Immunology Week 1 PDF

IMMUNOLOGY WEEK 1 ANN DONACHEY [email protected] WHATSAPP: 1-613-868-2284 HI TEAM! Ann 3rd semester Canadian Small animal/small exotic pet rescue SAVMA and ZEW club & YOUR TA FOR IMMUNOLOGY SIGN IN FOR EACH SESSION YES, EVEN IF YOU’RE WATCHING THE RECORDING OR JUST DOING THE PRACTICE PR...

IMMUNOLOGY WEEK 1 ANN DONACHEY [email protected] WHATSAPP: 1-613-868-2284 HI TEAM! Ann 3rd semester Canadian Small animal/small exotic pet rescue SAVMA and ZEW club & YOUR TA FOR IMMUNOLOGY SIGN IN FOR EACH SESSION YES, EVEN IF YOU’RE WATCHING THE RECORDING OR JUST DOING THE PRACTICE PROBS CELLS AND ORGANS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM THE DEFENCE PLAN SPECIFIC SLOW MEMORY NON-SPECIFIC FAST NO MEMORY INNATE immunity FIRST LINE: surfaces & stickies skin mucous membranes chemicals (stomach pH, saliva, sweat) ADAPTIVE immunity SECOND LINE: reception defence phagocytes complement interferons fever inflammation ALWAYS READY AND REACTS THE SAME EVERYTIME, SO IT DOESN’T NEED TO REMEMBER THIRD LINE: trained defence humoral and innate immunity mediated by lymphocytes (T and B cells) NEEDS A FEW DAYS TO GET GOING BUT PACKS A PUNCH and NEVER FORGETS THERE IS A CUT ON THE NOSE OF MRS. SMITH’S CAT SIMON. SHE MENTIONED HER DOG HAS BEEN LICKING THE WOUND. HOW DO PUPPY KISSES HELP PREVENT INFECTION OF SIMON’S CUT? A) THIRD LINE DEFENCE B) ADAPTIVE DEFENCE C)SECOND LINE DEFENCE D) FIRST LINE DEFENCE IF A FERRET WAS INFECTED FIVE DAYS AGO, WHICH ELEMENT OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IS CURRENTLY TAKING EFFECT? A) PHAGOCYTES B) HUMORAL IMMUNITY C) COMPLEMENT SYSTEM D) STOMACH PH TRUE OR FALSE: BACILLUS BACTERIA HAS ENTERED THE BODY. A PHAGOCYTE IS NEARBY, INGESTS TrBcells AND DEGRADES IT. THE PHAGOCYTE WILL REMEMBER BACILLUS NEXT TIME THERE IS AN INFECTION, AND REACT MORE QUICKLY TO THE NEXT INFECTION. THE CELLS IMPORTANT POINTS TO NOTE: All immune cells have a common origin in the BONE MARROW from hematopoiteic stem cells NK cells share progenitor with T and B cell progenitor cells BUT THEY ARE STILL INNATE CELLS DC cells have both myeloid and lymphoid progenitor origin Neutrophils and Macrophages share a granulocytemonocyte progenitor Megakaryocytes are the “progenitor” for platelets, they just break off this bigger cell WHAT IS THE PROGENITOR CELL FOR NK CELLS? A) MYELOID PROGENITOR B) NK PROGENITOR C) LYMPHOID PROGENITOR D) T CELL PROGENITOR THE INNATE TEAM BASOPHILS ID: stain dark blue MOA: degranulation EOSINOPHILS ID: stain bright red MOA: degranulation Functions; defence against parasites +/- allergies and inflammation Functions; defence against parasites (helminths) allergies Express adhesion molecules Differentiate in response to IL-3, IL-5 and GM-CSF Respond to chemokines released by neutrophils and macrophages THE INNATE TEAM NEUTROPHILS MOST NUMEROUS IMMUNE CELL ID: segmented nucleus and neutrally straining granules BUT immature neutrophils have a banded nucleus MOA: phagocytosis Function: innate second line defence just meanders around looking for stuff to eat neutroPHILIA= HIGH neutrophil count. therefore an active immune response or kidney failure (they housekeep dead cells of the body) *sometimes we see band neutrophils in heavy infections- this is not a good thing* neutroPENIA= LOW neutrophil count therefore leukemia or bone marrow damage (problem with the source) THE INNATE TEAM MAST CELLS two types of mast cells: connective tissue mast cells: local allergic reaction mucosal mast cells, which are found in areas of the body that are exposed to the external environment (i.e., lung mucosa, digestive tract, mouth and nose) Function: defence against parasites mediate allergic reactions by releasing histamine MOA: degranulation NK CELLS Innate immune cells Function: recognize and kill virus-infected cells or tumor cells