Industrial Revolution PDF

An Era of European Imperialism 1800–1914 Why It Matters The period of world history from 1800 to 1914 was characterized by two major developments: the growth...

An Era of European Imperialism 1800–1914 Why It Matters The period of world history from 1800 to 1914 was characterized by two major developments: the growth of industrialization and Western domination of the world. The Industrial Revolution became one of the major forces for change, leading Western civilization into the industrial era that has characterized the modern world. At the same time, the Industrial Revolution created the technological means, including new weapons, by which the West achieved domination over much of the rest of the world. INDUSTRIALIZATION AND NATIONALISM CHAPTER 19 1800–1870 MASS SOCIETY AND DEMOCRACY CHAPTER 20 1870–1914 THE HEIGHT OF IMPERIALISM CHAPTER 21 1800–1914 EAST ASIA UNDER CHALLENGE CHAPTER 22 1800–1914 Railways, like this one at London Paddington Station, were integral to the success of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain. Adoc-photos/Art Resource, NY  The Industrial Revolution Beginning in Great Britain during the late eighteenth century, GUIDE TO READING the Industrial Revolution led to the industrialization that The BIG Idea shaped the modern world. Europe saw a shift from an economy New Technologies The Industrial based on farming and handicrafts to an economy based on Revolution changed the way people lived and manufacturing by machines in factories. worked. Content Vocabulary enclosure movement (p. 614) The Industrial Revolution in capital (p. 614) entrepreneurs (p. 614) Great Britain cottage industry (p. 615) With its plentiful natural resources, workers, wealth, and markets, puddling (p. 616) Great Britain became the starting place of the Industrial Revolution. industrial capitalism (p. 620) HISTORY & YOU Think about how computers are rapidly changing today’s socialism (p. 621) world. Read to understand how the Industrial Revolution changed life in the nineteenth century. Academic Vocabulary derived (p. 616) hypothetical (p. 621) The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the 1780s and took several decades to spread to other Western nations. Sev- People and Places eral factors contributed to make Great Britain the starting place. James Watt (p. 616) Robert Fulton (p. 619) First, agricultural practices in the eighteenth century had Manchester (p. 617) Robert Owen (p. 621) changed. Expansion of farmland, good weather, improved trans- Liverpool (p. 617) portation, and new crops such as the potato dramatically increased the food supply. More people could be fed at lower prices with Reading Strategy less labor. Now even ordinary British families could use some of Categorizing Information As their income to buy manufactured goods. you read, use a table like the one below Second, with the increased food supply, the population grew. to name important inventors mentioned Parliament passed enclosure movement laws in the 1700s. When in this section and their inventions. landowners fenced off common lands, many peasants had to Inventors Inventions move to towns, giving Britain a plentiful supply of labor. Third, Britain had a ready supply of money, or capital, to invest in the new industrial machines and factories. Many British people were wealthy. The entrepreneurs found new business opportuni- ties and new ways to make profits. Fourth, Britain had plentiful natural resources. The country’s rivers provided water power for the new factories. These water- ways provided a means for transporting raw materials and fin- ished products. Britain also had abundant supplies of coal and iron ore, essential in manufacturing processes. Finally, a supply of markets gave British manufacturers a ready outlet for their goods. Britain had a vast colonial empire, and Brit- ish ships could transport goods anywhere in the world. Also, because of population growth and cheaper food at home, domes- tic markets increased. A growing demand for cotton cloth led British manufacturers to look for ways to increase production. 614  INDUSTRY IN GREAT BRITAIN BY 1850 57°N 3°E 0° 3°W 3°E 6°W l l Coalfield Dundee Major port 9°W Navigable river SCOTLAND l l l l l l Major canal ATLANTIC North l l l l Major railway Glasgow l l l l Sea OCEAN Edinburgh Industries: 0 100 kilometers New Copper mining Lanark and smelting 0 100 miles Tin mining Lambert Conformal Conic projection and smelting NORTHERN Newcastle Iron extraction IRELAND Sunderland and smelting Lead mining Estimated Population Textile production of England, 1750–1851 l l l l l l l 54°N Isle of Man l l l l Population (in millions) 20 Halifax N l l l l l l Rural population l Leeds Hull l l l l l l l 16,730,000 l l l l l l Urban population l Irish Sea l l l l l l l l l l l Bury l l l l l 15 as percentage E l l l l l W Sheffield l l l of total l l l l l l l l l Liverpool l l l l l l l l l l l S l l l l l l Manchester l l l 10 8,660,000 