The History of Architecture - The Order of the Sanctuary PDF

# The History of Architecture - The Order of the Sanctuary ## Romanesque - its structural basis was derived from ancient Roman Construction Its builders were not concerned with the classical elements such as the orders. But in those places (usually in Italy) where quasi-classical details were spec...

# The History of Architecture - The Order of the Sanctuary ## Romanesque - its structural basis was derived from ancient Roman Construction Its builders were not concerned with the classical elements such as the orders. But in those places (usually in Italy) where quasi-classical details were specially designed, there is a distinctive character that belongs neither to the original classical period nor its revival in the Renaissance. The Roman in Romanesque lies essentially in its foundation on the strong Roman vault. It is generated by an obsession with security; each building, whether castle, or church, or abbey, is a stronghold, a fortress. ## Contributions of the one time barbarians - workmanship of Frankish, Lombard and Visigoth Ornaments - wide bands of gold studded with enormous gems found its way into devotional furniture of the mediaeval Church; in the cross, chalice, reliquary and tabernacle doors. - the Norsemen of Scandinavia applied their skill in using naturally curved tree-trunks for the prows of their boats to the cruck, the combined timber-post and roof structure ### Cruck - One of a pair of naturally curved timbers, forming one of several arched frames supporting the roof of an old English cottage or farm building. ## Norman Architecture _The Romanesque Architecture introduced from Normandy into England before the Norman Conquest and flourishing until the rise of Gothic architecture c. 1200, characterized by the building of great Benedictine abbeys, the two-tower facade supplementing a central tower over the crossing, and the use of geometric ornamentation._ ## Contributions of the one time barbarians - From the Celts in Ireland came inter-woven decoration on stone crosses and churches, illuminated gospels, and Columbian, Aidan, Alcui, and Boniface missionaries. ## Anglo-Saxon Architecture _The early Romanesque architecture of England before the Norman Conquest in 1066, characterized by the translation of timber prototypes into stone._ ## Norman Conquest _The conquest of England by the Normans under William the Conqueror, in 1066._ ## Contributions of the one time barbarians - The Saracenic influence from the tide of Islam's advance swept as far as Central France. We see the Moorish influence in the Moorish capitals in the cloisters of Segovia, and combined with Norman, in the Cathedral at Cefalu, Sicily ### Islamic Architecture - The architecture of the Muslim peoples from the 7th century on, developing in the wake of Muhammadan conquests of diverse territories from Spain in the west of India in the east and absorbing elements of art and architecture from each region, characterized by the development of the mosque as a distinct building type, domes and tunnel vaults of bricks and stone, round and horseshoe arches, and rich surface decorations incorporating calligraphy and floral motifs in a geometric framework because of the ban on human and animal representations. Also referred to as Muslim architecture, Muhammadan architecture, Saracenic architecture ## Moorish Architecture _The Islamic architecture of North Africa and esp. of the regions of Spain under Moorish domination, characterized by the building of large mosques and elaborate fortress-palaces._ ## Moor _A member of the Muslim people of northwest Africa who invaded Spain in the 8th century and occupied it until 1492._ ## Medieval Europe - Feudal System - the Western Empire – France, Germany, Italy, England and Northern Spain – was assuming a more settled identity - The feudal system unified and controlled society developed by the Normans and expressed in their dominant building types A pyramid diagram depicting the feudal system: | | Food | Protection | Shelter | |------------------|----------------------------------------|-----------------------------------|-----------------------------------| | **KING** | | | | | **LORDS (VASSALS TO KING)** | Loyalty | Military Aid | | | **KNIGHTS (VASSALS TO LORDS)** | Homage | Military Service | Protection | | **PEASANTS (SERFS)** | Food | | Rent, Protection | | | Farm the Land | | | - The king owned all the land in the country and made the laws -he gave an area of land called a fife to rich lords and nobles - The nobles gave some land to professional soldiers - Peasants worked the land for the nobles and knights who in turn offered them protection ## Medieval Europe - Feudal System - the word "feudal” derives from the word fief. - Fief was a piece of property which a person was given on condition that he (and occasionally she) performed certain services to the one who gave it. - A person who received a fief was a vassal of the one who had given him the fief, who was his lord. A