith religious civic complexes. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE GEOLOGY The places and countries into which Islam first expanded were rich in building tradition and the important techniques of using natural resources for building works and trade in building materials had long been established. BRICKS – brick making and walling was almost universal MARBLE – generically available as an article trade CERAMIC – long tradition of ceramic production GYPSUM PLASTER GLASS METALWORKS PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE HISTORY Muslim History dates from 622 AD (Hijrah), when Mohammed moved from Mecca to Medina. In the succeeding 10 years of his life, Mohammed established the framework of religion and the beginnings of the military organization charge with spreading the faith. After his death in 632 AD, the Arabian continued to conquer Central Asia, and Westwards towards the Atlantic. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE HISTORY Islamic Architecture encompasses both secular and religious styles from the foundation of Islam. The Principal Architectural Types are: MOSQUE TOMB PALACE FORT From these 4 types, the vocabulary of Islamic Architecture is derived and used for buildings of less importance such as Public Baths, Fountains, Domestic Architecture PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE SOCIAL ARAB GROUP – Spearhead of the advancement of Islam; essentially tribal; and because of behavioral patterns and cultural attributes of emergent, Islamic Societies, it was based on the tradition of the desert. MEN – performed a significant public duties and controlled all public affairs, and this social structure had direct architectural consequences in layout of domestic and public buildings. WOMEN – played a secondary role, almost inevitably assuming major share of domestic and agricultural burden. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE POLITICAL IMAM - An Imam is an Islamic leadership position. Imams may lead Islamic worship services, serve as community leaders, and provide religious guidance by Sunni Muslim only. CALIPH – Is the head of state of the Islamic community. A successor to the Prophet as military, judicial and spiritual leader of Islam. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE IMAM PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE CALIPH PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE RELIGIOUS DATE FOUNDED: A.D. 622 PLACE FOUNDED: MECCA, SAUDI ARABIA FOUNDER: MOHAMMED, trade merchant from Arabia ADHERENTS: 1.3 BILLION SIZE RANK: SECOND LARGEST IN THE WORLD MAIN LOCATION: MIDDLE EAST & NORTH AFRICA SACRED TEXT: QUR’AN (KORAN) PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE RELIGIOUS ORIGINAL LANGUAGE: ARABIC HOUSE OF WORSHIP: MOSQUE ULTIMATE REALITY: GOD (Allah in Arabic); the same God revealed in the Jewish and Christian Bibles TYPE OF THEISM: STRICT MONOTHEISM PURPOSE OF LIFE: Submit to the will of Allah and attain paradise after death HOW TO LIVE: Follow Qur’an, Hadith & Five Pillars of Islam PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE RELIGIOUS FIVE PILLARS OF ISALM ARE: Daily confession of faith (SHAHADA) Daily Ritual Prayer (SALAT) Paying the alms tax (ZAKAT) Fasting during the month of Ramadan (SAWN) Pilgrimage to Mecca (HAJJ) AFTERLIFE: Resurrection of body and soul followed by eternal paradise or hell SYMBOLS: Crescent moon & Star PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE QUR’AN PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE MOSQUE PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE CRESCENT MOON & STAR PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE SECOND PART - ARCHITECTURE PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE COMMON INTERPRETATION OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE The concept of Allah's infinite power is evoked by designs with repeating themes. Human and animal forms are rarely depicted in decorative art as Allah's work is matchless Calligraphy is used to enhance the interior of a building by providing quotations from the Quran PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE COMMON INTERPRETATION OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE Islamic architecture focuses on the beauty of the interior rather than exterior spaces, Impressive forms = impressive power of Allah Use of impressive forms such as large domes, towering minarets, and large courtyards are intended to convey power. Large courtyard: fundamental part PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE ARCHITECTURAL STYLES OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE ARCHITECTURAL STYLES: MOORISH ARCHITECTURE MOZARABIC ARCHITECTURE MUDEJAR ARCHITECTURE SELJUK ARCHITECTURE OTTOMAN ARCHITECTURE MOGUL ARCHITECTURE PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE