Introduction to Anatomy F2024 PDF

Introduction to Anatomy Ashwini Bhat Office- GC 40 C Wing [email protected] Office hours: Mon- Fri 10 am- 12 pm Learning objectives ANT.1: Understand anatomical vocabulary in terms of position, movements, relations, planes of reference, systems of the human body, and their functional and clinical s...

Introduction to Anatomy Ashwini Bhat Office- GC 40 C Wing [email protected] Office hours: Mon- Fri 10 am- 12 pm Learning objectives ANT.1: Understand anatomical vocabulary in terms of position, movements, relations, planes of reference, systems of the human body, and their functional and clinical significance. Given a clinical scenario, description or image, the student should be able to: ANT.1.1: Describe the anatomical position of the human body. ANT.1.2. Distinguish anatomical terminology in relation to planes, positions, movements, relations, comparison, and laterality of human body. ANT.1.3. Differentiate the layers of the body wall - skin and fasciae. [email protected]  Learning objectives ANT.1.4. Classify the types of vessels in the body. ANT.1.5. Describe the functional components of the lymphatic system with emphasis on the drainage of the right lymphatic and thoracic ducts. ANT.1.6. Describe the components of the axial and appendicular skeleton. ANT.1.7. Classify bones based on their shape. ANT.1.8. Distinguish fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints based on their structures and functions. ANT.1.9. Classify the synovial joints based on their structures and movements. [email protected]  Textbook readings: Agur, A. M. R., Dalley, A. F., & Moore, K. L. (2024). Moore’s Essential Clinical Anatomy (7th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer. http://auamed.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://premiumbasicsc iences.lwwhealthlibrary.com/book.aspx?bookid=3243 [email protected]  Introduction Oldest scientific discipline of medicine. Study of the structure of the human body Approaches to studying Anatomy Regional Structural Clinical Organization of Body’s organ systems Emphasizes aspects the human body that work together to of bodily structure as major parts or carry out complex and function segments functions important in the practice of medicine [email protected]  ANT.1.1: Describe the anatomical position of the human body. [email protected] Anatomical position-person standing upright [email protected]  Lithotomy position [email protected]  ANT.1.2. Distinguish anatomical terminology in relation to planes, positions, movements, relations, comparison, and laterality of human body. [email protected] Anatomical planes [email protected]  Anatomical planes Sagittal plane-vertical planes passing through the body parallel to the median plane [email protected]  Coronal/Frontal plane- vertical planes passing through the body at right angles to the median plane [email protected]  Transverse plane – horizontal plane passing at right angles to median and frontal planes Oblique plane- a plane that can be any type of angle other than a horizontal or vertical angle Transverse sections of abdomen [email protected]  Terms of relationship & comparison: Anterior – posterior (ventral –dorsal) Superior – inferior (cranial- caudal) Medial – lateral Proximal- distal Palmar(palm) – dorsal Plantar (sole) – dorsal Superficial – intermediate - deep [email protected] Terms of laterality Unilateral? [email protected] Terms of movements Flexion – bending or decreasing the angle between two bones Extension – straightening or increasing the angle between two bones [email protected] Terms of movements Opposition – Thumb is brought closer to another digit Reposition – back to position Supination – palm faces upward Pronation – palm faces downward Adduction – come closer Abduction – move away [email protected]  Terms of movements Rotation – turning / revolving in longitudinal axis Lateral (external) rotation- anterior surface away from median plane Medial (internal) rotation - anterior surface closer to median plane Circumduction - combined movement [email protected]  Terms of movements Dorsiflexion – at ankle, walking up the hill Plantarflexion – at ankle, standing on toes Inversion – sole of foot towards median plane Eversion – sole of foot away from median plane Elevation – raises/ moves superiorly Depression – lowers/moves inferiorly Protrusion – moving anteriorly Retrusion – moving posteriorly [email protected]  ANT.1.3. Differentiate the layers of the body wall - skin and fasciae. Human body holding his own skin on exhibit at the American premiere of "Body Worlds: The Anatomical Exhibition of Real Human Bodies" at the California Science Center. Credit: Ted Soqui/Corbis via Getty Images [email protected]  SKIN- Integumentary System Largest organ in the body-readily accessible and best indicators of general health Structure of skin: Two layers- Epidermis: Stratified epithelium with keratin on top. Renewed every 25- 45 days. Avascular layer. Dermis: made up of collagen & elastic fibers. Gives strength & toughness to the skin. Contains hair follicles, arrector pili muscle, sweat & sebaceous glands. [email protected]  Superficial and Deep fascia Superficial fascia (subcutaneous tissue): Composed of loose connective tissue + fat- located