Introduction to Computing Reviewer PDF

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING REVIEWER Lesson 1 Computer – An Electronic device that takes Benefits of computers: data, process data to informa on  Storing or memorizing informa on Program – Series of instruc on that a  Q...

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING REVIEWER Lesson 1 Computer – An Electronic device that takes Benefits of computers: data, process data to informa on  Storing or memorizing informa on Program – Series of instruc on that a  Quick recall of informa on computer follows to process data into info.  Rapidly perform sequen al tasks  Carry out specific ac on based on Capabili es of computers: sensor reading or other quan fiable  Perform mathema cal and logical informa on opera on Types of computers:  Store and remember informa on and retrieve and recall the info instantly.  Mainframes  Handle large volume of reputa ve  Personal Computers tasks accurately - Desktop Computers  Can communicate with its operator - Laptop Computers and other machines  Tables PCs  Ability to control error check itself  Media Centre  Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) Limita ons of computers: History of computers (Earliest compu ng  Func on only when a human being input instruc ons to process the device): informa on ABACUS  Can detect but can’t correct inaccurately entry by itself - 1st manual data processing device  Subject for breakdowns and - Developed in China in 12th century malfunc on because of power failure, A.D. computer failure humidity, - Perform arithme c calcula ons temperature, maintenance me NAPIER’S BONES Characteris cs of computers: - By John Napier (Sco sh Mathema cian) 1. MACHINE - Obtain products and quo ents 2. ELECTRONIC 3. AUTOMATIC OUGHTRED’S SLIDE RULE 4. MANIPULATE DATA 5. MEMORY - By Wiiliam Oughtred in 17th century 6. LOGIC FUNCTIONS - Arithme c opera on can be done by sliding the ruler Computers can be used in: PASCAL’S CALCULATOR 1. BUSINESS 2. HOME - By Blaise Pascal (French 3. ENTERTAINMENT Mathema cian) in 1645 4. SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH - Can add and subtract up to 8 digits 5. MILITARY  INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING REVIEWER LEIBNIZ CALCULATOR EDVAC - By Go ried Leibniz in 1694 - Electronic Discrete Variable Automa c - Same as Pascal’s but could also Computer perform mul plica on, division, and EDSAC square root - Electronic Delay Storage Automa c BABBAGE ANALYTICAL ENGINE Computer - By Charles Babbage (The Father of Stainlaw Ulam modern computer) - Uses 2 types of cards (opera on cards - Computer simula on and variable cards) - Augusta Ada Byron (first programmer) 1960’s HOLLERITH’S PUNCHED CARD MACHINE Ted Hoff - By Herman Hollerith (sta s cian) in - Microprocessor chip 1880 1970’s - 1st commercially successful data processing machine Paul Allen and William Howard (Bill Gates) - Hollerith made a census machine - The co-founder of the Microso used by US Bureau of Census in 1890 Corpora ons 1800’s 1980’s George Boole Tim Berners-Lee - Boolean Algebra - Invented the World Wide Web (www) 1930’s Computer Classifica ons: Alan Turing 1. According to age and component - General purpose programmable genera ons computer 2. According to size 3. According to Opera on John Atanasoff 4. According to Applica on - First electronic digital purpose 5. According to Design computer or Atanasoff Berry According to Age and Component Computer Genera ons 1940’s FIRST GENERATION Grace Hopper VACUUM TUBES - Introduced the concept of debugging  Slow ENIAC  Expensive  Fragile - Electronic Numerical Integrator and  Very large Computer  INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING REVIEWER SECOND GENERATION Microcomputer TRANSISTORS (Transfer Resistance) - Fits a desktop - Microprocessor inside  Much simpler - Has control capability for memory and  Much smaller I/O access  Much cheaper  More reliable According to Opera on  No warm up Digital Computers  Much faster - Operates essen ally on the basis of THIRD GENERATION dis nct (discrete) on and off states INTEGRATED CIRCUITS Analog Computers  Miniaturizing added to all the exis ng - Measuring con nuous physical or benefits electrical magnitudes such as  Enabled un-thought of possibili es pressure, current, voltage, length or FOURTH GENERATION sha rota ons Medium Scale Integra on (MSI) Hybrid Computers Large Scale Integra on (LSI) - Combina on of Digital and Analog quali es FIFTH GENERATION According to Applica on ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) Scien fic Computers  Making computers behave like humans - Computers that can manipulate  Games Playing, Expert System, numbers according to formulas Natural language, Neural Networks, Business Computers Robo cs - Handle large volume of data for input According to Size - Perform simple calcula ons like add Mainframe and subtract - Large Computers According to Design - Process large amount of data at very General Purpose Computers high speed - Support many input, output, and - Perform variety of operators by storage devices simple changing instruc ons Minicomputer Special Purpose Computers - Smaller and slower computers - Built for specific opera ons and compared to mainframe sa sfies the need for par cular problem  INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING REVIEWER Lesson 2 Electromechanical Data Processing Data – Collec on of raw facts and figures - Use of mechanical devices with electric motors Informa on – Data that is made meaningful to - Ex. Printers someone Electronic Data Processing Desirable Quali es of Informa on: - Capacity to perform computa ons RELEVANCE and other func ons at incredible - Informa on must be important to the speed receiver - Ex. Desktop, laptop 