NON-SPECIFICALLY regulators of immune response MOA: induce apoptosis by releasing granules THE INNATE TEAM BIG EATER MACROPHAGES/ MONOCYTES ID: irregular shape monocytes- bloodstream macrophages- in tissues Two types: M1= inflammatory M2= anti-inflammatory Function: sentinel cell and professional antigen presenting cell (induce adaptive response) phagocytosis housekeeping THE INNATE TEAM DENDRITIC CELLS Function sentinel and THE professional antigen presenting BRIDGE THE INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY they activate T cells in lymph nodes Origin: differentiate in the bone marrow by myeloid or lymphoid progenitors maturation in either, the bone marrow, lymphoid, or non-lymphoid tissues Two types: classical/conventional dendritic cells (cDCs): the presenty boys plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs): secrete type I interferons in response to viruses (detected by toll like receptor 7 and 9) WHICH CELLS PHAGOCYTOSE MICROORGANISMS? A) MACROPHAGE AND NEUTROPHIL Apoptose B) MACROPHAGE AND NK CELL C) NEUTROPHIL AND EOSINOPHIL D) NK CELL AND DENDRITIC CELL WHICH CELL PLAYS A ROLE IN FIGHTING PARASITIC INFECTIONS? A) NK CELLS B) EOSINOPHILS C) MACROPHAGES D) MAST CELLS E) B & C F) B & D Basophils WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT A ROLE OF A MACROPHAGE? A) PHAGOCYTOSIS B) DEGRANULATION C) ANTIGEN PRESENTATION D) HOUSEKEEPING MOLLY, A FOUR YEAR OLD GOLDEN RETRIEVER ARRIVES, HER MOM TELLS YOU SHE’S HAD A FEVER THIS MORNING. YOU RUN BLOODWORK AND RESULTS SHOW SHE HAS NEUTROPHILIA. YOU EXPLAIN THIS FINDING TO HER MOM AS: A) SHE’S GOT A LOW NEUTROPHIL COUNT B) SHE’S GOT A NORMAL NEUTROPHIL COUNT C) SHE HAS A HIGH NEUTROPHIL COUNT D) SHE’S GOT A HIGH MACROPHAGE COUNT TRUE OR FALSE THE MAIN ROLE OF PLASMACYTOID DENDRITIC CELLS IS TO BRIDGE INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY. THE ADAPTIVE TEAM B LYMPHOCYTES Humoral immune response ANTIBODIES Development: mature in the bone marrow in animals & bursa of Fabricius in birds Activated through antigens binding to BCRs ANTIBODIES THREE MAJOR ROLES: Neutralization: pathogen is covered in antibodies and cannot further infect host cells Opsonization: antibody-bound pathogen tagged for neutrophils or macrophage engulfement. Complement activation: process for directly destroying or lysing pathogens THE ADAPTIVE TEAM T LYMPHOCYTES Cellular immune response Development: immature T cells are thymocytes which are in bone marrow and then migrate to mature in the thymus Undergo several stages of selection and quality control before differentiation and activation TWO TYPES: CD4+ (helper T cells): four major subsets which help tailor the immune response Th1: mediate response of other immune cells against intracellular pathogens Th2: coordinate immune responses against extracellular pathogens by activating B cells, granulocytes and mast cells Th17: coordinate response against extracellular bacteria, particularly at surfaces T regulatory cells: monitor and inhibit the activity of other T cells CD8+ (cytotoxic T cells): recognize and kill infected or cancer cells via cytotoxic granules WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ARE INVOLVED IN ADAPTIVE RESPONSE? A) M1 CELLS B) ANTIBODIES C) PLASMACYTOID DC CELLS D) GRANULOCYTES WHICH CELL MEDIATES RESPONSE AGAINST INTRACELLULAR MICROBES? A) TH1 B) TH2 C) T HELPER CELLS D) CD8+ LYMPOCYTES CELL COMMUNICATION cell-to-cell contact signalling molecules Ligands (signals like cytokines or complement) act on receptor Receptors can be extracellular= hydrophilic, or intracellular= hydrophobic innate cells have toll-like receptors for DAMP and PAMP ligans APC have MHC receptors for antigens adaptive immunity have BCR and TCRs to recognize foregin antigens altering the expression and density of various receptors and ligands tailors