Islamic Architecture History PDF

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 2 accommodation and shelter for travelers ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE Qasr – Palace or Mansion KEY DATES...

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 2 accommodation and shelter for travelers ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE Qasr – Palace or Mansion KEY DATES B. BUILDING COMPONENTS 570 Birth of Mohammed, prophet and Mihrab : Niche oriented towards founder of Islam, at Mecca, Arabia Mecca 630 Mohammed and his armies conquer Minbar/Mimber : The raised platform Mecca 632 Death of Mohammed; Muslims capture for ceremonial announcements Jerusalem six years later (pulpit) 655 The Koran, the sacred book of Islam Iwan, Ivan : (Persia) open fronted ca. 696 Arabic becomes the official language vault facing on to a court of the Islamic world Bab : gateway 711 Tariq ibn Ziyad conquers southern Sahn : Courtyard of a Mosque Spain from the Visigoths of King Minaret: Tower from which call to Roderic; Cordoba is his capital prayer is made 825 The Persian mathematician Khwarizmi Harem: Women’s or private quarters founds algebra of a house or palace 848 The Great Mosque at Samara is Selamlik: Men’s or guest’s quarter completed 1100 Timbuktu, a desert oasis in Saharan Kibla; Kible: axis oriented towards North Africa Mecca 1187 Saladin, Islamic Sultan of Egypt, Chattri: (India) a kiosk reconquers Jerusalem from the Christians C. PERSONNEL 1258 The Mongols destroy the Abbasid Muezzin: caller who summons the caliphate, killing 800.000 people faithful to prayer 1453 The Ottoman Turks under Mehmet II Imam: man, who leads the capture Constantinople congregation at prayer 1475 The world’s first coffee shop “Kiva Caliph: successor to the prophet as Han” opens in Istanbul military, judicial and spiritual leader of 1492 The Christian kingdoms, conquer all of Islam Spain 1529 The Ottoman besiege Vienna 1571 The defeat of the Ottoman navy by ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Christian forces 16th C. City of mudbrick “skyscrapers” built at - Forbidden by religious law to depict the Shibam, Yemen human figure, much less the face of God. - ARABESQUE- a form of artistic decoration consisting of "surface decorations based on TERMINOLOGIES rhythmic linear patterns of scrolling and A. BUILDING TYPES interlacing foliage, tendrils" Madrassah (Egypt) A building or group of buildings used for teaching 1. Majority of Islamic buildings are Islamic theology and religious law fundamentally related to a principal axis. Medrese (Turkey) – a religious 2. Islamic architecture is fundamentally college and mosque centered upon God (ALLAH) Serai – The Turkish term for palace; 3. Mosque- a Muslim house of worship Another Term for Caravansary. 4. Earliest mosques consist of open courts Caravanserai – The Turkish term surrounded by arcades or by trabeated derived from caravan(a group of timbers colonnades with flat roofs. travelers) and serai (palace). It is a building which provides 5. An early innovation was the minaret, a tower 24. Domes were sheathed in marble in India, from who’s top the Muezzin gave the call to ceramic tiles in Persia, and Iraq, and lead in prayer. Asia Minor and Europe, flat roofs were 6. Mosque axis, with exception to early ones, rendered, paved, sealed with bitumen or terminated on the inner face of the mosque compacted clay. by the Mihrab. 25. Tapering circular shafts with entasis were 7. Mihrab- a niche where the leader of the commonly employed congregation (Imam) makes his prayers 26. Moslem Architecture is also characterized 8. Han or Caravanserai- the palace and the by friezes and cresting. house 27. Decorations of buildings were of the following 9. Courtyards were cloistered and arcaded techniques: and the sides were punctuated with carving in Bas Reliefs gateways, prayer chambers or arched stone inlay porches (Iwan) stone mosaic 10. Single Building Cell, the other important ceramic mosaic element, may be a simple ‘kiosk’ use in glass mosaic isolation 28. Motifs were derived from calligraphy, floral 11. All traditional construction techniques were abstraction and geometric interlacement. employed, including baked and unbaked 29. The most frequently recurrent and bricks characteristic precise architectural features: 12. Facings and castings were used Arcading (both timber and 13. Technique of Striated Masonry ( alternate masonry) bands of bricks and stone) was borrowed pointed arch from Byzantium. true dome 14. Pointed Arch was the most important form columns of opening, principally two-and-four- centered 15. Window openings were frequently small and traditionally closed 16. Doors tended to be complex for decorative reasons. 17. Relieving arch was frequently used, often in conjunction with a lintel, when the lunette (a small, circular or crescent-shaped opening in a vaulted roof) might be glazed. 18. Flat and pitched roof were normally constructed of timber in Europe and other parts or ASIA MINOR. 19. Stone slab roofs were largely confined to India and parts of Syria 20. Barrel Vaulting or Cross Vaulting was extensively used for minor spans 21. Domes were widely used throughout Islamic World 22. Persia, Mughal (Mughal Dynasty- Line of Muslim Emperors in India), Egyptian Domes tended to be pointed in contrast to the hemispherical Turkish version. 23. Pitch roofs in the Mediterranean countries where they were generally covered with Roman tiles