l l l l l l l l l l l l l Nottingham l l l l l l l 5,770,000 Derby l l l l l l l l Norwich ENGLAND l l l l l l 5 l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l Leicester l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l 21% 28% 51% ll Birmingham l l l l l l Coventry l l l 0 WALES l l l l Cambridge l l l l l l l l l l 1750 1801 1851 l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l Source: Oxford Atlas of World History. Harwich l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l London l l l l l l l l l l l l Swansea Bristol l Canterbury l l l l l Cardiff Chatham l l l l l l l l l l l l Bath Dover 51°N 1. Movement Describe what the l l l l l l l l graph shows about the population l Southampton Exeter Portsmouth in England between 1750 and 1851. 2. Human-Environment Plymouth Falmouth Interaction What geographical factors help explain why industrial- ization began in Great Britain? FRANCE See StudentWorks™ Plus or glencoe.com. Changes in Cotton Production A series of technological advances in the eighteenth century made cottage industry In the eighteenth century, Great Britain inefficient. First, the invention of the “fly- had surged way ahead in the production ing shuttle” made weaving faster. Now, of inexpensive cotton goods. The manufac- weavers needed more thread from spin- ture of cotton cloth was a two-step process. ners because they could produce cloth at a First, spinners made cotton thread from faster rate. raw cotton. Then, weavers wove the cotton In 1764 James Hargreaves had invented a thread into cloth on looms. In the eighteenth machine called the spinning jenny, which century, individuals spun the thread and met this need. Other inventors made similar then wove the cloth in their rural cottages. contributions. The spinning process became This production method was thus called a much faster. In fact, spinners produced cottage industry. thread faster than weavers could use it. CHAPTER 19 Industrialization and Nationalism 615  Another invention made it possible for In this process, coke, which was derived the weaving of cloth to catch up with the from coal, was used to burn away impuri- spinning of thread. This was a water- ties in crude iron, called pig iron, and to powered loom invented by Edmund Cart- produce an iron of high quality. The British wright in 1787. It now became more iron industry boomed. In 1740, Britain had efficient to bring workers to the new produced 17,000 tons (15,419 metric tons machines and have them work in facto- or t) of iron. After Cort’s process came into ries near streams and rivers, which were use in the 1780s, production jumped to used to power many of the early nearly 70,000 tons (63,490 t). In 1852, Brit- machines. ain produced almost 3 million tons (2.7 mil- The cotton industry became even more lion t)—more iron than the rest of the productive when the steam engine was combined world produced. High-quality improved in the 1760s by James Watt, a iron was used to build new machines, Scottish engineer. In 1782, Watt made especially trains. changes that enabled the engine to drive machinery. Steam power could now be used to spin and weave cotton. Before The New Factories long, cotton mills using steam engines The factory was another important ele- were found all over Britain. Because steam ment in the Industrial Revolution. From its engines were fired by coal, not powered beginning, the factory created a new labor by water, they did not need to be located system. Factory owners wanted to use near rivers. their new machines constantly. So, work- British cotton cloth production increased ers were forced to work in shifts to keep dramatically. In 1760, Britain had imported the machines producing at a steady rate. 2.5 million pounds (1.14 million kg) of raw Early factory workers came from rural cotton, which was used to produce cloth in areas where they were used to periods of cottage industries. In 1787, the British hectic work, followed by periods of inac- imported 22 million pounds (10 million kg) tivity. Factory owners wanted workers to of cotton, most of it spun on machines. By work without stopping. They disciplined 1840, 366 million pounds (166 million kg) workers to a system of regular hours and of cotton were imported each year. By this repetitive tasks. Anyone who came to time, cotton cloth was Britain’s most valu- work late was fined or quickly fired for able product. Sold everywhere in the misconduct, especially for drunkenness. world, British cotton goods were produced One early industrialist said that his aim mainly in factories. was “to make the men into machines that cannot err.” Discipline of factory workers, especially The Coal and Iron Industries of children, was often harsh. A report from The steam engine was crucial to Britain’s a British parliamentary inquiry into the Industrial Revolution. For fuel, the engine condition of child factory workers stated: depended on coal, a substance that seemed then to be unlimited in quantity. The suc- PRIMARY SOURCE cess of the steam engine increased the need “... provided a child should be drowsy, the for coal and led to an expansion in coal overlooker walks round the room... and he production. New processes using coal touches the child on the shoulder, and says, ‘Come aided the transformation of another here.’ In a corner of the room there is an iron industry—the iron industry. cistern; it is filled with water; he takes this boy, Britain’s natural resources included large and takes him up by the legs, and dips him over supplies of iron ore. At the beginning of head in the cistern, and sends him to work for the the eighteenth century, the basic process of remainder of the day....” producing iron had changed little since the Middle Ages. A better quality of iron was In some factories, children were often produced in the 1780s when Henry Cort beaten with a rod or whipped to keep them developed a process called puddling. at work. 616 SECTION 1 The Industrial Revolution Railroads the Blucher, the first successful flanged- In the eighteenth century, more efficient wheel locomotive. With its flanged wheels, means of moving resources and goods the Blucher ran on top of the rails instead of developed. Railroads were particularly in sunken tracks. important to the success of the Industrial The success of Stockton & Darlington, Revolution. the first true railroad, encouraged inves- Richard Trevithick, an English engineer, tors to link by rail the rich cotton-manufac- built the first steam locomotive. In 1804, turing town of Manchester with the Trevithick’s locomotive ran on an indus- thriving port of Liverpool, a distance of trial rail-line in Britain. It pulled 10 tons (9 32 miles (51.5 km). In 1829, the investors t) of ore and 70 people at 5 miles (8.05 km) sponsored a competition to find the most per hour. Better locomotives soon fol- suitable locomotive to do the job. They lowed. In 1813, George Stephenson built selected the Rocket. INDUSTRIALIZATION TRANSFORMS SOCIETY The new industrial workers included children as The Industrial Revolution in Europe began the shift young as seven years old, as shown in this image of child workers carrying clay in a British brickyard. from an agricultural to an industrial economy. Starting in Great Britain, it transformed not only where people worked but also the nature of work itself. Social Changes of Industrialization Before the Industrial Revolution Agricultural work on farms and in homes predominated; cottage industry took place in homes. Most people lived in rural areas. Single workers or families produced an entire product. During and After the Industrial Revolution Manufacturing predominated, with workers placed in factories; cottage industry declined or disappeared. Workers migrated to work in city factories, causing explosive growth, overcrowding, and filthy conditions. Factories practiced division of labor. Each worker performed one task in the production process. These tasks were often repetitive and boring. 1. Contrasting How did factory tasks differ from Factory work required long hours under traditional work? harsh working conditions. 2. Making Inferences How do you think industrialization Child labor occurred on a large scale. affected people’s attitudes about work? What specific Women and children were usually paid changes would workers have disliked? lower wages. CHAPTER 19 Industrialization and Nationalism 617 Mary Evans Picture Library  The Rocket sped along at 16 miles (25.7 km) per hour while pulling a 40-ton The Spread of (36-t) train. Within 20 years, locomotives Industrialization were able to reach 50 miles (80.5 km) per hour, an incredible speed. In 1840, Britain The pace of industrialization in Europe had almost 2,000 miles (3,218 km) of rail- and the United States depended on many factors, roads. In 1850, more than 6,000 miles including government policy. (9,654 km) of railroad track crisscrossed HISTORY & YOU Recall how the Enlightenment much of that country. spread through Europe. Read about the factors that Railroad expansion caused a ripple effect help explain why nations adapt to change at different in the economy. Building railroads created speeds. new jobs for farm laborers and peasants. Less expensive transportation led to lower- The world’s first industrial nation, Great priced goods, thus creating larger markets. Britain, was also the richest nation by the More sales meant more factories and more mid-nineteenth century. It produced one- machinery. Business owners could reinvest half of the world’s coal and manufactured their profits in new equipment, adding to goods. Its cotton industry alone in 1850 the growth of the economy. This type of was equal in size to the industries of all regular, ongoing economic growth became other European countries combined. a basic feature of the new industrial economy. Europe The Industrial Revolution spread to the ✓Reading Check Describing How were adult rest of Europe at