Zoology Prelim Reviewer PDF

**ZOOLOGY: Prelim** Compiled By: Aviona V. Vargas Came from Greek Words: ***ZOION***: animal ***LOGOS***/LOGIA: study **DEFINITIONS:** one of the Broadest Branch of Science because of the Many different types of animals. Study of Animals. Branch of Biology that studies the members of...

**ZOOLOGY: Prelim** Compiled By: Aviona V. Vargas Came from Greek Words: ***ZOION***: animal ***LOGOS***/LOGIA: study **DEFINITIONS:** one of the Broadest Branch of Science because of the Many different types of animals. Study of Animals. Branch of Biology that studies the members of the Animal Kingdom and Animal life in General. Also studies Animal Anatomy and physiology. Animal Biochemistry / Biomolecules. Animal **ECOLOGY**: Relationship of Organisms to it's environment. **BRANCHES OF SCIENCE** **BRANCHES OF** **BIOLOGY** 1\. ZOOLOGY 2\. BOTANY 3\. MICROBIOLOGY / MICROORGANISMS OTHERS: 1\. MORPHOLOGY study of structure, more on SIZE. Can be included in Zoology and Botany. 2\. ANATOMY 3\. ECOLOGY 4\. TAXONOMY study of Classification *Ex.* Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species *Ex:* Homosapiens / Hominidae *(Same Fam as Gorillas and monkeys)* "[Homo]": Genus "[sapiens]": Species **WHY IS ZOOLOGY RELEVANT IN PSYCHOLOGY?** Zoology studies animal behavior which are related to humans. animals are test subjects. *Ex. Classical Conditioning by Ivan Pavlov.* **CRITERIA TO QUALIFY AN ANIMA**L 1\. **EUKARYOTIC** *(True nucleus)* membrane bound nucleus and Organelles 2\. **HETEROTROPHIC** Mode of survival. food depends on the environment. 3\. **Capable of AEROBIC RESPIRATION** can breath oxygen. 4\. **MOTILE** Capable of Movement. 5\. **SEXUAL REPRODUCTION** 6\. **Grow from BLASTULA** zygote turns to blastula. **BRANCHES OF ZOOLOGY** 1\. **ANTHROZOOLOGY** deals with human interaction with animals, how they interact and vice versa. 2\. **ARACHNOLOGY** Study of Arachnids / Spiders and scorpions **SUB BRANCH:** a\. **ARANEOLOGY**: Study of Spiders. b. **ACAROLOGY**: study of Ticks and mites. c\. **SCORPIOLOGY**: Study of Scorpions. 3\. **ARCHAEOZOOLOGY** verify the existence with the remains of an Organism or animal. Similar to Archeology. 4\. **BIONICS** Mechanical system of function. Mechanical of living organisms and its parts. Mimic the structure, movement and morphology of an animal then turn into a Robotics similar to the animal. 5\. **CETOLOGY** Study of Marine Mammals. **SUB BRANCH**: a. **CETACEANS**: study of Whales, dolphins, and porpoises. b\. **PENNIPEAS**: study of seals and scallions.  c\. **SIRENIANS**: study of Manatee (*paddle like tail)* and dugong (*Fluped shape tail like sharks).* d\. **MARINE FISSEPEDS**: study of polar bears and sea otters. 6\. **EMBRYOLOGY** study of stages/development of animals. *Ex. Fertilization, Fetal stage, Prenatal Development.* 7\. **ENTOMOLOGY** Study of Insects and their morphological, structure, characteristic and evolution. There are **1M** described insects in the world. **10M** insects in the entire world. **SUB BRANCH:** a. **COLEOPTEROLOGY:** study of Order of Coleoptera. Over **400,000** species of Beetles. - **Beetles** lay dozens to hundreds of eggs. - They can't hear so the listen through vibrations. - Some beetles are not considered as pests. *Ex. Ladybug (not considered as a true bug)* - **Fireflies**: they produce light through a special organ in their abdomen where the *[chemical Luciferin]* have chemical reactions with the *[Enzyme Luciferases]*. When mixed with O2 and ATP it produces light. - The Brightness varies with the amount of O2 given to the organ. - These Species have 6 legs. b. **DIPTEROLOGY** Study of Order of Diptera. **Flies** *Ex. Mosquito, house fly, Bot fly.* - Flies can't eat with their mouth but through spitting a specialized enzyme that softens the food. - Cant taste food with their mouth but through their feet. - Used for Investigation purposes. *Ex. The population of flies in a crime scene can tell how long a body has been dead.* - **120,000** species of flies. - They spread diseases. c\. **HEMIPTEROLOGY:** Order of Hemiptera. **TRUE BUGS** have; 1. Hypodermic Needle like mouth part. *(used to get subsurface fluid of animals and plants.)* 2. Have 4 Wings: - 2 Forewing / Front Wing: protective layer. - 2 Hind wing: Thinnest wing. 3. **80,000** Species of true bugs. 4. Have 6 Feet. 5. Don't Undergo Metamorphosis. d\. **ISOPTEROLOGY** Study of the Order of Isoptera. Study of **Termites**. - They eat wood because of the *[Cellulose]* *(Plant Fiber)* that hardens the wood. It serves as their main source of nutrients. - They make their Mound or house with their Waste and Saliva. - Adult termites fly or have wings. e\. **LEPIDOPTEROLOGY** Study of the Order of Lepidoptera *(Scaly wings).* Study of Butterflies and Moths. - **Butterflies** are Colorful because there are considered as **Diurnal;** Active during the Daytime. - Butterflies are Capable of Mimicry. - The Largest Butterfly is ***Queen Alexandra's Bird Wing.*** - Larval stage is the Caterpillar with a Silky body. - **17,500** Species of Butterflies. - **Moths** have an earthy color because they are considered as **Nocturnal;** are more active during the night. - Larval stage is a Caterpillar with a fuzzy body. - The largest moth is **Privet Hawkmoth.** f\. **MYRMECOLOGY:** - One of the Longest living organisms that can survive until **30 years.** - One of the insects that are the fastest to move. - **Red ants** are aggressive. - **Black Ants** also bite but only when provoked. - Their Acidic venom is known as *[Formic Acid]*. - **12,000** Species of Ants. - Some ants can't see or hear but communicate with their Antenna through vibrations. g. **ORTHOPTEROLOGY:** - **Terrestrial herbivores** with Modified Hindlegs for jumping purposes. - Also have 2 sets of wings. - **Grasshoppers** have their ears located near their abdomen; used for listening to vibrations of the same specie for mating purposes. - They produce **5** Sounds through rubbing their Hindi legs with their wings. - Capable of Camouflage. - **Cockroaches** can live without their heads because of their Open Circulatory system. h\. **TRICHOPTEROLOGY:** Two Greek Words: **TRICHOS:** Hair **PREROS:** Wing Order of Trichoptera. **Hairy Winged Insect.** only thrive in moist environments *ex. Lakes and rivers.* Aquatic Insects. i\. **MELITTOLOGY:** Study of **bees.** - **APIOLOGY:** studies how bees interact with their Environment. - **APICULTURE**: Study of Beekeeping, or keeping bees on a large scale. - **APICULTURIST:** Beekeeper. - **APIARIST:** a person who farms bees to maintain Hives and produce Honey for Commercial & Agricultural purposes.  Bees have two stomachs, one for Eating and another for storing nectar; which they transform into honey. They have a Lifespan of less than **40** days. A bee visits over **1,000** Flowers and produce less than a teaspoon of honey. **HOW BEES PRODUCE HONEY:** - **Nectar:** Sugary fluid produced in the stamen of a flower. - The first bee retrieve the nectar from the flower which mixes with it's digestive enzymes. It passes it to the Second bee which also mixes with it's digestive enzyme, then to the Third bee until it is converted into a [*Simple Sugar*] to be put into the Hive. - The digestive enzyme causes it to be fluid so the third bee fans it with it's wings so that the Water evaporates to produce the sticky honey. - **Honey** is natural therefore no bacteria will grown due to its *[Anti-Bacterial Activity.]* - **Pollen** is also a good source of protein for bees. - **Queen Bee:** the largest in the Colony of Bees. - Functions to produce **Scent** to have unity in the colony. - Lay lots of eggs and have fully developed ovaries. - Can be replaced by another bee in the colony. - Gentle in nature. j\. **VESPOLOGY:** Study of **Wasps**. - They have a Slender and very smooth body. - Hate Scents like Bay leaves, vinegar, coffee grounds. Sour and Sweet. - Not only black in color. - Insect controlling predator. - They eat nectar but don't produce Honey. - Sometimes eat Human food. - Aggressive in Nature. - Also a Good Pollinator. **SIDE NOTES:** **SEA SLUGS**: Are Autotrophic whereas their source of food is also the sun. **SERSILE**: only sticks to one place *Ex. **Sponge***: a hermaphrodite and is sexual. Has an osculum and ostia, osculum is where sperm exits. **CAMOUFLAGE**: Adapting to the color of the environment. *Ex. Snake* **MIMICRY**: Copying the characteristic of organism. largest mammal is the **BLUE WHALE**. **SHARK** is not a mammal. 8\. **ETOLOGY** Root Word **ETHICS:** values, behavior. The Study of animal behavior in Natural Conditions / Environment. Important for the protection of the animal and our own protection as humans. **2 CATEGORIES OF BEHAVIOR:** 1\. **INNATE:** uncontrolled, automatic, doesn't need to be learned. *Ex. How carnivores eating meat.* 2\. **LEARNED BEHAVIOR:** Have to be taught by parents to develop said behavior. *Ex. Taught to Hunt food in order to eat.* **4 TYPES OF BEHAVIOR:** 1\. **INSTINCT:** Innate, you don't need to learn the specific skills, natural. 2\. **IMPRINTING:** Learned behavior, each stage has a unique behavior to be developed. 3\. **CONDITIONING:** Learned, we are assisted / guided by our parents. 4\. **IMITATION:** highest form, copying the behavior of other animals. 9\. **HELMINTOLOGY** study of Worms and Parasites / **Parasitic Worms.** often seen inside the body of organisms particularly the intestines. *Ex. Tape worms, hook worms* **3 MAIN CLASSES OF PARASITES THAT CAUSES ILLNESS** 1\. **PROTOZOA** causes diseases to humans. *Ex. Amoeba causes the illness Amoebiasis from eating raw / undercooked food.* - *Not contagious but can be transferred through oral and anal sex.* - *Curable.* 2\. **HELMINTHS** worms seen after Purga that can exit through the mouth, anus and ears. a rare case is when the worm enters the brain. seen in the gastrointestinal tract. *Ex. Tapeworms, Flatworms, Hookworms.* From raw / undercooked food contaminated with worm eggs. Drinking contaminated pool water. 3\. **ECTOPARASITES** Common to all. Parasites that live outside the host. *Ex. Lice, ticks, fleas, mites.* 10\. **HERPETOLOGY** general study of **Amphibians and Reptiles** **SUB BRANCH:** a\. **BATRACHOLOGY**: study of **Amphibians**. *Ex. Frogs, Salamander* Not as scaly but skin is rough and moist. Lay eggs that are see through. b\. **OPHIOLOGY / OPHIDIOLOGY:** study of **Reptiles**. *Ex. Snakes, Crocodiles* Largest Reptile: **Salt water Crocodiles.** *Ex. **LOLONG**: The largest in Asia, and was taxidermied together with the first elephants in the Philippines.* Deadliest Reptile: **Snake.** scaly and dry skin. Lay eggs with shells. 11\. **CYTOLOGY** A Branch of Biology that studies the **Cell**. Father of Cytology and the 1^st^ person to observe a Cell through a microscope is **Robert Hooke.** 12\. **HISTOLOGY** Study of **Tissues.** *Ex. Muscle, Connective, Epithelial, Nervous.* 13\. **ICHTHYOLOGY**  Study of **Fish**. Has one of the most species in the world. Largest Organism: **Whale Shark,** a type of fish. 14\. **MELACOLOGY** Study of **Mollusks.** *Ex. Squid, octopus, snails, slug, clams, scallops, oysters, mussels.* under Phylum Molluska. **SUB BRANCH:** a\. **CONCHOLOGY:** study of the Mollusk's shell. *Ex. The shell of oysters.* 15\. **NEMATOLOGY**  Study of **Roundworms.** Phylum Nematoda. Pansit 16\. **ORNITHOLOGY** Study of **Birds.** Evolution of birds. They Evolved from: **Reptiles**. Largest Bird: **Ostrich**. **TWO TYPES:** 1\. **FLYING** 2\. **FLIGHTLESS** Some birds are considered as; 1\. **ENDEMIC:** Native, of our own *Ex. Philippine Eagle ( also endangered)* 2\. **EXTINCT:** Non Existent. 3\. **ENDANGERED:** at the risk of extinction. 17\. **PALEOZOOLOGY** Using **Fossils** to trace existence of Animals. 18\. **PATHOLOGY** Study of **Body Fluids** to identify diseases. 19\. **PRIMATOLOGY**  Study of **Primates**. *Ex. Apes, Gorillas* 20\. **PROTOZOOLOGY** Study of **Protozoa**. *Ex. Dinoflagellates, Amoeba.* 21\. **TAXONOMY** Study of Classification, Identification, Classification, Naming. 22\. **ZOOGEOGRAPHY** Study of the **Distribution of Organisms.** More general. 23\. **ZOOGRAPHY** Description of Habitat and it's location. more specific. 24\. **ZOOMETRY** study of measurement, size and length of an organism. 25\. **ZOOTOMY** study of the **structure of organisms**. Counterpart of anatomy. 26\. **PHYSIOLOGY** Study of the Functions of the Organs.