Introduction to Structures & Construction Materials PDF

# Introduction to Structures and Construction Materials ## Structural Elements - Structural elements are used in structural analysis to split a complex structure for simplification. - Structural elements can be linear, surfaces or volumes. ### 1. Bars or Rods - Bars can be categorized into diffe...

# Introduction to Structures and Construction Materials ## Structural Elements - Structural elements are used in structural analysis to split a complex structure for simplification. - Structural elements can be linear, surfaces or volumes. ### 1. Bars or Rods - Bars can be categorized into different types of members by considering their structural action and type of load carried. - Height is larger when comparing with the cross section. - Examples are: Beams, Columns ### 2. Compression Member or Strut: - Structural members subjected to axial compression or compressive forces ### 3. Flexural Member or Beam: - A member of a structure that is subjected to both tension and compression within its depth can be called a flexural member ### 4. Columns are Verticle Elements - Examples are: Column of a building, foundation of a building & bridge. ### 5. Tension Members: - Structural elements that are subjected to axial tensile forces - Examples are: bracing for building and bridges, truss members, cables in suspended roof systems ## Final building can be divided into different, different parts - They are called structural elements. ## All the same time we are giving two different forces 1. Clockwise 2. Anti-clockwise ## Two forces building will be twisted. - Torsional members: Torsion is twisting of a rod or beam due to an applied torque. ## 2. Plates - Structural element which is characterized by a three-dimensional solid whose thickness is very small when compared with other dimensions. - Example- Slab of a building or bridge - It can has flexural bends (flexural element). ## 3. Shells - Example are: Water tanks, Domes, Theater, Stadium - Volumetric shape ## 4. Blocks - Vertical plate element - Walls are flexural elements - It is a plate - walls have thickness. - Foundation are compression member. ## Major Types of Structures - Bridges - Buildings and towers - Dams - Roads - Retaining structures - Offshore structures - Water and wastewater infrastructure ### Construct to avoid collapsing structures. - One side is surface and other side is soil. ### Constructions under the sea level. ### Foundation of bridge - Compression member ### Cable - Tension member ### Surface - Flexural member ## Common Building Components ### Basic Building Components ### Super Structure - That are above the ground level (visible) - The superstructure is that part of the building which is above the ground and which serves the purpose of the building's intended use. In includes; - Plinth - Wall and columns - Beams - Arches - Roofs and slabs - Lintel and arches - Parapet walls - Steps and stair ### Substructure - Structural elements that are below the ground (not visible) - The substructure is the lower portion of the building, which is located below ground level which transmits the load of the superstructure to the sub soil. - It includes Foundations. ### Ex: Sub base of the road. ### Top part of the foundation above the ground level we called as plinth. - It is a structural element placed over openings (Doors/windows) to support the load above them. ## Different Types Of Buildings ### Building are classified based upon its occupancy and structure. ### Building are classified based upon occupancy as; - Residential Building - living purpose - Educational Building - Office - Institutional Building - Church, Mosque - Assembly building - Shopping complex - Business buildings - Production purpose - Mercantile buildings - Dangerous building - Industrial Buildings - Storage Buildings - Hazardous buildings ### Produce some chemicals in that building. ## Classification based on structure ### Load bearing Structure: - In this type of structures loads from roof slab or trusses and floors are transmitted through walls to the firm soil below the ground. - This type of structures are adopted where hard strata are available at shallow depth. - The structural elements like beams, slabs rests directly on the walls. ### Framed Structure: - Reinforced cement concrete structures are the most common type of construction today. - They consist of a skeleton of beams & columns. - The load is transferred from beams to the columns and column intern transfer the load directly to the sub soil through footing. - Framed structures are suitable for multi-storey building subjected to variety of extreme loads like compressive, tensile torsion, shear along with moment. - The open spaces in the skeleton are to be filled with brick walls or glass panels. ## We constructing foundation, wall, slab like that. ## Framed Structure - First we constructing Structure and then fill other parts. ## Types of Loads - Various loads are taken into account while designing the foundation of a structure. - Dead loads; - Live load; - Wind loads; - Earthquake loads; - Erection loads ### Dead loads - There is load, we can't change according to usage. - Loads of the element itself. (Eg: Roof, walls, beams, columns) ### Live loads - We can change according to usage. - Loads of the living peoples and moving equments. (eg:- people, machines, desks...) ### Wind loads - Dynamic loads. - Can be changed. ### Earthquake loads - Indonesia, Japan have everytime earthquake Building that can stand earthquakes. ### Erection loads - We are assembly something is that’s mean.