Intro-to-Philosophy_Q2_Module1_FINAL.pdf
Document Details
Uploaded by SoulfulTurkey8362
Paypay National High School
Full Transcript
11 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person Quarter 2 – Module 1: Freedom i Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person – Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 2 – Module 1: Freedom First Editi...
11 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person Quarter 2 – Module 1: Freedom i Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person – Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 2 – Module 1: Freedom First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio Development Team of the Module Writer: Noriel R. Toro Editor: Maria Eula Pauline A. Elumir Reviewers: Gemma F. Depositario,Ed.D. Illustrator: Layout Artist: James B. Caramonte Management Team: Senen Priscillo P. Paulin, CESO V Rosela R. Abiera Fay C. Luarez, TM, Ed.D., Ph.D. Maricel S. Rasid Nilita L. Ragay, Ed.D. Elmar L. Cabrera Carmelita A. Alcala, Ed.D. Printed in the Philippines by ________________________ Department of Education –Region VII Schools Division of Negros Oriental Office Address: Kagawasan, Ave., Daro, Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental Tele #: (035) 225 2376 / 541 1117 E-mail Address: [email protected] i 11 Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person Quarter 2 – Module 1: Freedom ii Introductory Message For the facilitator: Welcome to the Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person - 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Freedom! This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling. This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their needs and circumstances. In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of the module: Notes to the Teacher This contains helpful tips or strategies that will help you in guiding the learners. As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module. iii For the learner: Welcome to the Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Freedom! This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner. This module has the following parts and corresponding icons: This will give you an idea of the skills or What I Need to Know competencies you are expected to learn in the module. This part includes an activity that aims to check what you already know about the What I Know lesson to take. If you get all the answers correct (100%), you may decide to skip this module. This is a brief drill or review to help you link What’s In the current lesson with the previous one. In this portion, the new lesson will be What’s New introduced to you in various ways; a story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an activity or a situation. This section provides a brief discussion of the What is It lesson. This aims to help you discover and understand new concepts and skills. This comprises activities for independent practice to solidify your understanding and What’s More skills of the topic. You may check the answers to the exercises using the Answer Key at the end of the module. This includes questions or blank What I Have Learned sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process what you learned from the lesson. This section provides an activity which will What I Can Do help you transfer your new knowledge or skill into real life situations or concerns. iv This is a task which aims to evaluate your Assessment level of mastery in achieving the learning competency. In this portion, another activity will be given Additional Activities to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the lesson learned. Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the module. At the end of this module you will also find: References This is a list of all sources used in developing this module. The following are some reminders in using this module: 1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises. 2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities included in the module. 3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task. 4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers. 5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next. 6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it. If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone. We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it! v What I Need to Know This module discusses freedom and how it relates to human rights, society, politics, and morality. The discussion also focuses on free will and free action, and how these concepts define human freedom and experience. Students are encouraged to effectively and reasonably exercise their freedom by identifying examples or responsible action. MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY: Evaluate and exercise prudence in choices (PPT11/12-IIa-5.2) Realize that: (PPT11/12-IIb-5.3) ▪ Choices have consequences ▪ Some things are given up while others are obtained in making choices Show situations that demonstrate freedom of choice and the consequences of their choices (PPT11/12-IIc-5.4) At the end of the module, you should be able to: Discern the essence of true freedom Evaluate the exercise of prudence in choices Realize that choices have consequences, and some things are given up while others are obtained in making choices Show situations that demonstrate freedom of choice and the consequences of choices. 1 What I Know Directions: Identify the terms described in the sentences below. Choose your answer from the word pool provided. Write the letter of your answer in your activity notebook. a. Freedom of others f. Self-reflection b. Physical Freedom g. Moral Freedom c. Freedom h. Control d. Voluntariness i. Truth e. Psychological Freedom j. Responsibility 1. _____________ is an intrinsic and essential property of the person. 2. _____________ refers to the absence of any restraint. 3. _____________ is also called freedom of choice. 4. _____________ refers to using freedom in a manner that upholds human dignity and goodness. 5. _____________ refers to the ability of a person to act out of his or her own free will and self-determination. 