pyramid diagram depicting the feudal system: | | Food | Protection | Shelter | |------------------|----------------------------------------|-----------------------------------|-----------------------------------| | **KING** | | | | | **LORDS (VASSALS TO KING)** | Loyalty | Military Aid | | | **KNIGHTS (VASSALS TO LORDS)** | Homage | Military Service | Protection | | **PEASANTS (SERFS)** | Food | | Pay Rent | | | Farm the Land | | | ## Medieval Europe - Feudal System - Privatized power - power was widely distributed. A king was regarded as owning all the land of his kingdom, and to command its entire military and economic resources. - The king owned his land and exercised his authority, through a large number of vassals. A pyramid diagram depicting the feudal system: | | Food | Protection | Shelter | |------------------|----------------------------------------|-----------------------------------|-----------------------------------| | **KING** | | | | | **LORDS (VASSALS TO KING)** | Loyalty | Military Aid | | | **KNIGHTS (VASSALS TO LORDS)** | Homage | Military Service | Protection | | **PEASANTS (SERFS)** | Food | | Pay Rent | | | Farm the Land | | | ## Medieval Europe - Feudal System - The central figure of medieval warfare was the mounted warrior - the knight. The figure is known by various names in different parts of Europe - chevalier in France, cavalier in Italy, caballero in Spain, ritter in Germany and knight in England. - Iron stirrup - innovation which gave mounted warriors an advantage - this allowed them to put their whole weight behind their weapons – lances, battle axes, great swords combined with the height of the horse. ## Medieval Europe - Feudal System - laborer live in a hut of brushwood or of wattle and daub, a construction of thin strips of wood, woven together like a basket, covered by a mixture of dung and horsehair and finished with whitewash or plaster ## Medieval Europe - Feudal System - the lord's hall, the forerunner of the manor house and the castle was also primitive - one great room heated with a central hearth with louvered smokehole above, and furnished with sleeping-benches around the walls. The servants would bed down round the fire with the dogs. ## Medieval Europe - Feudal System - the lord's hall, the forerunner of the manor house and the castle was also primitive - one great room heated with a central hearth with louvered smokehole above, and furnished with sleeping-benches around the walls. The servants would bed down round the fire with the dogs. ## Medieval Europe - Feudal System - change came as daily life became more civilized - Chimneys began to be built - Stairs led out of the hall to upper quarters for the family - kitchen and servants' wings were added - lighting was primitive - no soap - they were not very clean - insufficient water supplies and sanitation – lack of hygiene ## Medieval Europe - Feudal System - Manors were large estates of economic and political units - blocs of farm land. Manors provided a fief-holder with income, status and power. - The defining feature of a manor was that it was "held in the hand" by a lord ## Medieval Europe - Feudal System - This evolution took place because: sources of cheap slaves became less reliable, heavy taxaction impoverished the class of independent peasant farmer, new lands bound peasants to their hereditary farms, etc - they were forced to sell to larger landowners - in this way estates grew larger, and gangs of slaves were succeeded by peasant masses tied to the estates ## Medieval Europe - Feudal System A manor usually consisted of three parts: - demesne land, directly under the control of the lord and his officials, to support him and his household - dependent land – carried obligations to the lord, usually mainly labor service – this land was farmed by serfs - free lands, for which peasants paid money rent ## Medieval Europe - Feudal System - Feudalism had made Europe safer. Trade began again - As trade increased, towns grew. Many cities became wealthy - Towns were usually built on land owned by nobles who control town business - As people grew wealthier, forced nobles gave them basic rights - Over time, medieval towns set up their own governments ## Medieval Europe - Feudal System - Trade encouraged people to make things. - Craftspeople organized guilds, or business groups. - Guilds set standards for quality for products and set prices. ## Medieval Europe - Pilgrimage - Through Christendom, monks and friars, pilgrims and crusaders had religious enthusiasm for visions, miracles, legends, saints and relics, wreathed in superstition and clothed in beaten gold encrusted with gems. ## Medieval Europe - Pilgrimage - With the traffic went the spread of Romanesque architecture, of wide naves and broad transepts. - the wide naves and broad transpets afforded space for the daily ritual and processions to a shrine ## Medieval Europe - Pilgrimage - transept: The major transverse part of a cruciform church, crossing the main axis at a right angle between the nave and