Introduction to Human Anatomy 2023 PDF

by Dr. Ozoemena Chiadi A.L.I.O.N AT A GLANCE: Content of this discussion Introduction Body Cavities Terminologies Anatomy vs Physiology Body Planes Functional state Body Movements Anatomical Regions Surface Ana...

by Dr. Ozoemena Chiadi A.L.I.O.N AT A GLANCE: Content of this discussion Introduction Body Cavities Terminologies Anatomy vs Physiology Body Planes Functional state Body Movements Anatomical Regions Surface Anatomy 11/10/2023 Dr. Chiadi A.L.I.O.N Ozoemena 2  Intro: Anatomy is the identification and description of the structural make up of living things. It is a branch of biology and basic medicine. It has 6 main branches; Gross Anatomy – can be systemic or region-wise study, and it encompasses cadaveric anatomy and osteology (bone study) Histology – also known as Microscopic Anatomy Cytology and Cytogenetics – also known as Cell biology Embryology – also known as Developmental Anatomy Surface Anatomy 11/10/2023 Radiological Anatomy Dr. Chiadi A.L.I.O.N Ozoemena 3  Intro: Gross anatomy is subdivided into surface anatomy (the external body), regional anatomy (specific regions of the body), and systemic anatomy (specific organ systems). Microscopic anatomy is subdivided into cytology (the study of cells) and histology (the study of tissues). Anatomy is closely related to physiology (study of function), biochemistry (chemical processes of living things), comparative anatomy (similarities and differences between species), and embryology (development of embryos). Knowledge 11/10/2023 of anatomy is neededDr. Chiadi to understand A.L.I.O.N Ozoemena human biology and medicine. 4  Intro: Surface Anatomy: The study of anatomical landmarks that can be identified by observing the surface of the body. Sometimes called superficial anatomy. Microscopic anatomy: The study of minute anatomical structures on a microscopic scale, including cells (cytology) and tissues (histology). Gross (or macroscopic) anatomy: The study of anatomical features visible to the naked eye, such as internal organs and external features. Embryology: The science of the development of an embryo from the fertilization of the ovum to the fetal stage. 11/10/2023 Dr. Chiadi A.L.I.O.N Ozoemena 5  Intro: Dissection: The process of disassembling an organism to determine its internal structure and understand the functions and relationships of its components. Anatomy describes the structure and location of the different components of an organism to provide a framework for understanding. Human anatomy studies the way that every part of a human, from molecules to bones, interacts to form a functional whole. Regional anatomy is widely used in modern teaching because it is easier to apply to a clinical setting than systemic anatomy. 11/10/2023 Dr. Chiadi A.L.I.O.N Ozoemena 6  Terminologies Learning anatomy is similar to building a house; if the foundation is strong then it will last for a lifetime. This subject is definitely difficult and filled to the brim with details, but the basics keep cropping up time and time again. You will constantly use them as reference when learning new anatomical concepts, thus mastering the fundamentals is essential. 11/10/2023 Dr. Chiadi A.L.I.O.N Ozoemena 7  Terminologies The most basic anatomy concept, and equally the most important, is orientation. All structures and the relationships between them are referenced to the standard anatomical position. In this orientation, the person is considered to be standing upright, with the arms hanging by the side, palms facing forward, and thumbs pointing away from the body. The feet are slightly parallel, and toes oriented to 11/10/2023 the front. Dr. Chiadi A.L.I.O.N Ozoemena 8  Terminologies To compare the location of body parts relative to each other, anatomy uses some universal terms: anterior, median, caudal, cephalic. posterior, superior, superficial, ventral, inferior, deep, dorsal, external, central, distal, internal, peripheral, proximal, frontal, ipsilateral, medial, occipital, contralateral, lateral, 11/10/2023 rostral, Dr.cranial, and Chiadi A.L.I.O.N Ozoemena 9  Terminologies When anatomists refer to the right and left of the body, it is in reference to the right and left of the subject, not the right and left of the observer. When observing a body in the anatomical position, the left of the body is on the observer’s right, and vice versa. 