Drafting 12 Reviewer - Structural PDF

Drafting 12 reviewer – Structural Columns are structural member of a foundation, and upright support that hold the beam and other overhead loads. They are made of concrete and steel. Walls are partitions inside the building. There are various types of wall based on its material, like glass, w...

Drafting 12 reviewer – Structural Columns are structural member of a foundation, and upright support that hold the beam and other overhead loads. They are made of concrete and steel. Walls are partitions inside the building. There are various types of wall based on its material, like glass, wood, or steel. In this topic, we will focus on concrete walls. Footing (footer) is a reinforced slab of concrete in contact with the soil that distributes the load of the building over a large area. Beam is a horizontal structural member of the foundation that supports the load of the roof or the second- floor slab. Floor - is a platform structure that all the furniture and live loads are standing on Stakes - are wooden sticks or posts penetrated to the soil. Batter Boards are horizontal wood panels nailed directly to the stake. Level Transit determines reference point. Plastic water hose establishes level of horizontal lines. Strings is used for connecting determined points Things to remember 1. The foundation should be founded on a strong soil. 2. The gravel to be used should be broken rocks, not rounded river rocks, for they will slip between each other. 3. The sand to be used should have a course texture, and no presence of big rocks and dust. 4. Debris should never be mixed with sand and gravel. Leaves, plastic, or sticks of wood, should be removed before usage. 5. Do not use contaminated water for mixing concrete Foundation Plan is a structural plan of a building that includes the schedule of columns and wall footings, the elevation of floor, and notes and specifications. What does a foundation look like in a working drawing? A Foundation Plan indicates the following: 1. Location and types of column and footing (written as C1F1, C2F2, etc.) 2. Type of wall and its footing (labelled as WF1 or WF2) 3. The elevation of floor (ground floor only) 4. Dimensions between columns and walls 5. Column Call Out /Grid line) (A, B, C, 1, 2, 3) Column Call Out are actually dimensioned grid lines with bubble markings that aid in locating columns. Concrete is an artificial stone-like material used for building. It is composed mainly ofcement and inert materials or aggregates such as sand and gravel. Cement is a combination of lime, silica, alumina and iron components Reinforced concrete has reinforced steel bars (RSB) embedded into it. Load - the weight of the structure itself including the roof, beams, columns and walls, and other temporary stress brought about by the weight of people in the building, or the furniture in the rooms. Live load – These are the occupants, furniture, etc. that are combined, acting as a downward load. Dead load – the static load that acts vertically downward and is composed of the actual weight of the structure. Girder – is a primary beam which carries a tremendous amount of load. This iswithin a specific point along its length. It is also designed to carry secondary beams. Beam – is made of reinforced concrete or wood and is designed to support, spread or transfer transverse loads (corner to corner). Beams support structures such as columns. Floor Slab – this is a planar structure made of concrete that is reinforced with steel bars that can resist loads. Floor slab is carried by beams and columns There are different types of floor slab according to its design: Beam and Girder Slab is a slab supported by secondary beams, wherein the secondary beams are supported by girders. Ribbed Slab is a concrete slab supported by series of concrete joist. Flat slab is a concrete slab where the column that carries the slab is thickened in its capital. Waffle slab is a type of two-way slab that has reinforcing ribs placed in two directions. One-way slab is a concrete slab that is uniformly cast which joins with parallel supporting beam. The concrete slab is supported from its two opposite sides. It is uniform in thickness and only usable for slabs with short spans. Two-way slab is a type of slab where all four sides are supported by beams. It is reinforced in two directions. The Wood Floor System FLOOR JOISTS series of parallel beams that support a floor. JOIST bridging these are braces arranged in a manner that prevent joist displacement. HEADER a member that supports the ends of joists. BEAM a horizontal member of the flooring system that supports the floor joists. FLOORING the surface of the floor made of wood. GIRDER a wooden beam that are installed along the walls and support wooden floor joist. SILL horizontal member of the floor system resting on a foundation wall joined by a bolt. TRIMMER a member that supports an end of a header at the edge of the opening in a floor. A trimmer can be a beam or joist STAIR is a series of steps which enables the occupants to go from one level of the building to the next. Here are the standard dimensions provided by the Building Code: Width – a. 1.10 meters - for 50 or more occupants b. 0.90 meters – for less than 50 occupants c. 0.75 meters – for private stairways Riser – note more than 20 cm Tread – note less than 25 cm Landing – should be equal to the width of the stair Handrail - should not less than 80 cm but not more than 90 cm. Drafting 12 reviewer – Eletrical Ampacity is current-carrying capacity expressed in amperes. Appliance is a utilization equipment generally other than industrial, normally built in standardized sizes or types, which is installed or connected as a unit to perform one or more functions such as clothes washing, air conditioning, food mixing, deep frying etc. Branch Circuit is a portion of a wiring system extending beyond the final overcurrent device protecting the circuit. Building is a structure which stands alone or which is cut off from adjoining structures by fire walls with all openings therein protected by approved fire doors. Circuit breaker is a device designed to open and close a circuit by nonautomatic means and to open the circuit automatically on a predetermined overload of current, without injury to itself when properly applied within its rating. Concealed refers to inaccessibility by the structure or finish of the building. Damp location is a location subject to a moderate degree of moisture, such as some basements, some barns, some cold storage warehouse, and the like Demand factor is the ratio of the maximum demand of the system or part of