2. Data Processing Cycle COMPLETENESS - Flow of data from the moment it is recorded un l the me it become - No vital info should be missed out informa on TIMELINESS Major Phases of Data Processing Cycle: - Info must be available when in me of 1. Origina on Phase need arises - Capturing and recording data ACCURACY 2. Input Prepara on Phase - Concern with the accuracy and - Correctness of info is necessary completeness of data PRESENTABLE Three important manual steps to minimize - Understandability of info data error: DATA PROCESSING – Series of ac vi es Edi ng – Elimina on no needed data responsible for transforming data into info Coding – Reduce amount of data Data Processing Concepts: Verifying – check the accuracy of data 1. The INPUT-PROCESS-OUTPUT (I-P-O) 3. Processing Phase Model - Conversion of data into informa on - Refers to a conceptual framework Kinds of Processes: Manual Data Processing Classifying – Grouping data into classes - Use of manual labor in processing of data Sor ng – Process of separa ng classified - Slow method data - Ex. Hand Wri en Calcula ng – Involves arithme c Mechanical Data Processing processes - Use of machine or device Summarizing – Process of decreasing the - Greater computa on speed level of details of data - Ex. Typewriter, calculator  INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING REVIEWER 4. Output Prepara on Phase Outputs - Result or info is generated - The Finish product Several Ways how Informa on is provided Environment to the User: - Set of all outside elements that Reproduc on influence system Communica on – Transmit to printed or oral form Types of System: System – Group of organized Informa on System interdependent components that - Designed to collect, process, generate compliment to one another to achieved and exchange informa on goal - Ex. Personnel Management Informa on System, Financial Characteris cs of a System: Management Informa on System Unitary Whole Applica on System - System is the sum of its parts glued - Designed to support a very specific into one en ty func on Composed of Parts - Ex. Payroll system, accoun ng system - Made up of func onally oriented Computer System Components: Bounded Hardware - Boundaries separate the system from - Supported by peripherals its environment - Computer equipment - Physical components that are used in System Parts Interact With Each Other data prepara on, data input, data - Related and have definite interac ons computa ons and logic comparisons and interdependencies - Includes the central processing unit (CPU) and the storage, input, output, Hierarchical and communica on devices - System that is likely to be part of So ware another larger system - Non physical components such as the Goal Oriented machine coded instruc ons - Components all work toward a - Refers to computers’ programs which par cular purpose direct and control hardware Basic Components of a System: Two Types of So ware: Inputs Systems so ware - Elements that enter the system - Programs that facilitate the programming and opera on of the Processes computer - Ac ons that convert input into output  INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING REVIEWER Applica on so ware Memory Management - These programs are wri en to solve a - Op mizing the use of main memory specific problem (RAM) Peopleware Buffering and Spooling - Refers to the personnel who manage, Buffer designs the applica on, writes and - Area in RAM or on the hard drive encodes the program designed to hold data that is used by Lesson 3 different hardware devices System So ware – OS and program that Buffering or spooling control a computer system and allow you to - Placing item in a buffer so they can be use computer retrieved by the appropriate device Applica on So ware – Allow user to perform when needed specific tasks on a computer Differences Among Opera ng System: Opera ng System – Collec on of programs Command Line Interface that manage and coordinate the ac vi es within a computer - Input command using keyboard Func ons of an Opera ng System: Graphic User Interface  Interfacing with user - Graphics based interface  Boo ng the computer - Used by most OS  Configuring Devices Categories of Opera ng System:  Managing network connec ons  Managing and monitoring resources Personal (desktop) Opera ng Systems and jobs - Designed to be installed on a single  File manager computer  Security Server (network) Opera ng Systems Processing Techniques for Increased - Designed to be installed on a network Efficiency: server Mul tasking Mobile and embedded opera ng system are - Ability of an opera ng system to have also common more than one program (task) open at one me Windows: Mul threading Windows NT (New Technology) - Ability to rotate between mul ple - First 32-bit version of Windows threads designed for high-end work sta ons and servers Mul processing and Parallel Processing - Replaces by Win 2000 - Mul ple processors are used in one Windows XP computer system - Replaced both Win 2000 and Win Me  INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING REVIEWER Windows Vista UNIX - Replaced Win XP - OS developed in 1960’s for midrange - Introduce the Aero interface and servers sidebar feature Linux Windows 7 - Developed by Linus Torvalds in 1991 - Released in 2009 - Open-source so ware - Home premium (primary version for Chrome OS home users) - Professional (primary version for - First cloud OS business) - Essen ally for chrome web browser - Libraries feature gives you virtual folders Opera ng System for Mobile Devices: Windows 8 Windows Phone 8, Win RT, and Win embedded - Designed to be used with smartphones, desktop computers, Windows Phone w/o keyboard or mouse - Latest version of windows designed - Support mul touch input for phones - Includes start screen, les, and charm - Based on Win 8 OS bar Windows RT Windows 10 - For tablet use - Replaced Win 8 and 8.1 - Include new start menu, Microso Windows Embedded edge, cortana etc. - For consumers and industrial devices Windows 11 Opera ng System for Mobile Phones and - Current version of Windows Other Devices: - Released on October 5, 2021 Android Windows Server - Linux based OS - For server use only - Can create applica on that take full - Win server 2021 is the latest version advantage of all the features a mobile - Support both virtualiza on and clous device has to offer compu ng - Open pla orm - Current version is Android 11 Windows Home Server - Support mul tasking, mul ple cores, - Preinstalled on home server devices NFC mobile payment transac ons, - Designed to provide services for a internet phone calls home network IOS Mac OS - Designed for apple mobile phones - Opera ng system for computers made - Current version is IOS 15 by Apple Corpora on - Support mul tasking - Based on Unix OS  INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING REVIEWER Blackberry OS and Blackberrry PlayBook OS 7. Molex Power Connector 8. IDE Ports - Designed for blackberry devices 9. S-ATA Ports Mobile Linux 10. South Bridge 11. USB 2.0 Header - Other mobile OS based on Linux 12. Firewire Header besides Android and IOS - Ubuntu, webOS, FirefoxOS, and Tizen External Ports: Lesson 4 Motherboard – Allows all the parts of your computer to receive power and communicate with one another Role of Motherboard in the Computer System:  Organiza on of device  Control of the devices  System communica on 1. PS/2 Connectors Green – mouse  Processor support Purple – keyboard  Peripheral support 2. USB (Universal Serial Bus) Ports  System Performance 3. Parallel Port  Upgradeability 4. Game Port Internal connector and Port: 5. Sound card Connectors Blue – CD player & casse e Pink – Mic (input) Green – Earphones (output) 6. Display Connector 7. COM (communica ons) Port Peripheral – Device that is used to put informa on into or get info out of the computer Three types of peripherals:  Input  Output  Storage Output Devices – Translate info in a way that human can understand 1. PCI Slot 2. AGP slot 3. North Bridge 4. CPU Socket 5. DIMM Slot 6. Ba ery  INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING REVIEWER Types of Output Devices: Non-impact – Form characters and images without making direct physical contact  Display Screen  Printers and Plo ers Plo ers – specialized output device  Audio-output devices designed to produce high quality graphics  Video-output devices in a variety of colors, use for architectural  Virtual reality devices designs  Robots Audio-Output Devices Display Screens - Device that output voice like sound, - Either CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) or flat those that output music panel display - Ex. Speakers, headphones, sound card - CRT ‘s uses a vacuum tube like that of Video-Output Devices a TV - Flat panel displays are thinner, weigh - To see hear one another using less, and consume less power computer and communica on - Ex. Video conference, video edi ng Display screens can be either: Virtual Reality Devices – Computer Monochrome – Display 2 colors, generated AI that project a person into a black/white, amber/black, green/black sensa on of three-dimensional space. It Color display screen – Can display needed headgear, glove, so ware between 16 and 16.7 million colors, - Applies to arcade type games depending on their type - Architectural design Display Screens relates to their capacity to Augmented reality display graphics: Robots – Automa c device that performs Character-Mapped display screen – func ons ordinarily ascribed to human Display only text, le ers, numbers and special character. Ar ficial Intelligence – Family or technologies that a empts to develop Bitmapped display screen – Can display computer systems that can mimic human graphics Robots as output devices – Robot Paper Output resembling a miniature tank - Printer in an output device that prints Scrubmate – Robot can clean characters, symbols and perhaps bathrooms graphics on paper Robodoc – Robot used for surgery Desktop – Printers is not mobile and portable Input Devices Portable – Mobile printer and can be Touch Screen – Device that work by carried anywhere simply touching the screen Impact – Form character or images by striking a mechanism such as printer hammer or wheel against an inked ribbon INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING REVIEWER Basic Components: Mouse – Common poin ng device -Touch screen sensor panel -Wired -Touch screen controller -Wireless -So ware driver -Bluetooth Light Pen – Poin ng device in which -Trackball the user holds a wand which is -Op cal a ached to the computer -Laser Graphics Tablet (digi zer) – Also called as digi zing tablet, a flat plas c Trackpad – A pad, which can see on rectangle with subsurface electronics, the laptop. That uses our hand as a used in conjunc on with a poin ng cursor to this pad device in many engineering and design applica on Video digi zers – Device enable you to change video images, such as those Keyboard – Keypad device with taken with a camcorder bu ons or keys that a user presses to enter Speech Recogni on Devices – Device enable computers to hear and record -Wireless keyboard spoken words, and to respond spoken commands -Musical keyboard Digital Camera – Digital camera owner displays the back of a digital camera with its liquid crystal screen showing his own image being captured. Scanner – Device for examining an object in detail in order to produce an electronic image of it -Op cal scanner -Flatbed scanner -Hand-held scanner -Reading-Edge scanner -Voice output scanner