6. _____________ refers to the person being accountable for his or her actions and their consequences. 7. _____________ is vital in the proper exercise of human freedom. 8. Human freedom should be exercised with _____________ and a recognition of reasonable limits. 9. Freedom should also be exercised with regard for knowledge and ________. 10. We should also recognize and uphold not only our personal freedom but also the __________. 2 What’s In In the previous lesson, you have tackled on the bond between man and nature, as expressed by varying viewpoints of philosophers. In this lesson, you will now learn the importance of freedom, and how it has provided us with various rights. WORD WEB: What comes into your mind, when you hear the word FREEDOM? Copy and answer the word web below in your activity notebook. FREEDOM 3 What’s New Answer this in your notebook: 1. What do you think makes us free? 2. How do we know that we are free? 3. Do you use your freedom responsibly? What is It What is Freedom? Freedom is an intrinsic and essential property of the person. This means that the human person by nature is a free being and that it is in his or her nature to seek freedom. An important indication of human freedom is the ability to make choices and perform actions. Our freedom to act sets us apart from other beings. The human person does not experience that world in the same way that animals do. Animals act instinctively, meaning, their actions are more like predetermined responses to certain stimuli. A person, on the other hand, can choose the course of action to take when given a stimulus or faced with a certain situation. You expect your dog to always respond in the same way to your commands. With us humans, our inherent freedom makes us very dynamic creatures and our actions do not necessarily follow a set of patterns or a predetermined course. This means that animals, unlike humans, just obey and follow commands given by their owners or their masters, in which they call conditioning. Humans think first before obeying someone’s command. Freedom is also understood as the power to be what you want to be and the ability to decide and create something for yourself. As humans, we have some things that we don’t want, and yet we have. For example, we have those physical qualities that we inherited from our parents. Despite these inherited qualities, there are still a lot of characteristics that define our personality which are the product of our choices. Our talents, for instance, are developed to their fullest only if we choose to dedicate time and effort to improve them. You may also have imagined yourself as a successful professional in the future. Our nature as a human person gives us the ability to imagine that future. Meanwhile, freedom gives you the ability to strive to achieve that goal. It is rooted in the human person’s self-determination and their exercise of intellect and free will. This means that we can freely choose to be a good person and to act in a good way. A good act makes a person better while its opposite has a negative impact on him or her as a person. This is the nature of self-determination: that a person’s actions determine what kind of person he or she becomes. 4 Freedom also requires a degree of control from the person who exercises it. A person becomes more free when he or she exercises control over himself or herself. On the other hand, a person becomes less free when he or she is no longer in control of himself or herself and is instead, controlled by other forces. For example, persons suffering from addiction are less free because they are overpowered by their addiction to certain substances and can barely control themselves when presented with these things. People who act solely based on their emotions are also less free because they allow themselves to be controlled by their feelings without any regard for ethical considerations. People who behave impulsively and erratically are more similar to animals than persons. To lose control of oneself diminishes human freedom and dehumanizes the person. Persons who are denied their freedom by other individuals, groups, and institutions are also dehumanized. Slavery is a dehumanizing act because a person is forced to work for life without the possibility of ever leaving a life of bondage. A person who is imprisoned is also dehumanized because he or she is denied his or her freedom and is confused to prison life. That same person, however, also dehumanized the person whom he or she wronged. There three types of freedom; 1. Physical Freedom – refers to the absence of any restraint. This means that a person has the freedom to go anywhere he or she wanted to do. On the other hand we cannot go to two places at a time yet we have the ability to go to wherever we want to go. 2. Psychological Freedom – is also called freedom of choice. This means that a person has the will power whether to act or not to act on what he or she considers to be right and wise. 3. Moral Freedom – refers to using freedom in a manner that upholds human dignity and goodness. Freedom is not an object that a person may use in whatever way he or she pleases. A person must use his or her freedom to grow as a person. A person becomes more free when he or she uses freedom well, but he/she becomes less free when he or she uses it in a bad way. Humans have a natural inclination for what is true and good, and when a person uses his or her freedom to do something, that violates human dignity and goodness, he or she dehumanizes himself or herself and effectively negates human freedom. We learned that being human in nature means that we are free physically, mentally and morally. It means that we are free to do or think whatever we want to in a good manner. On the other hand, we may think that some things are also determined which means if we act in a good way we will 5 be considered as a good person, But, if we act in a wrong manner we will be considered as a bad person. Thus this question arises in our minds “How can I exercise freedom in a responsible and beneficial manner?” but before we discuss that, let’s first answer this question “What makes us free? How does freedom shape our experiences?” There are 2 elements that define freedom: 1. Voluntariness – refers to the ability of a person to act out of his or her own free will and self-determination. This means that a person may decide to act or not to act, and these decisions are made out of his or her own free will. It also means that a person may act even if he or she is not required or called to take action. These are acts which can be assigned a corresponding moral value. 