different times and speeds. and child factory workers disciplined? First to be industrialized in continental The Power of Steam Steam power helped drive the Farming had always been labor-intensive, but now Industrial Revolution. Its impact was farmers were able to haul the portable steam engine to evident in factories and on the farm. the fields to power tools. Another step forward came in 1842 when a British company developed a self- No innovation was more crucial to the Industrial propelled steam engine that could pull a plow. It paved Revolution than the steam engine. Steam power trans- the way for tractors and other machinery. Farm effi- formed both farm production and the transportation ciency shot up dramatically. system. Steam-powered locomotives could deliver raw materials to factories and finished goods to market faster than ever before. 1. Explaining Why was a rail connection to Liverpool important to manufacturers in Manchester? 2. Determining Cause and Effect In what way was the development of the steam engine a cause of the Industrial Revolution? Science Museum/SSPL/The Image Works Europe were Belgium, France, and the Ger- man states. In these places, governments Social Impact in Europe actively encouraged industrialization. For Industrialization urbanized Europe and example, governments provided funds to created new social classes, as well as the conditions build roads, canals, and railroads. By 1850, for the rise of socialism. a network of iron rails spread across Europe. HISTORY & YOU Do you know people who run their own businesses? Read to learn how early entre- North America preneurs contributed to the Industrial Revolution. An Industrial Revolution also occurred in the United States. In 1800, 5 million The Industrial Revolution drastically people lived in the United States, and 6 out changed the social life of Europe and the of every 7 American workers were farm- world. In the first half of the nineteenth ers. No city had more than 100,000 people. century, cities grew and two social classes— By 1860, the population had grown to 30 the industrial middle class and the indus- million people. Cities had also grown. trial working class—emerged. Nine cities had populations over 100,000. Only 50 percent of American workers were farmers. Growth of Population A large country, the United States needed and Cities a good transportation system to move European population stood at an esti- goods across the nation. Thousands of mated 140 million in 1750. By 1850, the miles of roads and canals were built to link population had almost doubled to 266 east and west. Robert Fulton built the first million. The key to this growth was a paddle-wheel steamboat, the Clermont, in decline in death rates, wars, and diseases 1807. Steamboats made transportation eas- such as smallpox and plague. With ier on the waterways of the United States. increased food supplies, more people were Most important in the development of better fed and more resistant to disease. an American transportation system was Famine largely disappeared from Western the railroad. It began with fewer than 100 Europe. The Irish potato famine proved an miles (160.9 km) of track in 1830. By 1860, exception. The Irish depended on the about 30,000 miles (48,270 km) of railroad potato for food. When a fungus infected track covered the United States. The coun- crops in the 1840s, almost a million Irish try became a single massive market for the people died. A million more emigrated, manufactured goods of the Northeast. many to the United States. Labor for the growing number of facto- European cities and towns dramatically ries in the Northeast came chiefly from the grew. Industrialization spurred this farm population. Women and girls made growth. By 1850, British and Belgian cities up a large majority of the workers in large were home to many industries. With the textile (cotton and wool) factories. steam engine, factory owners could locate Factory owners sometimes sought entire their plants in cities. People moved from families, including children, to work in the country to the cities to find work. their factories. One advertisement in a In 1800, Great Britain had one major city, newspaper in the town of Utica, New York, London, with a population of about 1 mil- read: “Wanted: A few sober and industri- lion. Six cities had populations between ous families of at least five children each, 50,000 and 100,000. By 1850, London’s over the age of eight years, are wanted at population had swelled to about 2.5 mil- the cotton factory in Whitestown. Widows lion. Nine cities had populations over with large families would do well to attend 100,000, and eighteen cities had popula- this notice.” tions between 50,000 and 100,000. Also, over 50 percent of the British population ✓Reading Check Evaluating Why was the lived in towns and cities. In other Euro- railroad important to the industrialization of the United pean countries, urban populations grew States? less