choir. - crossing: The intersection of the nave and transept in a cruciform church. ## Medieval Europe - Crusades - Attempts by Kings ad barons and their retainers, urged on by popes and bishops, to recapture the Holy Land from the Turks. - The Crusaders brought back from the East stories of Saracenic decorations and techniques of siege. - Their tombs were given pride of place in many a country church, where their effigies lie proudly with legs crossed to indicate that they once participated in that great adventure to the glory of God. ## Abbey _A monastery under the supervision of an abbot, or a convent under the supervision of an abbess, belonging to the highest rank of such institutions._ ## Romanesque Architectural Terms: - **chancel:** The space about the altar of a church for the clergy and choir, often elevated above the nave and separated from it by a railing or screen. - **chapel:** A separately dedicated part of a church for private prayer, meditation, or small religious services. - **chevet:** The rounded east end of a Gothic cathedral, including the apse and ambulatory. - **ambulatory:** An aisle encircling the end of the choir or chancel of a church. Also called deambulatory. - **chantry:** A chapel endowed for the saying of Masses and prayers for the souls of the founders or of persons named by them. - **labyrinth:** A mazelike pattern inlaid in the pavement of a medieval church. - **choir:** The part of a church occupied by the singers of a choir, usually part of the chancel. - **retrochoir:** A separate division behind the choir or high altar of a large church. - **Lady chapel:** A chapel dedicated to the Virgin Mary, usually located behind the high altar of a cathedral at the extremity of the apse. - **high altar:** The main altar of a church. - **presbytery:** The part of a church reserved for the officiating clergy. - **close:** An enclosed place, esp. the land surrounding or beside a cathedral. - **slype:** A covered passage, esp. one between the transept and chapter house of a cathedral. Also, slip. - **chapter house:** The place where the chapter of a cathedral or monastery meets, usually a building attached to or a hall forming part of the cathedral or monastery. - **chapter:** An assembly of the monks in a monastery, or the members of a religious house or order. - **abbey:** A monastery under the supervision of an abbot, or a convent under the supervision of an abbess, belonging to the highest rank of such institutions. - **paradise:** An atrium or cloister beside a church. - **cloister:** A covered walk having an arcade or colonnade on one side opening onto a courtyard. - **ambulatory:** A covered place for walking, as around a cloister. - **galilee:** A small porch used as a chapel for penitents at the west end of some medieval English churches. Also, galilee porch. - **garth:** A courtyard or quadrangle enclosed by a cloister. Also called cloister garth. - **alure:** A walk or passage, as along a cloister, or behind the parapets of a castle. Also, allure. ## **Fountains Abbey: Yorkshire** - **A View from S. - Restored** - **Block Plan:** - 1. Fountains Hall - 2. The Mill - 3. Gatehouse - 4. Brewhouse - 5. The Abbey - 6. Fishponds - 7. Outer Court - 8. Cemetery - **C Plan** ## **Westwork** _The monumental western front of a Romanesque church, treated as a tower or towers containing a low entrance hall below and a chapel open to the nave above._ ## **Tympanum** _The space between an arch and the horizontal head of a door or window below, often decorated with sculpture_ ## **Trumeau** _A column supporting the tympanum of a doorway at its center_ ## **Romanesque Architecture** - **Stone** is the usual material, while in Italian churches, they adhered to the local custom of using brick with marble facings. - **Massive and sheer stretches** of stonework - ashlar on churches, roughstone or castles covered with masons' marks telling the 'lodge' or workshop where the mason was trained defined a Romanesque building. - **Stonework** was slit by relatively few window-openings, a feature that creates the fortress-like appearance of the style. ## **Romanesque Architecture** - **The classic feature** of the Romanesque church is its semi-circular shape, the shape of the round headed arch and its extension, the barrel vault. - **In Lombard,** the domes were seen on the exteriors in the pilaster strips and blind arcades, often interlaced, called Lombard bands. The bands act as decoration and as a form of buttressing. - **The barrel vault** is the structural basis of Romanesque architecture, but they are heavy, requiring massive walls and buttressing such as the groin vault. ## **Lombard Architecture** _The early Romanesque architecture of northern Italy during the 7th and 8th centuries, characterized by the use of Early Christian and Roman forms and the development of the ribbed vault and vaulting shaft._ ## **Romanesque Architecture - Different Types of Vaults:** - **Barrel Vault:** A vault having a semicircular cross section. Also known as a cradle