Introduction-to-living-animals.pptx

Week 1: Introduction to Living Animals At the end of the semester, we will be able to: 1. Define zoology 2. Describe the branches of zoology according to particular subject matter and groups of animals being studied 3. Trace the history of zoology 4. Discuss the characteristics of l...

Week 1: Introduction to Living Animals At the end of the semester, we will be able to: 1. Define zoology 2. Describe the branches of zoology according to particular subject matter and groups of animals being studied 3. Trace the history of zoology 4. Discuss the characteristics of life Give as many characteristics as you can to define something as an animal To be an “animal” it must: move multicellular eat (use energy) breath grow reproduce respond to a stimulus store energy as glycogen  motile: –limbs –fins –wings –false foot (pseudopods) Zoology scientific study of animals branch of biology that focuses on understanding the structure, function, behavior, and evolution of animals. Studying animals allows zoologists to uncover the evolutionary, physiological, and behavioral secrets that sustain life on Earth.  All life on earth can be categorized on 5 Kingdoms – Bacteria – Protista – Fungi – Plants – Animals (largest population) Branches of Zoology: Entomology Herpetology Ichthyology Mammalogy Ornithology Primatology Parasitology the Latin logia is the origin of the suffix ology, meaning the study of ENTOMOLOGY The study of insects  There are over a million living species of insects on the Earth to study.  Found in every continent  Insects are crucial to the survival of humans, and the planet in general. HERPETOLOGY The study of reptiles and amphibians originates from the Greek herpeton (reptiles) and logie (study)  both are important members of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems ICHTHYOLOGY The study of fish to cover all aspects of fish biology, including taxonomy, systematics, evolution, biogeography, ecology, ethology, genetics, morphology, and physiology MAMMALOGY (mastology/theriology/therology) The study of mammals "Mammal" comes from the Latin word mamma, which means breast, ORNITHOLOGY The study of birds Several aspects of ornithology differ from related disciplines, due partly to the high visibility and the aesthetic appeal of birds. covering aspects like migration, mating behaviors, and conservation PRIMATOLOGY The study of primates  the study of the behavior, biology, evolution, and taxonomy of nonhuman primates  strepsirrhines, which include lemurs, galagos, and lorisids; and the haplorhines, which include tarsiers; and the simians, which include monkeys and apes. PARASITOLOGY The the study of the interaction between parasites and their hosts  the study of parasites and their impact on human health, with a focus on understanding the development and spread of parasitic diseases.  Parasites includes tapeworms and fleas Questions from the students’ Why is apes under primatology na mammals mn sad sila Yes, in general they are also mammals but to classify them further they are under primates. History of Zoology 1. Ancient Origins Early Observations – Early humans observed animals for food, clothing, and safety. Greek Contributions – Aristotle: The father of zoology categorized animals based on their characteristics and habitats. Historia Animalium-laid the groundwork for future studies. 2. Middle Ages and Renaissance Medieval Scholars: – Al-Jahiz, wrote about animal behavior and classification – Kitab al-Hayawan Renaissance Advances: – Highlight the renewed interest in nature – Naturalists began documenting their observations 17th to 18th Centuries: The Age of Exploration Explorations: – Charles Darwin and Joseph Banks discovery of new species documentation of animal diversity Taxonomy: – Carl Linnaeus binomial nomenclature system for naming species 19th Century: Evolutionary Theory Darwin and Natural Selection: – On the Origin of Species (1859)  Comparative Anatomy and Embryology – Comparative anatomy involves studying the similarities and differences in the structures of different organisms, which can reveal common ancestry and evolutionary connections. – Embryology is the study of the development of embryos Early stages of development in different species often show remarkable similarities 20th Century: Modern Zoology Development of Specializations: – Ethology the scientific study of animal behavior – Ecology branch of biology that studies the interactions among organisms and their environment. – conservation biology multidisciplinary field of science focused on the protection and preservation of biodiversity.  Molecular and Genetic Advances: – Animal Classification: Molecular Phylogenetics Genomic Sequencing – Evolution Understanding Evolutionary Mechanisms Evolutionary Developmental Biology (Evo-Devo) – Animal Behavior Genetic Basis of Behavior Behavioral Ecology  Conservation Efforts: – Biodiversity's Critical Role – Global Conservation Efforts – Emphasis on Sustainability – Protection of the Natural World Current Trends and Future Directions Technological Advances: – DNA sequencing – bioinformatics. Interdisciplinary Approaches: Conservation Challenges: – current challenges in conservation habitat loss climate change Key Figures in Zoology Important Contributors: – Aristotle: For his early classifications and observations. – Linnaeus: For his classification system. – Darwin: For his theory of evolution. – Jane Goodall: For her work in primatology and animal behavior.  Summary – : the history of zoology is a testament to our enduring curiosity about the animal kingdom. – Enhance our understanding of biodiversity and evolution – Remains relevant in addressing contemporary environmental and conservation challenges Characteristics of Life Cellular Organization: All living things are composed of one or more cells, which are the basic units of life. Cells take in molecular substances from the environment and organize them in complex ways. Metabolism: Living organisms undergo metabolic processes, which involve chemical reactions to maintain life, such as energy production and waste elimination. Plants (photosynthesis) Animals (cellular respiration) Homeostasis: The ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes. All living things have mechanisms that regulate their bodies so things stay balanced Growth and Development: Living organisms grow and develop according to specific genetic instructions. Growth- increase in size and number of cells Development- the process by which an organism becomes mature Reproduction: The ability to produce new organisms, either sexually or asexually. Sexually Asexually Production of new organisms is essential for the continuation of species Response to Stimuli: All living organisms can respond to environmental changes, such as light, temperature, and sound. Stimulus can be within or outside the organism External Stimuli Internal Stimuli Responses can be the result of Instinct (automatic reactions we are born with) Conditioned response (learned behavior) Adaptation through Evolution: Over generations, living organisms undergo changes that enhance their survival and reproduction in their environments. An inherited feature Happens because of mutations 1. How do animals adapt to their environments? 2. What is animal behavior, and why is it important for survival? 3. How do predators and prey interact in an ecosystem? 4. How does natural selection contribute to evolution? 5. Why is it important to protect endangered species? Resource Materials: Campbell, N.A., Reece, J.B., Taylor, M.R., Simon, E..J. & Rickey, J.L. 2009. Biology: Concepts and Connections. 6TH Edition. Singapore: Pearson Education, Inc. Hickman, C.P. Roberts, L.S. & Larson, A.2003. Animal Diversity. 3rd Edition. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.