a system, to the total connected load. Feeder is a circuit conductor between the service equipment and the branch circuit overcurrent device. Ground is a conducting connection whether intentional or accidental between an electrical circuit or equipment and earth, or to some conducting body which serves in place of the earth. Lighting outlet is an outlet intended for the direct connection of a lamp holder, a lightning fixture, or a pendent cord terminating in a lamp holder. Outlet is a point on the wiring system at which current is taken to supply utilization equipment. Panel board is a single panel or group of panel units designed to be assembled. It includes buses, with or without switches and/or automatic overcurrent protective devices for the control of light, heat or power circuits of small individual as well as aggregate capacity. Designed to be placed in a cabinet or cutout box in or against the wall or partition. Receptacle is a contact device installed at an outlet for the connection of an attachment plug and flexible cord. Receptacle outlet is an outlet where one or more receptacles are installed. Service is the conductor or equipment for delivering energy from the electricity supply system to the wiring system of the premises supplied. Service cable is a service conductor made up in the form of a cable. Service conductors are supply conductors which extend from the main street transformers to the service equipment of the premises supplied. Service drop are overhead service conductors between the last pole or other aerial support to and including the slicer, if any, to the service entrance conductors at the building walls, where joined by tap or splice to the service drop. Service raceway is a rigid metal conductor, electrical metallic tubing, or other raceway, that encloses the service entrance conductors. Switch: General use switch is a switch intended for use in general distribution and branch circuits. It is rated in ampere, and it is capable of interrupting its rated current at its rated voltage. Switchboard is a large single panel, frame or assembly of panels, on which are mounted on the face or back or both switches, over-current and other protective devices; buses and usually instruments. Utilization equipment is equipment which utilizes electric energy for mechanical, chemical heating, lighting, or similar useful purposes. Voltage to the ground is the voltage between the given conductor and the conductor which is grounded. Weatherproof refers to the state of being so constructed or protected that exposure to the weather will not interfere its successful operation Current is the movement of charged particles in a wire to a specific direction. The charged particles may be a positive ion or a negative ion. The symbol used is (A) and is named ampere. Voltage is also known as electromotive force (emf) or potential difference. It is the electric pressure that causes current to flow. The symbol for voltage is (V) which is joule per coulomb. Resistance is the opposition to the flow of charge. The symbol for resistance is (R). The unit used to specify the amount of resistance is the ohm, represented by the symbol (Ω). Ohm’s Law - current is directly proportional to the voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance. It is expressed by the equation: V V I=R from this equation , V = IR and R = I Direct current (DC) is the unidirectional flow of electric charge. It is produced by such sources as batteries, thermocouples, solar cells, and commutator-type electric machines of the dynamo type Alternating current (AC) is the movement (or flow) of electric charge which periodically in reverses direction. An electric charge for instance would move forward, then backward, and vice versa. Electrical circuit is a network that has a closed loop, giving a return path for the current. Series circuit has two or more loads but current flows through a single conducting path Parallel circuit has more than one path for current to flow. Series Circuit Parallel Circuit Light is measured in traditional units called footcandles, A footcandle is the amount of light a candle throws on an object 1' away. Types of Lighting Dispersement 1. Direct light is the light that shines directly on the object. 2. Indirect light is the light reflected from large surfaces. 3. Semi-direct light is the light that shines mainly downward, but small portion is directed upward. 4. Semi-indirect light is the one that is mostly reflected but some shines directly. 5. Diffused light is the light that is spread evenly in all directions. Lighting Methods 1. General lighting gives an even, low-level light throughout a room. 2. Specific (local) lighting directs light to an area used for specific visual tasks. 3. Decorative lighting is used to develop different moods and to accent objects for interest. Electrical systems in buildings are usually divided into two parts: service and branch circuits. Service parts include all the wiring and apparatus needed to bring electricity into building. Branch circuits distribute the electricity throughout the structure. Electrical conductor is a material which contains movable electric charges. In metallic conductors, such as copper or aluminum, the movable charged particles are electrons. Distribution box is made from either steel or plastic, which contains a junction between several conduits. Types of Boxes 1. Outlet boxes are those utilized for connection of lighting and receptacle outlets. 2. Junction boxes are those used for junction of wires in branch and feeder circuits. 3. Pull boxes are used for pulling of wires in branch and feeder circuits. Circuit Protective Devices 1. Fuse. It is made of thin strip of metal used for safety because when the current flowing through it becomes too high, it melts and breaks the flow of electricity. 2. Circuit breaker. It is an electromechanical device which performs the same protective function as a fuse and also acts as a switch. It is a reusable device that protects a circuit from becoming overloaded Switch is an electrical component that can break an electrical circuit, interrupting the current or diverting it from one conductor to another. Switchboards and switchgear are free standing assembles of switches, fuses, and/or circuit breakers which normally provide switching and feeder protection to a number of circuits connected to a main source. Panel, or panelboard, serves basically the same function as a switchboard, except on a smaller scale, that is, it accepts a relatively large block of power and distributes it in smaller blocks. Panelboards may be classified as flush-type or surface-type.