the message WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING CELL COMMUNICATION MECHANISMS RELEASE LIGANDS INTO BLOOD? A) PARACRINE B) AUTOCRINE C) ENDOCRINE D) BADOCRINE WHICH RECEPTOR IS ONLY FOUND ON ADAPTIVE IMMUNE CELLS? A) MHC B) TLR C) BCR D) CYTOKINE ORGANS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM ORGANS Lymphoid cells are first produced in the yolk sac, fetal omentum and liver PRIMARY ORGANS: places where cells are made/ mature not introduced to antigens here include: bone marrow, thymus, and bursa of Fabricius (birds) B lymphocytes develop and mature in different primary lymphoid organs depending on the species Bursa of Fabricius – in birds only Bone marrow in primates and rodents Intestinal lymphoid tissue in rabbits, dogs, ruminants and pigs (B cells) BONE MARROW is a hematopoietic organ that gives rise to all blood cells SECONDARY ORGANS: placed where immune cells are exposed to antigen for induction of immune reaction include: spleen, lymph nodes, non-encapsulated lymphoid tissue, Peyer’s patches THE PRIMARY ORGANS THYMUS undergoes involution over time capsulated lobulated outer cortex and inner medulla function: maturation of T lymphocytes via selection negative selection: apoptosis of Thymocytes with receptors that bind too strongly to self-antigens or don’t have any positive selection: Thymocytes that recognize MHC II/Ag complexes with moderate affinity are allowed to live positively selected cells can leave the thymus and populate secondary lymphatic organs THE PRIMARY ORGANS BURSA OF FABRICIUS in cloaca of BIRDS ONLY undergoes involution over time outer cortex and inner medulla cortex contains lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages function: Maturation of B lymphocytes negative selection and positive selection of B lymphocytes differentiation of immature B cells into antibody producing plasma cells THE SECONDARY ORGANS ENCAPSULATED AND NON-ENCAPSULATED All secondary organs enlarge in response to antigenic stimulation Surgical removal does not impair immune capability Contain dendritic cells (DCs) which trap and process antigens, and later present these antigens to lymphocytes to initiate an adaptive immune response ENCAPSULATED ORGANS lymph nodes function of LN is to filter lymph to facilitate the interaction between dendritic cells and antigen-sensitive T and B lymphocytes Cortex: have germinal centres with B lymphocytes Paracortex: have T cells and DCs Medulla: many different types of cells spleen Primary immune function filters blood for blood-borne antigens, cellular debris and aged blood cells Also stores red blood cells, platelets, recycles iron Red pulp: blood filtering and RBC storage White pulp: where immune induction occurs – rich in lymphocytes NON-ENCAPSULATED ORGANS Peyers Patches Primary organs: in ruminants, pigs, dogs and rabbits only for B cell development located in Ileum in ruminants located in ileum/jejunum in rabbits and rodents undergoes involution Have M cells to sample lumen Secondary in other animal species MALT: mucous associated lymphoid tissue Gastrointestinal-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) inductive and effector site of intestinal immune response Bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) Nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) Conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT) WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS A PRIMARY ORGAN IN A CAT? A) MALT B) BONE MARROW C) PEYERS PATCH D) BURSA OF FABRICIUS Fimbitants TRUE OR FALSE: Lofood THE MAIN FUNCTION OF THE SPLEEN IS TO FACILITATE THE INTERACTION BETWEEN DENDRITIC CELLS AND ANTIGEN-SENSITIVE T AND B LYMPHOCYTES. TRUE OR FALSE: THE BURSA OF FABRICIUS INVOLUTES AND IS THE PRIMARY SITE OF TB CELL DEVELOPMENT IN BIRDS. thank thank you! you! goodluck goodluck :):)