vault, tunnel vault, or wagon vault. - **Conical Vault:** A vault having a circular cross section that is larger at one end than the other. - **Groin Vault:** A compound vault formed by the perpendicular intersection of two vaults, forming arched diagonal arrises called groins. Also known as a cross vault. - **Underpitch Vault:** A compound vault having a central intersected by vaults of lower pitch. Known as a Welsh vault. - **Web:** A surface framed by the ribs of a ribbed vault. - **Fan Vault:** A vault composed of a number of concave conoidal sections, usually four, springing from the corners of the vaulting compartment, often decorated with ribs that radiate from the springing like the framework of a fan. - **Rib Vault:** A vault supported by or decorated with arched diagonal ribs. Also known as a ribbed vault. - **Quadripartite Vault:** A rib vault divided into four parts by intersecting diagonal ribs. - **Sexpartite Vault:** A rib vault divided into six compartments by two diagonal ribs and three transverse ribs. - **Rib:** Any of several archlike members supporting a vault at the groins, defining its distinct surfaces or dividing these surfaces into panels. - **Arc Doubleau:** A rib spanning the longitudinal axis of a rib vault and dividing it into bays or compartments. Also known as a transverse rib. - **Tierceron:** A rib springing from a point of support on either side of the ogives or transverse ribs of a rib vault. Also known as an intermediate rib. - **Formeret:** A rib against a wall, parallel to the longitudinal axis of a rib vault. Also known as an arc formeret, or wall rib. - **Boss:** An ornamental, knoblike projection, such as a carved keystone, at the intersection of ogives. - **Pendant:** A sculptured ornament suspended from a roof truss, vault, or ceiling. Also known as a drop. - **Key:** The keystone at the crown of an arch or at the intersection of two or more vaulting ribs. - **Star Vault:** A vault having ribs, liernes, or tiercerons arranged in a star-shaped pattern. Also known as a stellar vault. - **Ridge Rib:** A horizontal rib marking the crown of a vaulting compartment. - **Ogive:** A rib cressing a compartment of a rib vault on a diagonal. Also known as a diagonal rib, or groin rib. - **Lierne:** An ornamental vaulting rib other than one springing from a pier or a ridge rib. ## **Romanesque Architecture - Vault** - **Vault:** An arched structure of stone, brick, or reinforced concrete, forming a ceiling or roof over a hall, room, or other wholly or partially enclosed space. - **Key Course:** A course of keystones in the crown of a masonry vault. - **Vaulting Course:** A horizontal course forming the abutments or springers of a masonry vault. - **Transverse Arch:** An arch for stiffening a barrel vault or supporting a groin vault. - **Severy:** A bay between two transverse arches in a vaulted structure. ## **Romanesque Architecture - The Nave or Aisle** - The nave or aisle was divided into square compartments by diaphragm arches (or transverse arch). The roof of each compartment consisted of a groin vault. - **Buttress:** An external support built to stabilize a structure by opposing its outward thrusts, esp. a projecting support built into or against the outside of a masonry wall. ## **Romanesque Architectural Terms:** - **Tabernacle:** A canopied recess for a religious image or icon - **Gallery:** A roofed promenade, esp. one extending inside or outside along the exterior wall of a building. - **Loft:** A gallery or upper level in a church or hall. - **Arcade:** A series of arches supported on piers or columns. - **Arcuate:** Curved or arched like a bow; a term used in describing the arched or vaulted structure of a Romanesque church or Gothic cathedral, as distinguished from the trabeated architecture of an Egyptian hypostyle hall or Greek Doric temple. Also, arcuated. - **Respond:** A pier or pilaster projecting from a wall as a support for an arch or lintel, esp. at the termination of an arcade or colonnade. - **Dosseret:** A thickened abacus or supplementary capital set above a column capital to receive the thrust of an arch. Also called impost block. - **Interlacing Arcade:** An arcade, esp. a blind one, composed of arches resting on alternate supports and overlapping in series where they cross. Also called intersecting arcade. - **Blind Arcade:** A series of arches superimposed on a wall for decoration. Also called arcature. ## **Stave Church:** An indigenous Scandinavian church of the 12th and 13th centuries, having a timber frame, plank walls, a tiered, steeply pitched roof, and few windows. ## **Hermitage:** The dwelling of a hermit; more generally, a secluded place of residence or habitation for a religious person or group. ## **Castle** - A fortified group of buildings usually dominating the surrounding country and held by a prince or noble in feudal times. ## **Castle - Motte and Bailey:** _A Norman castle of the 10th through 12th centuries, consisting of a motte placed within a bailey._ - **Motte:** A