dramatically. CHAPTER 19 Industrialization and Nationalism 619  The rapid growth of cities in the first half The new industrial middle class was of the nineteenth century led to pitiful liv- made up of the people who built the facto- ing conditions for many. These conditions ries, bought the machines, and developed prompted urban reformers to call on local the markets. They had initiative, vision, governments to clean up their cities. ambition, and, often, greed. One said, Reform would be undertaken in the sec- “Getting of money … is the main business ond half of the nineteenth century. of the life of men.” The Industrial Middle Class The Industrial Working Class The Middle Ages saw the rise of com- The Industrial Revolution also created a mercial capitalism, an economic system working class that faced wretched working based on trade. Industrial capitalism, an conditions. Work hours ranged from 12 to economic system based on industrial pro- 16 hours a day, 6 days a week. There was duction, rose during the Industrial Revolu- no security of employment and no mini- tion and produced a new middle-class mum wage. group—the industrial middle class. The worst conditions were in the cotton In the Middle Ages, the bourgeois, or mills. One report noted that “in the cotton- middle-class person, was the burgher or spinning work, these creatures are kept, 14 town dweller. The bourgeois were mer- hours in each day, locked up, summer and chants, officials, artisans, lawyers, or intel- winter, in a heat of from 80 to 84 degrees.” lectuals. Later, the term bourgeois came to Mills were also dirty, dusty, dangerous, include people involved in industry and and unhealthy. banking, as well as professionals such as Conditions in the coal mines were also lawyers, teachers, or doctors. harsh. Steam-powered engines lifted the The Irish Potato Famine The Irish depended on the potato as their main food source. When a fungus infected the potato in 1845 and Homeless Irish family A sign warning off the many again in 1846 and 1848, it spelled disaster. The potato on the streets. homeless beggars. famine of 1845 alone killed one million people. Millions more emigrated during the 1840s, most to the United States. Between 1841 and 1851, Ireland’s population actually dropped—from 8.2 to 6.5 million. The British government did little to relieve the suffering, in part because it believed free trade forbade government interference. Irish resentment at the British failure to help them has been passed on to later generations. For decades, right down to our own day, this resentment has fueled Irish nationalist movements like the IRA (Irish Republican Army). A cartoon in the July 15, 1848, Punch magazine compares an Irish and an American family. The full caption was “Here and There; or Emigration, a Remedy.” 1. Interpreting Why might this cartoon have helped con- vince Irish people to immigrate to the United States? 2. Explaining How did the Irish potato famine contribute to Irish nationalism? The shovel was regarded as a symbol of labor. Mary Evans Picture Library coal from the mines to the top, but the men inside the mines dug out the coal. Dangerous conditions, including cave-ins, explosions, and gas fumes (called “bad air”), were a way of life. The cramped conditions in mines and their constant dampness led to workers’ deformed bodies and ruined lungs. Vocabulary 1. Explain the significance of: enclosure When the Factory Act of 1833 limited child labor, women movement, capital, entrepreneurs, cottage made up the difference. Women were 50 percent of the Brit- industry, James Watt, puddling, derived, ish labor force in textile factories. Mostly unskilled, they Manchester, Liverpool, Robert Fulton, were paid half or less than half of what men received. industrial capitalism, socialism, The employment of children and women was a carry- hypothetical, Robert Owen. over from the cottage industry where the family worked together. When the work hours of children and women Main Ideas were limited, a new pattern of work emerged. Men now 2. Describe four factors that contributed to earned most of the family income by working outside the making Great Britain the starting place for home. Women took over daily care of the family and per- the Industrial Revolution. formed low-paying jobs that could be done in the home. 3. Explain how government policy influenced This made it possible for women to continue to help with the spread of industrialization in Europe. the family’s financial survival. 