2. Responsibility – refers to the person being accountable for his or her actions and their consequences. This means that in everything that we do, there are consequences. Taking responsibility can either mean a person voluntarily taking responsibility for his or her own actions, or being held responsible by other people. Whenever you know you committed a bad action, you can either voluntarily confess to it or other people will point it out and hold you responsible. Responsibility can also have a positive and negative meaning, and it goes hand-in-hand with voluntariness in determining the morality of an action. Voluntariness and responsibility go hand-in-hand in determining a person’s freedom. In any situation where a person is forced to do an action against his or her free will, it follows that he or she cannot be held responsible for his or her involuntary actions. A person who is forced by bank robbers to open the safety vault in the bank may not be held responsible for the crime of robbery, since he or she acted without much voluntariness. On the other hand, a person who had no awareness of the effect of his or her actions can be considered as acting with diminished freedom. One example may be a person who tried to scare his or her friend by jumping out of a corner wearing a scary mask. The surprised friend decided to run away but in his or her panic, he or she hit a wall and was injured. It was not the intention of the person who committed the prank to get his or her friend hurt, but it happened because he or she did not fully consider the consequences of his or her actions. Without these two elements, human freedom is diminished, and the person makes imperfect actions and unwise decisions which may have negative effects on the self and others. The realization of voluntariness and responsibility in the exercise of our freedom gives our actions and experiences a whole new meaning. We can now reflect on our actions to better understand them and guide us toward making the best possible decisions. 6 Another reality that we have to face as we exercise our freedom, is the fact that it is experienced through the act of making choices. Although human freedom gives us the ability to think of countless decisions and possible actions, we only get to choose to enact one of these possible actions or decisions. Having the ability to choose and enact a course of action does not automatically mean that we should take action every time. It is also possible that the choice, not to take action may be an acceptable and moral choice in a given situation. When we make the choice to do a particular action, we can never go back and redo our actions and make another choice. Real life is not a movie where we can stop and rewind events and get a second take on the situation. Therefore it is very important that when confronted with choices, we exercise caution and prudence and reflect on our possible courses of action. Self-reflection is vital in the proper exercise of human freedom. As persons, we cannot allow ourselves to be slaves to sudden emotions and moods in a given situation. As free and rational beings, we must recognize the importance of exercising freedom responsibly. This requires us to reflect on our actions, consider their effects, and make the proper choices regarding the most beneficial decisions or actions. We just learned and answered the question, “what makes us free?” Now we proceed to answering the second question, “how can we exercise our freedom in a responsible and beneficial manner?” 1. Human freedom should be exercised with control and a recognition of reasonable limits. We set limits to our own freedom and learn to moderate or control our thoughts, emotions, and actions depending on the situ ation. A person can even choose to limit his or her own freedom or even surrender it entirely if it will result in greater benefits. Limiting our personal freedom requires us to sacrifice certain self-interests and accept certain realities that are beyond our control. Our sense of right and wrong guides us in recognizing and deciding these limitations to our freedom. Example: You may have the freedom to pursue a degree in medicine but, realizing that your parents do not have the means to send you to medical school, you decide to take a less expensive course. 2. Freedom should also be exercised with regard for knowledge and truth. As rational beings, it is natural for us to think before we act. We use our freedom to act and acquire more knowledge, an d we use this knowledge in 7 order to come up with decisions and courses of actions when confronted with difficult situations. The ability to acquire information and truthful knowledge regarding a particular situation is very important, since it aids us in making wise and informed choices. Determining the proper information needed before we choose the best course of action is not easy, but is a necessary step to ensure that our choices, decisions, and actions are proper, reasonable, and just. If we make a choice and act on false or incomplete information, we may end up making decisions which will bring harm to ourselves and others. It is therefore necessary to cultivate the intellectual virtue of prudence, and use it as our guide in making sound choices. 