steep mound of earth surrounded by a ditch and surmounted by a timber stockade and tower. - **Bailey:** The outer wall of a castle or the courtyard enclosed by it. - **Palisade:** A fence of pales set firmly in the ground for enclosure or defense. - **Pale:** A pointed stick or stake. ## **Castle - Castle Terms & Definitions:** - **Turret:** A small tower forming part of a larger structure, frequently beginning some distance above the ground. Also called tourelle. - **Bartizan:** A small overhanging turret on a wall or tower, often at a comer or near a gateway. - **Bower:** A lady's private chamber in a medieval castle. - **Postern:** A small rear door or gate to a fort or castle. - **Necessarium:** The privy of a medieval castle or monastery. Also called garderobe. - **Brattice:** A temporary wooden fortification in medieval architecture, erected at the top of a wall during a siege. - **Chemin-de-ronde:** A continuous gangway providing a means of communication behind the rampart of a fortified wall. - **Keep:** The innermost and strongest structure or tower of a medieval castle, used as a place of residence, esp. in times of siege. Also called donjon. - **Chapel:** A subordinate or private place of worship or prayer within a larger complex. - **Citadel:** A fortress in a commanding position in or near a city, used in the control of the inhabitants and in defense during attack or siege. - **Ward:** An open space within or between the walls of a castle. - **Barbican:** An outwork on the approach to a castle or town, esp. a watchtower at the gate or drawbridge. Also, barbacan. - **Enceinte:** A fortified wall encircling a castle or town, or the place so enclosed. - **Battiement:** A parapet having a regular alternation of merlons and crenels, originally for defense but later used as a decorative motif. Also called embattlement. - **Great Hall:** A large hall serving as the main or central gathering space of a castle. - **Dungeon:** A dark, often underground prison or cell as in a medievall castle. - **Oublette:** A secret dungeon having an opening only in the ceiling, through which prisoners were dropped. - **Machicolation:** A projecting gallery or parapet at the top of a castle wall, supported by corbeled arches and having openings in the floor through which stones, molten lead, or boiling oil could be cast upon an enemy beneath. - **Merlon:** One of the solid parts between the crenels of a battlement. - **Crenel:** Any of the open spaces alternating with the merlons of a battlement. - **Crenelated:** Having battlements. - **Embrasure:** An opening, such as a loophole or crenel, through which missiles may be discharged. - **Loophole:** A small or narrow opening in a wall of a fortification for the discharge of missiles. - **Eyelet:** A sasall aperture in the wall of a medieval castle used as a window or loophole. Also, oillet, or oyelet. - **Drawbridge:** A bridge that can be raised let down, or drawn aside to prevent access or to pernit passage beneath it. - **Portcullis:** A strong grating of iron or timber hung over the gateway of a fortified place in such a way that it could be lowered quickly to prevent passage. - **Moat:** A broad, deep ditch, usually filled with water, surrounding the rampart of a fortified town, fortress, or castle as protection against assault. ## **Castle** - The earliest examples of castle forms are rectangular, holding a common hall and private chamber side by side on the first floor over the ground-floor storage area. ## **Castle** - Later examples had circular or octagonal keeps wit more complex plans. - Ultimately a castle indicated the beginning of a town, often, like a castle, a walled one. - The castle, like the abbey, was the centre of an emerging society which we will see in some of its more glorious moments in the Gothic. ## **Leaning Tower of Pisa - round tower** ## **Tower Houses** - Feuding families in Italian city-states built their houses in the form of towers, solid at the base with single apartments on the upper floors, and sometimes a warning bell added on top. ## **Romanesque Architecture** _A style of architecture emerging in Italy and western Europe in the 9th century and lasting until the advent of Gothic architecture in the 12th century, comprising a variety of related regional styles and characterized by heavy, aarticulated masonry construction with narrow openings, the use of the round arch and barrel vault, the developemnt of the vaulting rib and shaft, and the introduction of central and western towers for churches_ ## **Materials and Decorative Techniques & Elements** - **French:** - Capital - Tympanum - Capital - Twin Capitals - Apsidal end - Carving - Twin Caps Cloister - Cloister Columns - Capital - Dormer & Gills - Sculpo Frieze - Sculpo Spandrel - **Italian:** - A Treatment of a Classic - Details Doorway - Cornice & Cathedral Bari - Doorway - Cornice Cathedral Trami - Bases - Sculpo Frieze - Aapse - Gapse - Cloisters - Porch - Doorway - Bishop's Throne - Cap - Caps Cathedral - Cap from Cloisters