4. Summarize the population growth of Great Britain’s cities by using a chart similar to Early Socialism the one below. The transition to factory work was not easy. Although Population Growth of Great Britain’s Cities, workers’ lives eventually improved, they suffered terribly 1800–1850 during the early period of industrialization. Their family City 1800 1850 life was disrupted, they were separated from the country- London’s population side, their hours were long, and their pay was low. No. of cities with population over 100,000 Some reformers opposed such a destructive capitalistic system and advocated socialism. In this economic system, No. of cities with population between 50,000 and 100,000 society—usually in the form of the government—owns and controls some means of production such as factories and utilities. This public ownership of the means of pro- Critical Thinking duction, it was believed, would allow wealth to be distrib- 5. The BIG Idea Determining Cause and uted more equitably to everyone. Effect Analyze the causes and effects of the Industrial Revolution. Early socialists wrote books about the ideal society that might be created. In this hypothetical society, workers 6. Identifying Points of View How might the could use their abilities and everyone’s needs would be industrial middle class and working class met. Later socialists said these were impractical dreams. have differed in their views of early industrialization? Karl Marx contemptuously labeled the earlier reformers utopian socialists. (He borrowed the term from Utopia, a 7. Analyzing Visuals What purpose do you work describing an ideal society by Sir Thomas More.) To think the engraver had in creating the image this day we refer to the early socialists in this way. on page 617? What kind of images of child labor do you see in the news today? Robert Owen, a British cotton manufacturer, was one utopian socialist. He believed that humans would show Writing About History their natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative envi- 8. Informative Writing You are a nineteenth- ronment. Owen transformed the squalid factory town of century journalist. Write a brief article New Lanark (Scotland) into a flourishing community. He depicting the working conditions in cotton created a similar community at New Harmony, Indiana, in mills and an explanation of how owners the United States in the 1820s. New Harmony failed defend such conditions. because not everyone was as committed to sharing as Owen was. (ISTORY /.,).% For help with the concepts in this section of Glencoe World ✓Reading Check Describing How did socialists respond to new History, go to glencoe.com and click Study Central. and harsh working conditions? 621  Describe the Lives of Workers in the Early 1800s What hardships did industrialization create for workers? Though it transformed the British economy, industrialization had a drastic social impact on the working people of England. How did industrialization affect living conditions? The Industrial Revolution not only brought waves of new factories, it caused masses of workers to move to the cities to find jobs at these factories. Both developments had a profound impact on the lives of England’s workers. The Industrial Revolution altered both the working and living conditions of Britain’s working class. Read the excerpts and study the illustration to learn more about how industrialization impacted the people of England during the first half of the nineteenth century. SOURCE 1 SOURCE 2 Miner Betty Harris, 37, gave testimony to an German socialist Friedrich Engels, co- 1842 Royal Commission investigating condi- founder of Marxism, described industrial tions in British mines. Manchester in his book, The Condition of the Working-Class in England in 1844.3 I was married at 23, and went into a colliery1 The first court below Ducie Bridge... was in when I was married. I... can neither read nor such a state at the time of the cholera that the write.... I am a drawer2, and work from 6 in sanitary police ordered it evacuated, swept, the morning to 6 at night. Stop about an hour at and disinfected with chloride of lime4.... At noon to eat my dinner; have bread and butter the bottom flows, or rather stagnates, the Irk, a for dinner; I get no drink.... narrow, coal-black, foul-smelling stream, full of I have a belt round my waist, and a chain debris and refuse, which it deposits on the shal- passing between my legs, and I go on my hands lower right bank.... and feet. The road is very steep, and we have to Above the bridge are tanneries5, bone mills6, hold by a rope; and when there is no rope, by and gasworks, from which all drains and refuse anything we can catch hold of. There are six find their way into the Irk, which receives fur- women and about six boys and girls in the pit I ther the contents of all the neighboring sewers work in; it is very hard work for a woman. The and privies7.... Below the bridge you look pit is very wet where I work, and the water upon the piles of debris, the refuse, the filth, comes over our clog-tops always, and I have and offal from the courts on the steep left bank; seen it up to my thighs; it rains in at the roof here each house is packed close behind its terribly. My clothes are wet through almost all neighbor and a piece of each is visible, all black, day long.... smoky, crumbling, ancient, with broken panes My cousin looks after my children in the day