between dermis & deep fascia Deep fascia: Dense organized connective tissue layer- devoid of fat Investing fascia- Muscles, Neurovascular, bundles Fascial compartments Inter-muscular septum-extend deep from surrounding fascial sleeve to attach to bones [email protected]  Modification of deep fascia Thickened deep fascia Holds tendons in place, while crossing a joint Retinacula Bicipital aponeurosis Iliotibial tract [email protected]  ANT.1.4. Classify the types of vessels in the body. [email protected] Circulatory system Transportation of blood and tissue fluids Blood transportation network – Heart + blood vessels Heart consists of two muscular pumps acting in series dividing circulation into -Pulmonary circulation -Systemic circulation [email protected] Types of blood vessels Arteries Carry blood away from heart 3 types – elastic, muscular, arterioles Veins Return low-oxygenated blood towards heart Valves –unidirectional flow Capillaries Minute vessels form network between arterioles and venules Exchange of nutrients & gases Sinusoids [email protected]  ANT.1.5. Describe the functional components of the lymphatic system with emphasis on the drainage of the right lymphatic and thoracic ducts [email protected]  Lymphatic system Lymph- excess extracellular tissue fluid in the interstitial spaces Components of lymphoid system : Lymphatic plexuses Lymphatic vessels (exceptions teeth, bone, bone marrow, and the entire central nervous system Lymph nodes Lymphocytes Lymphoid organs: spleen, thymus, lymph node [email protected]  Finally drain into- ✓Right lymphatic duct on right side- drains lymph from the body’s right upper quadrant (right side of head, neck, and thorax and the entire right upper limb) ✓Thoracic duct on left side- This duct begins in the abdomen as a dilatation, the cisterna chyli and drains lymph from the remainder of the body. [email protected]  ANT.1.6. Describe the components of the axial and appendicular skeleton. ANT.1.7. Classify bones based on their shape. [email protected]  Skeletal System Composed of bones and cartilages Two parts Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton [email protected] Classification of bones- based on shape Classification based on their shape Long bones-tubular structures Ex- humerus, femur Short bones- cuboidal, Ex- Carpal & Tarsal bones Flat bones- serve as protection, Ex- bones of cranium Irregular bones- have various irregular shapes, Ex-Vertebrae Sesamoid bones- develop in certain tendons, Ex-Patella, pisiform [email protected]  Parts of a developing long bone Epiphysis- ends of long bones Epiphyseal plate/ physis/ growth plate- thin plate of hyaline cartilage- responsible for the growth of long bones Diaphysis-elongated, cylindrical shaft of the long bone Metaphysis- part of diaphysis that is adjacent to epiphyseal plate-most active site of bone formation [email protected] [email protected]  ANT.1.8. Distinguish fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints based on their structures and functions. ANT.1.9. Classify the synovial joints based on their structures and movements. [email protected]  Joints A joint or articulation is the connection made between bones in the body which link the skeletal system into a functional whole. Joints allow different degrees Types of joints: and types of movements. Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial [email protected]  Fibrous joints Cartilaginous joints Bones united by hyaline or 1. Sutures - found in skull, immovable fibrocartilage 2. Syndesmosis- Bones are united by sheet 1. Primary cartilaginous joints- Hyaline of fibrous tissue, movement is possible. Ex: cartilage is temporary and replaced by Interosseous membranes bone 3. Gomphosis- Peg-like fibrous process, 2. Secondary cartilaginous joints- fits into a socket. Ex-gums slightly movable. Ex-symphysis pubis, manubriosternal joint and intervertebral joints [email protected]  Synovial joints Two or more bones approximate, held together by capsule, strengthened by ligaments and lubricated by synovial fluid Highly mobile Structure: ✓Articular cartilage ✓Fibrous capsule ✓Joint cavity ✓Synovial membrane ✓Synovial fluid ✓Ligaments [email protected]  Bursae Closed sac of serous membrane around the joints/tendons Normally collapsed, wall oppose with thin film of lubricating fluid Enables free movements Synovial tendon sheaths – elongated bursae that wrap around tendons Clinical Box Bursitis- inflammation of bursae around the joints or tendons [email protected] Picture source google.com  Types of synovial joints Plane synovial Hinge joint Pivot joint Condyloid/ellipsoid joint Saddle joint Ball and socket joint- Surfaces are globular head & cup-shaped socket, movement around infinite number of axes. Ex- Shoulder joint, Hip joint [email protected]  Clinical Box Dislocation- complete displacement of bones at a Dislocation Normal joint Subluxation- Incomplete or partial separation, contact between articular surfaces retained [email protected]  Reference books Introduction to the Human Body - ClinicalKey (oclc.org) General Anatomy - ClinicalKey (oclc.org) The Body - ClinicalKey (oclc.org)- Gray’s Basic Anatomy Introduction - ClinicalKey (oclc.org)- Netter’s Atlas of Human Anatomy [email protected] Practice questions