ARCHITECTURAL STYLES: MOORISH ARCHITECTURE MOZARABIC ARCHITECTURE MUDEJAR ARCHITECTURE SELJUK ARCHITECTURE OTTOMAN ARCHITECTURE MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE MOORISH ARCHITECTURE: The Islamic Architecture of the North Africa and esp. of the regions of Spain under Moorish domination, characterized by the building of large mosques and elaborate fortress-palaces. Moor - A member of the Muslim people of Northwest Africa who invaded Spain in the 8th and occupied it until 1942 Northwest Africa invaded Spain Spain: Horseshoe arch PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE MOORISH ARCHITECTURE: 2 ELEMENTS OF MOORISH ARCHITECTURE DESIGN: Arches, Muqarnas & Arabesque are carved through this design GEOMETRIC DESIGN ABSTRACT DESIGN Zellij – Moorish tilework on floors, ceilings and walls PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE MOORISH ARCHITECTURE: Hypostyle prayer hall Of mosque – Cathedral of Cordoba PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE ARCHITECTURAL STYLES: MOORISH ARCHITECTURE MOZARABIC ARCHITECTURE MUDEJAR ARCHITECTURE SELJUK ARCHITECTURE OTTOMAN ARCHITECTURE MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE MOZARABIC ARCHITECTURE: A style of Spanish Architecture produced from the 9th-15th century by Christians under influence, characterised by the horseshoe arch and other Moorish features produced by both Christian and Muslim: Christian under Moorish PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE MOZARABIC ARCHITECTURE: The Mozarabic horseshoe-shaped arches of Santiago de Peñalba church, El Bierzo, Spain. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE ARCHITECTURAL STYLES: MOORISH ARCHITECTURE MOZARABIC ARCHITECTURE MUDEJAR ARCHITECTURE SELJUK ARCHITECTURE OTTOMAN ARCHITECTURE MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE MUDEJAR ARCHITECTURE: A style of Spanish Architecture produced from the 13th-16th century by Mudejars & Christians working within Muslim Traditions Characterized by fusion of Romanesque and Gothic with Islamic Elements. Mudejar - A Muslim permitted to remain in Spain after the Christian reconquest, esp. during the 8th-13th century. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE MUDEJAR ARCHITECTURE: Mudejar Architecture of Aragon, Instituto del Patrimonio Cultural de España PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE ARCHITECTURAL STYLES: MOORISH ARCHITECTURE MOZARABIC ARCHITECTURE MUDEJAR ARCHITECTURE SELJUK ARCHITECTURE OTTOMAN ARCHITECTURE MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE SELJUK ARCHITECTURE: The Islamic Architecture of several Turkish dynasties that ruled over central and western Asia from the 11th-13th century, much influenced by Persian Architecture. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE SELJUK ARCHITECTURE: Jameh Mosque of Kerman, Iran. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE ARCHITECTURAL STYLES: MOORISH ARCHITECTURE MOZARABIC ARCHITECTURE MUDEJAR ARCHITECTURE SELJUK ARCHITECTURE OTTOMAN ARCHITECTURE MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE OTTOMAN ARCHITECTURE: The Islamic Architecture of the Ottoman empire from the 14th century on, much influenced by Byzantine Architecture PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE OTTOMAN ARCHITECTURE: Blue Mosque in Istanbul, an example of the classical style of Ottoman architecture, showing Byzantine influence. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE OTTOMAN ARCHITECTURE: PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE OTTOMAN ARCHITECTURE: PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE ARCHITECTURAL STYLES: MOORISH ARCHITECTURE MOZARABIC ARCHITECTURE MUDEJAR ARCHITECTURE SELJUK ARCHITECTURE OTTOMAN ARCHITECTURE MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE: the Indo-Islamic Architecture of the Mogul Dynasty, 1526-1857, typified by monumental palaces and mosques with highly detailed decorative work PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE: Taj Mahal at Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India, is the most famous example of Mughal Architecture and one of India's most recognisable landmarks in general PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE DEFINITIONS: MUQARNA - are pointed niches arranged in tiers that appear to form a honeycomb or staircase. They are a signature decorative element of Islamic architecture, in which they fulfill both functional and ornamental purposes. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE DIFINITIONS: ARABESQUE - decoration and different patterns influenced by Arabian style PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE THIRD PART – ARCHITECTURAL TYPES & FEATURES PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE TYPES OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE: MOSQUE TOMB PALACES FORTS PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE TYPES OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE: MOSQUE - a building for Islamic religious activities and worship 3 TYPES OF MUSLIM MOSQUES 1. CONGREGATIONAL OR FRIDAY MOSQUE (JAMI MASJID) 2. MADRASSAH (COLLEGIATE MOSQUE) 3. TOMB MOSQUE PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE PARTS OF MOSQUE 1. Minaret - tower 2. Muezzin- callers 3. Sahn (atrium) - central courtyard of a mosque 4. Meda - fountain or ablution (mid of sahn) 5. Liwan- a large vaulted portal opening onto the central courtyard of a mosque. 6. Mihrab (niche) - sanctuary or decorative panel where founder of the mosque is entombed. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE PARTS OF MOSQUE 7. Minbar - pulpit 8. Dikka - reading desk 9. Maqsura (screen) - a wooden screen or enclosure in a mosque that was used by a Muslim ruler for protection and privacy 10. Quibla - the wall in a mosque in which the mihrab is set oriented to Mecca PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE PARTS OF MOSQUE 11. Iwan - open-fronted vault facing onto the court 12. Chatri (India) - umbrella-shaped cupola 13. Kiosk - small pavilion usually open built in gardens and parks 14. Riwaq - Cloisters PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE PARTS OF MOSQUE 1. MINARET - A minaret is a tower associated with mosques in Islamic architecture. It's used to broadcast the call to prayer, or adhan, five times a day. Minarets are also symbols of Islam and landmarks that indicate the presence of a mosque. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE PARTS OF MOSQUE 1. MINARET - A minaret is a tower associated with mosques in Islamic architecture. It's used to broadcast the call to prayer, or adhan, five times a day. Minarets are also symbols of Islam and landmarks that indicate the presence of a mosque. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE PARTS OF MOSQUE 3. SAHN (atrium) - central courtyard of a mosque PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE PARTS OF MOSQUE 4. MEDA - fountain or ablution (mid of sahn) PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE PARTS OF MOSQUE 5. LIWAN - a large vaulted portal opening onto the central courtyard of a mosque. Riwaq – cloisters *Arabic word same as Iwan* PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE PARTS OF MOSQUE 6. MIHRAB (NICHE) - sanctuary or decorative panel where founder of the mosque is entombed. recessed in a wall to contain sculpture niche oriented towards Mecca, where the leader of the congregation makes his prayers no altar only pulpit PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE PARTS OF MOSQUE 7. MINBAR - pulpit PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE PARTS OF MOSQUE 7. MINBAR - pulpit PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE PARTS OF MOSQUE 8. DIKKA - reading desk PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE PARTS OF MOSQUE 9. MAQSURA (SCREEN) - a wooden screen or enclosure in a mosque that was used by a Muslim ruler for protection and privacy 10. QUIBLA - the wall in a mosque in which the mihrab is set oriented to Mecca PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE MIHRAB MINBAR PARTS OF MOSQUE 10. QUIBLA - the wall in a mosque in which the mihrab is set oriented to Mecca PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE PARTS OF MOSQUE 11. IWAN - open-fronted vault facing onto the court. *Persian word same as Liwan* PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE PARTS OF MOSQUE 11. IWAN Example of 4-Iwan Layout PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE PARTS OF MOSQUE 11. IWAN Example of 4-Iwan Layout PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE PARTS OF MOSQUE 12. CHATRI (India) - umbrella-shaped cupola - is a semi-open, elevated, dome-shaped pavilion that can be found on top of minarets and in other parts of mosques and palaces. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE PARTS OF MOSQUE 13. KIOSK - small pavilion usually open built in gardens and parks. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE PARTS OF MOSQUE 13. KIOSK - small pavilion usually open built in gardens and parks. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE PARTS OF MOSQUE 14. RIWAQ - Cloisters PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE PARTS OF MOSQUE 14. RIWAQ - Cloisters PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE PARTS OF MOSQUE PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITETURE FOURTH PART – CONTINUATION NEXT MEETING PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE FOURTH PART – ARCHITECTURAL SPECIFICS PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE TYPES OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE: MOSQUE - a building for Islamic religious activities and worship 3 TYPES OF MUSLIM MOSQUES 1. CONGREGATIONAL OR FRIDAY MOSQUE (JAMI MASJID) 2. MADRASSAH (COLLEGIATE MOSQUE) 3. TOMB MOSQUE PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE 1. CONGREGATIONAL OR FRIDAY MOSQUE (JAMI MASJID) PURPOSE: Used for FRIDAY COMMUNAL PRAYER FEATURES: Jami masjids are often large, centrally located, and have monumental architecture. They also have a minbar, which is a ritual pulpit. HISTORY: In early Islamic history, only a few jami masjids were allowed in each city. However, as cities grew, more mosques began to host Friday prayers. 2. MADRASAH (COLLEGIATE MOSQUE) MEANING: is an educational institution that teaches Islamic subjects, and can also refer to any school in general. The word comes from the Arabic word madrasa, which means "a place of study". 3. TOMB MOSQUE MEANING: The structure is sometimes entirely covered with domes, vaults or flat roofs (facing Mecca) Or commonly known as mausoleum. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  MOSQUE TYPOLOGY PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE OPENINGS – CEILING, ARCHES, IWANS PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES ARCHES – OPENINGS In Islamic tradition, arches symbolize more than an architectural element; they represent portals to the divine, especially in mosques where they guide movement and gaze towards the qibla wall. MAIN TYPES OF ARCHES Arches varied in mosques. Some were round, some pointed, and some were "horseshoe" shaped and held up on thin pillars. Main types of arches were used POINTED ARCH HORSESHOE ARCH OGEE ARCH MULTIFOIL ARCH PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  TYPES OF ARCHES POINTED ARCH PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  TYPES OF ARCHES HORSESHOE ARCH PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  TYPES OF ARCHES OGEE ARCH PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  TYPES OF ARCHES MULTIFOIL ARCH PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES MUQARNA stalactite work called “Muqarna” , pendentive form of architectural ornamentation, resembling the geological formations called stalactites. This type of ornamentation is characteristic of Islamic architecture and decoration. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES MUQARNA stalactite work called “Muqarna” , pendentive form of architectural ornamentation, resembling the geological formations called stalactites. This type of ornamentation is characteristic of Islamic architecture and decoration. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES STALACTITE CORBELLING a decorative architectural technique that uses multiple corbels to create a design that resembles natural stalactites. Corbel – a block of stone often elaborately carved or molded, projecting from a wall supporting the beams of a roof, floor or vault. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES CHAMFER – a construction / cutting approach used in Islamic architecture that diagonally cuts that formed by 2 surfaces meeting at an angle. The use of chamfer is to lessen the chipping volume when in contact with other element PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE COLUMNS IN ISLAMIC ARCHITETCURE PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES COLUMNS ready-made columns, from old Roman and Byzantine buildings in the locality, were often utilized for colonnades of mosque. In Spain: very slender columns, 12 m in height , surmounted by capitals In India: short, stunted pier (Eastern and Hindu) either cubiform capitals or deep abacus block PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES COLUMNS PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES COLUMNS PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE SHAPES OF DOMES IN ISLAMIC ARCHITETCURE PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES DOMES Domes are common in many mosques in the middle east and turkey. They are often decorated on the outside and inside with beautiful tiles In geometric designs. Domes give a building a spiritual feeling in that they bring one's attention from the ground level (the world of man) to the heavens (the world of god). TYPES OF DOMES IN MOSQUE SPHERICAL BULBOUS OR ONION DOME PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  DOMES SPHERICAL DOMES Spherical domes are a type of dome used in mosques, which are vaulted roofs with a circular base. The word for dome in Arabic is qubba. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  DOMES BULBOUS SHAPE / ONION DOME Bulbous domes in mosques, also known as onion domes, are a significant architectural feature that symbolize the divine realm and heaven. Their upward curve represents the soul's journey towards God. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  DOMES There are a lot of dome shapes in Islamic Architecture but many different variations in different origins, that why we just summarized it into 2 most common dome shapes and just show other Dome type examples. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  DOMES MUGHAL DOME Bulbous domes in mosques, also known as onion domes, are a significant architectural feature that symbolize the divine realm and heaven. Their upward curve represents the soul's journey towards God. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE ORNAMENTS IN ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ORNAMENTS CRESTING an ornament of a roof, a roof screen, or a wall generally rhythmic and highly decorative a decorative attachment to the ridge of a roof, dome, or other architectural feature. Architectural term: "Cresting" is the technical term for this decorative feature. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ORNAMENTS CRESTING an ornament of a roof, a roof screen, or a wall generally rhythmic and highly decorative a decorative attachment to the ridge of a roof, dome, or other architectural feature. Architectural term: "Cresting" is the technical term for this decorative feature. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ORNAMENTS ARABESQUE (ISLIMI) a style of decoration characterized by intertwining plants and abstract curvilinear motifs. Religious leaders forbade the depiction of animals & people. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE 3 TYPES OF SURFACE ORNAMENTS PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  SURFACE ORNAMENTS 1. MNEMONIC INSCRIPTION OR TEXT extracts from the Koran either in the stiff characters known as Kufic or in a more flowing Nashky Alphabet PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  SURFACE ORNAMENTS 2. SUPER-IMPOSED ORNAMENTS made up of conventional design in different planes in which one scheme of design forms the background to the one over it. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  SURFACE ORNAMENTS 2. SUPER-IMPOSED ORNAMENTS made up of conventional design in different planes in which one scheme of design forms the background to the one over it. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  SURFACE ORNAMENTS 3. STALACTITE ORNAMENTS (Muqarnas) or honey- comb work - is in original systematic design involving combination of 3- dimensional shape corbelling and so forth PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE THE FIRST THREE MOSQUE IN ISLAM PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE WHY ARE MOSQUE IMPORTANT TO MUSLIMS? “If you build a mosque for Allah’s sake, He will build for you a house in paradise PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  FIRST THREE MOSQUES 1. KAABA (HOUSE OF ALLAH) The Kaaba or kabah also referred as Kaaba Muazzama, is a building at the center of Islam's most sacred mosque, Al-Masjid alHaram, in Mecca, al-Hejaz, Saudi Arabia. It is the most sacred Muslim site in the world. Address: Mecca Saudi Arabia PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  FIRST THREE MOSQUES 1. KAABA (HOUSE OF ALLAH) According to tradition, this stone was given to Adam on his expulsion from paradise in order to obtain forgiveness of his sins. Legend has it that the stone was originally white but has become black by absorbing the sins of the countless thousands of pilgrims who have kissed and touched it. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  FIRST THREE MOSQUES 1. KAABA (HOUSE OF ALLAH) According to tradition, this stone was given to Adam on his expulsion from paradise in order to obtain forgiveness of his sins. Legend has it that the stone was originally white but has become black by absorbing the sins of the countless thousands of pilgrims who have kissed and touched it. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  FIRST THREE MOSQUES PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  FIRST THREE MOSQUES 1. KAABA (HOUSE OF ALLAH) A: The four corners of the Kaaba are: 1. AL-RUKN AL-ASWAD: This is the south eastern corner of the Kaaba where the Black Stone is situated. 2. AL-RUKN AL-IRAQI: This is the north eastern corner of the Kaaba. The door of the Kaaba is between these two corners on the eastern wall, high above from the ground. 3. AL-RUKN AL-SHAMI: This is the north western corner. 4. AL-RUKN AL-YAMANI: This is the south western corner of the Kaaba which points towards Yemen. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  FIRST THREE MOSQUES 2. QUBA MOSQUE (MEDINA, MASJID E QUBA) The first / oldest mosque built by Muhammed in Medina. The Quba Mosque, in the outlying environs of Medina in Saudi Arabia, is one of the oldest mosques in the world. Address: 3493 Al Hijrah Rd, Al Khatim, Medina Saudi Arabia PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  FIRST THREE MOSQUES PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  FIRST THREE MOSQUES PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  FIRST THREE MOSQUES 3. AL – MASJID AN-NABAWI “Prophets” masjid in Medina, Muhammed’s first Friday prayer. He introduced different practices. Al-Masjid an-Nabawī is a mosque established and originally built by the Islamic prophet Muhammad, situated in the city of Medina in Saudi Arabia. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  FIRST THREE MOSQUES PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  FIRST THREE MOSQUES PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  FIRST THREE MOSQUES PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE MASTERPIECES OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE TAJ MAHAL PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE 8 MASTERPIECES OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  TAJ MAHAL The construction of the Taj Mahal, commissioned by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan to honor his deceased wife Mumtaz Mahal, began around 1632 and took approximately 22 years to complete, with the main mausoleum largely finished by 1648, while additional buildings and decorative work continued until 1653; the entire complex is renowned for its intricate marble inlay, symmetrical design, and stunning white marble facade, representing a pinnacle of Mughal architecture. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  TAJ MAHAL KEY POINTS ABOUT THE TAJ MAHAL CONSTRUCTION: Location: Agra, India, on the south bank of the Yamuna River. Initiator: Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan Purpose: A mausoleum for Mumtaz Mahal Construction period: Approximately 1632 - 1653 Materials: Primarily white marble, with intricate inlay using precious and semi-precious stones Architectural style: Mughal architecture, characterized by symmetry, domes, arches, and intricate detailing PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE THE ALHAMBRA PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  AL HAMBRA On a hill overlooking the Spanish city of Granada stands the Alhambra, a palace built by princes belonging to the Muslim Nasrid dynasty (1238–1492) in the 14th century. Although some portions of the palace have been demolished, three parts remain: a fortress (Alcazaba, or al-Qasbah) on the west end of the hill, a princely residence to the east, and a cluster of pavilions and gardens known as the Generalife. The courtyards and rooms of the Alhambra are exquisitely decorated with colored tiles, carved stucco, carved wood, and calligraphy. Some of the most remarkable ornamental features are the intricately carved geometric stalactite designs (a recurring pattern in Islamic architecture called muqarnas in Arabic) that adorn the halls surrounding the Court of the Lions. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  AL HAMBRA KEY POINTS ABOUT AL HAMBRA CONSTRUCTION: Location: Granada, Spain Initiator: Muhammad I of the Nasrid dynasty (founder of the Emirate of Granada) Purpose: Initially built as a military fortress; later transformed into a royal palace and citadel Construction Period: Primarily built between the 13th and 15th centuries (Nasrid dynasty) Materials: Red bricks, stucco, wood, tiles, and marble Architectural Style: Moorish/Islamic architecture with Nasrid influences, featuring intricate geometric patterns, arabesques, and courtyard designs PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE THE FRIDAY MOSQUE, ESFAHAN PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  THE FRIDAY MOSQUE, ESFAHAN Located at the center of Esfahan—a city full of architectural treasures—is the sprawling Friday Mosque. A mosque has stood on the site since the 8th century, but the oldest elements of the current structure are two domes built during the Seljuk dynasty, which ruled parts of Iran in the 11th century. In the early 12th century the mosque was rebuilt around a rectangular courtyard adjoined on each side by an iwan—a type of hall that opens into a tall arch on one side. The four-iwan design, which first appeared in Esfahan, later became the norm for Iranian mosques. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  THE FRIDAY MOSQUE ESFAHAN KEY POINTS ABOUT THE FRIDAY MOSQUE, ESFAHAN CONSTRUCTION: Location: Esfahan, Iran Initiator: Originally built during the Umayyad period, but significantly expanded and renovated under the Seljuk, Ilkhanid, Timurid, and Safavid dynasties Purpose: A congregational mosque for communal prayers and religious gatherings Construction Period: Originally constructed in the 8th century; major expansions and renovations occurred during the 11th–18th centuries Materials: Brick, stucco, tilework, and wood Architectural Style: Persian-Islamic architecture with a four-iwan (vaulted hall) courtyard layout, intricate muqarnas (stalactite vaulting), and decorative tilework PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE DOME OF THE ROCK PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  THE DOME OF THE ROCK The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem is the oldest extant Islamic monument and one of the best-known. Built in 691–692, about 55 years after the Arab conquest of Jerusalem, the design and ornamentation are rooted in the Byzantine architectural tradition but also display traits that would later come to be associated with a distinctly Islamic architectural style. The structure consists of a gilded wooden dome sitting atop an octagonal base. Inside, two ambulatories circle around a patch of exposed rock. The site is sacred to both Judaism and Islam; in Jewish tradition it is said to be the spot where Abraham prepared to sacrifice his son Isaac,and in Islamic tradition it is held to be the site of Muhammad’s ascent to heaven. The interior is richly decorated with marble, mosaics, and metal plaques. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  THE DOME OF THE ROCK KEY POINTS ABOUT THE DOME OF THE ROCK CONSTRUCTION: Location: Jerusalem, on the Temple Mount (Haram al-Sharif) Initiator: Caliph Abd al-Malik of the Umayyad dynasty Purpose: Built as an Islamic shrine; traditionally believed to enshrine the rock from which the Prophet Muhammad ascended to heaven (Miraj) and associated with Jewish and Christian traditions Construction Period: Completed in 691–692 CE Materials: Stone, marble, wood, gold, mosaics, and glazed tiles Architectural Style: Early Islamic architecture with Byzantine influences; features an octagonal structure, a central dome, intricate mosaics, and calligraphic inscriptions PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE THE GREAT MOSQUE OF SAMARA PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  GREAT MOSQUE OF SAMARRA When the Great Mosque of Samarra (in Iraq) was built by the Abbasid caliph Al- Mutawakkil (reigned 847–861) around 850, it was probably the largest mosque in the world, with a total area of nearly 42 acres. The mosque was built out of baked brick, with an interior decorated with blue glass. Most of the structure was destroyed during the Mongol invasion led by Hulagu in 1258, but one of the most-intriguing features, the 170- foot (52-meter) minaret, survived. The minaret is built in the shape of a cone, wrapped in a spiraling ramp that leads to the top. It’s unclear why the builders chose the conical shape; some people have noted that it slightly resembles an ancient ziggurat. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  GREAT MOSQUE OF SAMARRA KEY POINTS ABOUT THE GREAT MOSQUE OF SAMARRA CONSTRUCTION: Location: Samarra, Iraq Initiator: Caliph Al-Mutawakkil of the Abbasid dynasty Purpose: Built as a congregational mosque for Friday prayers and religious gatherings Construction Period: Completed between 848 and 852 CE Materials: Brick, clay, and stucco Architectural Style: Abbasid architecture; known for its vast rectangular layout, hypostyle hall, and the iconic Malwiya spiral minaret PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE GREAT MOSQUE OF CORDOBA PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  GREAT MOSQUE OF CORDOBA The earliest parts of the Great Mosque of Córdoba, Spain, were built on the site of a Christian church by the Umayyad ruler Abd al-Rahman I in 784–786. The structure underwent several enlargements in the 9th and 10th centuries. During one of these enlargements a richly decorated mihrab (a niche in a mosque pointing in the direction of Mecca) set behind an intricate arch was added. Another remarkable feature of the mosque is the hypostyle hall consisting of approximately 850 columns made of porphyry, jasper, and marble supporting two-tier horseshoe arches. Most of the columns and capitals were recycled from earlier buildings. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  GREAT MOSQUE OF CORDOBA KEY POINTS ABOUT THE GREAT MOSQUE OF CORDOBA CONSTRUCTION: Location: Córdoba, Spain Initiator: Abd al-Rahman I, founder of the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba Purpose: Originally built as a mosque for Islamic worship; later converted into a cathedral after the Christian Reconquista Construction Period: Began in 785 CE; expanded multiple times under later Umayyad rulers (9th–10th centuries) Materials: Stone, brick, marble, wood, and mosaic Architectural Style: Moorish/Islamic architecture with Roman and Visigothic influences; features horseshoe arches, hypostyle prayer hall, intricate geometric patterns, and a large courtyard PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  END OF PRESENTATION PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap