Carbohydrates Introduction PDF

Unit 3: Macromolecules 09/29/2024 1 Chemistry of Life Molecules in living things are made of 6 essential elements: C, H, O, N, P, S 09/29/2024 2 09/29/2024 3 Macromolecules (Polymers):  Definition: Macrom...

Unit 3: Macromolecules 09/29/2024 1 Chemistry of Life Molecules in living things are made of 6 essential elements: C, H, O, N, P, S 09/29/2024 2 09/29/2024 3 Macromolecules (Polymers):  Definition: Macromolecules are very large molecules that are formed by the polymerization of smaller molecules called monomers.”  They are formed by the polymerization of molecules containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. 09/29/2024 4 09/29/2024 5 4 Types of Macromolecules 1.Carbohydrates 2.Proteins 3.Nucleic Acids 4.Lipids 09/29/2024 6 Carbohydrat major macronutrient es: body’s primary sources of energy Examples: bread and pasta dairy products Fruits & vegetables grains, nuts, legumes, & seeds, sugary foods and sweets Carbohydrates are made up of three components: Fiber, Starch, and Sugar Fiber and starch are complex carbs, while sugar is a simple carb. 09/29/2024 7  - A biomolecule consisting of C, H 1. Carbohydrates &O - Function: Energy storage  They are essential constituents of all living things  formed by green plants from carbon dioxide and water during the process of photosynthesis  serve as energy sources and as essential structural components in organisms  are part of the structure of nucleic acids, which contain genetic information 09/29/2024 8 Classification of Carbohydrates 1. Simple Carbohydrates – Cn : H2n : On a) Monosaccharide – 1 sugar molecule Triose (C3H6O3) Tetrose (C4H8O4) Pentose (C5H10O5) Hexose (C6H12O6)- Glucose, Galactose, Mannose, Fructose 09/29/2024 9 b) Oligosaccharide – 2-9 monomers Disaccharide – 2 sugar molecules (C12H22O12) Maltose (Glucose + Glucose) Lactose (Galactose + Glucose) Sucrose /table sugar (Glucose + Fructose) Trisaccharide Raffinose – 3Glucose+ (Galactose+ sugar molecules Fructose) Tetrasaccharide – 4 sugar molecules Stachyose (Glucose, Fructose, Galactose & Galactose) 09/29/2024 10  2. Complex Carbohydrates - Storage + Structural Component Polysaccharide – many sugar molecules (more than 200) Starch – potatoes (plant storage) Glycogen – muscle tissue (animal storage) Cellulose – plant cell walls 09/29/2024 11 FUNCTIONS Provides energy, i.e., as major source of energy to the body. Structural components of cell membranes and cell wall. Structural component for nucleosides and nucleotides. (DNA and RNA). Source of carbon skeletons for some amino acids. Basis of some intracellular messenger systems. 09/29/2024 12 Chitin: Naturally occurring semitransparent biopolymer created by an organism Polysaccharide of the amino sugar N-acetyl glucosamine Present in the extracellular matrix of a variety of invertebrates including sponges, mollusks, nematodes, arthropods, and fungi After cellulose, the next most plentiful biopolymer in the entire world is chitin 09/29/2024 13