11/10/2023 Dr. Chiadi A.L.I.O.N Ozoemena 10  Terminologies Anterior and posterior, which describe structures at the front (anterior) and back (posterior) of the body. For example, the toes are anterior to the heel, and the popliteus is posterior to the patella. 11/10/2023 Dr. Chiadi A.L.I.O.N Ozoemena 11  Terminologies Superior and inferior, which describe a position above (superior) or below (inferior) another part of the body. For example, the orbits are superior to the oris, and the pelvis is inferior to the abdomen. 11/10/2023 Dr. Chiadi A.L.I.O.N Ozoemena 12  Terminologies Proximal and distal, which describe a position that is closer to (proximal) or farther from (distal) the trunk of the body. For example, the shoulder is proximal to the arm, and the foot is distal to the knee 11/10/2023 Dr. Chiadi A.L.I.O.N Ozoemena 13  Terminologies Medial and lateral, which describe a position that is closer to (medial) or farther from (lateral) the midline of the body. For example, the shoulders are lateral to the heart, and the umbilicus is medial to the hips. The medial side of the left knee is the side toward the opposite knee. 11/10/2023 Dr. Chiadi A.L.I.O.N Ozoemena 14  Terminologies Radial and ulnar, which describe only structures at or distal to the elbow and may be used interchangeably with medial and lateral in that particular area because they are less confusing. Examples: The thumb is on the radial side of the hand (the same as saying the lateral side); the ulnar side of the wrist11/10/2023 is the side toward the little finger Dr. (medial side). Chiadi A.L.I.O.N Ozoemena 15  Terminologies Ventral and dorsal, which describe structures derived from the front (ventral) and back (dorsal) of the embryo, before limb rotation. Rostral and caudal, which describe structures close to (rostral) or farther from (caudal) the nose. For example, the eyes are rostral to the back of the skull, and the tailbone is caudal to the 11/10/2023 chest. Dr. Chiadi A.L.I.O.N Ozoemena 16  Terminologies Superficial and deep, which describe structures that are closer to (superficial) or farther from (deep) the surface of the body. For example, the skin is superficial to the bones, and the brain is deep to the skull. Sometimes profound is used synonymously with deep 11/10/2023 Dr. Chiadi A.L.I.O.N Ozoemena 17  Terminologies Cranial and caudal, which describe structures close to the top of the skull (cranial), and towards the bottom of the body (caudal). Occasionally, sinister for left, and dexter for right are used. Paired, referring to a structure that is present on both sides of the body. For example, the hands are paired structures. 11/10/2023 Dr. Chiadi A.L.I.O.N Ozoemena 18  Terminologies Using the standard anatomical position reduces confusion. It means that regardless of the position of a body, the position of structures within it can be described without ambiguity. 11/10/2023 Dr. Chiadi A.L.I.O.N Ozoemena 19  Body Planes Apart from the directional terms and relationships, you also need to know from which direction you’re looking. This is provided by the three body planes and axes: coronal (frontal), sagittal, and transverse 11/10/2023 (axial). Dr. Chiadi A.L.I.O.N Ozoemena 20  Body Movements In terms of movements, the human body is capable of many of them. 11/10/2023 Dr. Chiadi A.L.I.O.N Ozoemena 21  Body Movements Depending on flexion, lateral (external) opposition, extension, rotation, reposition, the type of abduction, medial (internal) inversion, and joint in question rotation, (the synovial adduction, eversion. pronation, joint being the protrusion, supination, most flexible), retrusion, circumduction, there is: elevation, deviation, 11/10/2023 depression, Dr. Chiadi A.L.I.O.N Ozoemena 22 Body Movements 11/10/2023 Dr. Chiadi A.L.I.O.N Ozoemena 23 Body Movements 11/10/2023 Dr. Chiadi A.L.I.O.N Ozoemena 24 Body Movements 11/10/2023 Dr. Chiadi A.L.I.O.N Ozoemena 25 Body Movements 11/10/2023 Dr. Chiadi A.L.I.O.N Ozoemena 26  Body Movement Flexion and extension, which refer to a movement that decreases (flexion) or increases (extension) the angle between body parts. For example, when standing up, the knees are extended. Abduction and adduction refers to a motion that pulls a structure away from (abduction) or towards (adduction) the midline of the body or limb. For example, a star jump requires the legs to be abducted. 11/10/2023 Dr. Chiadi A.L.I.O.N Ozoemena 27  Body Movement Internal rotation (or medial rotation) and external rotation (or lateral rotation) refers to rotation towards (internal) or away from (external) the center of the body. For example, the Lotus position posture in yoga requires the legs to be externally rotated. Elevation and depression refer to movement in a superior (elevation) or inferior (depression) direction. Primarily refers to movements involving the scapula and mandible. 11/10/2023 Dr. Chiadi A.L.I.O.N Ozoemena 28  Body Movement (seen in hands and feet) Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion refers to flexion (dorsiflexion) or extension of the foot at the ankle. For example, plantarflexion occurs when pressing the brake pedal of a car. Palmarflexion and dorsiflexion refer to movement of the flexion (palmarflexion) or extension (dorsiflexion) of the hand at the wrist. For example, prayer is often conducted with the hands dorsiflexed. Eversion and inversion refer to movements that tilt the sole of the foot away from (eversion) or towards (inversion) the midline of the body. 11/10/2023 Dr. Chiadi A.L.I.O.N Ozoemena 29  Body Movement (seen in hands and feet) Pronation and supination refer to rotation of the forearm or foot so that in the anatomical position the palm or sole is facing anteriorly (supination) or posteriorly (pronation). For example, if a person is holding a bowl of soup in one hand, the hand is "supinated" and the thumb will point away from the body midline and the palm will be superior; if the hands are typing on a computer keyboard, they will be "pronated" with the thumbs toward the body midline and the palms inferior. 11/10/2023 Dr. Chiadi A.L.I.O.N Ozoemena 30  Anatomical Regions The entire human body is divided into regions, an approach called regional anatomy. Each main area; head, neck, thorax, abdomen, upper, and lower extremities are divided into several smaller regions that aid compartmentalization. 11/10/2023 Dr. Chiadi A.L.I.O.N Ozoemena 31  Surface Anatomy Male body surface anatomy (anterior 11/10/2023 and posterior views) Dr. Chiadi A.L.I.O.N Ozoemena 32  Surface Anatomy Female body surface anatomy (anterior 11/10/2023 and posterior views) Dr. Chiadi A.L.I.O.N Ozoemena 33  Surface Anatomy In the front, the trunk is referred to as the "thorax" and "abdomen". The back as a general area is the dorsum or dorsal area, and the lower back is the lumbus or lumbar 11/10/2023 region. Dr. Chiadi A.L.I.O.N Ozoemena 34  Body Cavities Underneath the surface of the body, there is another ‘anatomical region’. This consists of the cavities of the human body which house many vital organs, neurovasculature, and anatomical structures. There are five major body cavities: cranial, thoracic, abdominal, pelvic, and vertebral cavities. Many of them are subdivided into smaller ones. In particular the thoracic cavity, it consists of the pleural, pericardial, and mediastinal cavities. 11/10/2023 Dr. Chiadi A.L.I.O.N Ozoemena 35 Body Cavities 11/10/2023 Dr. Chiadi A.L.I.O.N Ozoemena 36  Anatomy vs Physiology There exists relationship between structure and function. Smallest functional unit – cell, is demonstrated in anatomy as a means for compartmentalization. Cells yield Tissues Tissues yield Organs Organs yield Systems Systems yield a functional Human Body. 11/10/2023 Dr. Chiadi A.L.I.O.N Ozoemena 37  Functional state Anastomoses refers to the connection between two structures previously branched out, such as blood vessels or leaf veins. Patent, meaning a structure such as an artery or vein that abnormally remains open, such as a patent ductus arteriosus. A plexus refers to a net-like arrangement of a nerve. 11/10/2023 Dr. Chiadi A.L.I.O.N Ozoemena 38  Classification of Joints A joint is defined as a connection between two bones in the skeleton of the human body. It can be classified based on the type of tissues that make it up into; Fibrous (Sutures, Gomphoses, Syndesmoses) Cartilagenous (Synchondrosis, Symphyses) Synovial (Hinge, Saddle, Condyloid, Pivot, Plane, Ball and Socket) It can also be classified based on the degree of movement permitted Synarthrosis (Immovable) Amphiarthrosis (Slightly movable) Diarthrosis (Freely movable) 11/10/2023 Dr. Chiadi A.L.I.O.N Ozoemena 39  THE END Any intelligent questions? 11/10/2023 Dr. Chiadi A.L.I.O.N Ozoemena 40