3. We should also recognize and uphold not only our personal freedom, but also the freedom of others. Many societies identify certain freedoms that should be enjoyed by all, as these contribute to the quality of life of the individual and the welfare of the society. These include the freedom to live and determine one’s identity; freedom from slavery and other constraints; freedom of speech; and freedom of thought, conscience, and religion. Freedom should be exercised with due regard for the welfare of other persons and one’s freedom should be exercised not as a tool to restrict the freedom of others, but as a means to enable others to fully enjoy their own freedom. Final note (The Given and the Chosen) People often think the fullness of freedom is found in on e’s ability to make decisions about one’s life. Choice, is indeed, an element of freedom, but freedom goes beyond mere choosing. Freedom is not absolute, and in our lives, there are a lot of things that we could not choose from. We are not in total control of everything around us. Many things in life are given. Although some things are given, it does not mean that we do not really have freedom. On the contrary, there are instances when we can exercise our freedom because we are not determined by these forces or situations. Difficult situations may not always be avoided, especially if we happen to be victims of circumstances. But, we may take these difficult situations positively or negatively. We may not always have the best family, but it does not mean that our future family will turn out the same way as our current one. A person with an indifferent attitude may find it hard to be motivated and excited about things in general, but it doesn’t mean that he or she is incapable of being interested and inspired to act passionately. These “givens” or predetermined things do not negate our freedom but give us opportunities to exercise our freedom when we determine it ourselves. The key is that we should 8 always act well in any given situation because the self is determined by the self. We have given tendencies or inclinations, and the world also exerts some forces over us, but we can transcend all of these and determine our choices in the manner we want because we are free to do it. As much as possible, we must use our freedom in a good way so that we may become better people and better versions of ourselves for our own sake and the sake of others. What’s More I. Identify the concepts described in the following sentences. Write your answers in your activity notebook. ______________1. This is the ability to make choices and perform actions, and is an intrinsic and essential property of the human person. ______________2. This is freedom from physical constraint ______________3. This is the freedom of choice. ______________4. This is the ability to act out of one’s own free will and self- determination. ______________5. This refers to the person being accountable for his or her actions and their consequences. II. Put a check mark ( / ) beside the number of the statement which shows responsible use of freedom. Write your answer in your notebook. ( ) 1. Instead of spending her excess allowance on a new pair of shoes, Reyna decides to open a bank account and start saving up for her future. ( ) 2. Despite the threats made on his life, the witness decided to come forward and divulge important information regarding the crime he witnessed. ( ) 3. A woman used the Internet to humiliate her ex-boyfriend by spreading lewd photos of him on social media. ( ) 4. Despite knowing that many of his clients were poor and desperate, a moneylender continues to impose very high interest in rates on loans. 9 ( ) 5. A businessman did not accept a high-paying position in an overseas firm and instead decided to start his own business and spend more time with his family. What I Have Learned Directions: Read the questions below and answer them in your activity notebook. In what way can you change or improve your behavior so that you will be better able to uphold human freedom? What is the most significant decision that you have made in your life so far? Describe how this has affected you. What I Can Do Directions: Fill in the circles with words that you have associated with freedom. Copy and answer the concept web below in your notebook. Freedom 10 Assessment Direction: Analyse the following situations. Give your recommendations on how the persons involve can exercise freedom more responsibly. Write your answers in your activity notebook. 1. Julia’s family is well-known for being wealthy and influential. However, her family faced hard times in the previous year. Her father’s business closed and they were forced to sell most of their possessions and live a much simpler life. Julia however, wishes to maintain her image among her friends. So she has resorted to borrowing money from relatives in order to keep up with her well-off barkada. 2. Mang Tony’s meat stall has been very profitable these days. It turns out that he has been tampering with the weighing scales and has been selling less meat at increased prices. One time, some meat went stale and he decided to mix it with the other fresh meat so he could still sell it. 3. Bernard was asked by his teacher to photocopy handouts and reading materials in their English class. His teacher unknowingly inserted a copy of the final exam in the stack of papers she gave to Bernard. When he saw the copy of the final exam, Bernard quickly took it and place it in his bag. 4. Gladys was very angry when she heard that her friend Julia was spreading mean gossip about her in school. When Gladys found out that Julia has been pretending to be rich when in fact her family is now poor, she contacted her friends and told them about it. 11 12 Try This 1. C 2. B 3. E 4. G 5. D 6. J 7. F 8. H 9. I 10.A Do This (Students answer may vary) Apply what you have learned I. Identification 1. Freedom 2. Physical Freedom 3. Psychological Freedom 4. Voluntariness 5. Responsibility II. Analysis 1. (/) 2. (/) 3. () 4. (/) 5. (/) Reflect and assess what you have learned (Students answer may vary) Answer Key References BOOK Roberto D. Abella, M.Div., D.Min., 2016. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person.1253 G. Araneta Avenue, Quezon City: Vibal Group, Inc. S. Morris Engel. 1987. The Study of Philosophy. 2nd Edition. United States of America: Collegiate Publishing Company TEACHERS GUIDE Most Essential Learning Competencies 13 For inquiries or feedback, please write or call: Department of Education – Schools Division of Negros Oriental Kagawasan, Avenue, Daro, Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental Tel #: (035) 225 2376 / 541 1117 Email Address: [email protected] Website: lrmds.depednodis.net