Immunity Class Slides Fall24 - No Answers

Module 3: Immunity, Infection, Inflammation Sarah J. Allgood, PhD, RN  Week 3 Announcements Immune Post-Module Worksheet A due Friday, Sept. 13th, 11:59pm – Don’t forget about the second one – due anytime up until 11/18 Pulmonary Pre-Module Worksheet...

Module 3: Immunity, Infection, Inflammation Sarah J. Allgood, PhD, RN  Week 3 Announcements Immune Post-Module Worksheet A due Friday, Sept. 13th, 11:59pm – Don’t forget about the second one – due anytime up until 11/18 Pulmonary Pre-Module Worksheet due Tuesday, Sept. 19th 11:59pm Synthesis Assignment 1: – Due Sunday, September 22nd, at 11:59pm – Answer key will open at 12:01 am on September 23rd – No late assignments accepted nor can extensions be granted Use the “Review Information/Exam Prep” section to guide your active studying for the midterm  First, A Rapid Review! Purpose: to promote peer to peer learning, to provide a concrete example for an active study technique – The purpose IS NOT to create a bank of peer developed resources Process: – Break into pairs and introduce yourself if you haven’t already – With your given topic: In five minutes, partner 1 tells Partner 2 all they know about this topic (e.g., where the edema might be, what change in Starling forces contributed to the edema, etc.) Then Partner 2 will reiterate what Partner 1 told them, clarify any incorrect information and add in any missing information with the next five minutes Next, spend no more than 10 minutes co-developing a simple diagram, cartoon, or flow chart demonstrating this concept  Module 3 Synthesis Assignment Question 16: What type of immune reaction is Sam’s bee sting allergy? How does this reaction (and those reactions from Type II and Type III hypersensitivity reactions) differ from a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction? Maximum 10 sentences Question 1 include: type of hypersensitivity reaction of a bee sting, types of cells and cellular products involved, and the symptoms associated with this particular immune response Question 2 include: the key differences between each type of reaction  Module 3 Synthesis Assignment Answer: Sam’s bee sting allergy is a Type I hypersensitivity reaction. This reaction involves mast cells releasing histamine and IgE being released from plasma cells to create an anaphylactic reaction to the sting. The symptoms associated with this can include facial and throat swelling, hives, itchiness, redness, difficulty breathing, and wheezing. This can be a life-threatening event. The main difference between type I, II, and III reactions vs. a type IV reaction is the immune responses. Type IV reactions are initiated by a cell-mediated immune response (cytotoxic T cell response) vs. the other three are initiated by a humoral immune response (an antibody response). Type II hypersensitivities are characterized by antibodies attacking what the immune system perceives to be “antigens” at the tissue level, such as in myasthenia. Type III hypersensitivities are characterized by the formation of antigen/antibody chains which then cause tissue damage, such as in systemic lupus erythematosus  Immunity Overview Characteristics​ Barriers​ Inflammatory Response​ Acquired Immunity​ Level​ First line​ Second line; response to Third line​ injury​ Timing​ Constant​ Immediate​ Delay between primary exposure and maximum response –immediate response second time​ Specificity​ Broad​ Broad​ VERY SPECIFIC​ Cells​ Epithelial​ Mast cells, granulocytes ,NK Lymphocytes, cells, platelets, endothelial​ macrophages,dendritic cells​ Memory​ None​ None​ Specific memory​ Peptides​ Defensins,cathelicidins, Complement, Antibodies, complement​ lactoferin​ clotting factor,kinins​ Protection​ Physical and chemical​ Vascular responses,cellular Lymphocytes and antibodies​ components,activation of plasmaprotein systems​  Immunity Case Study Annie is a 57 year old self-identified woman who presents to your primary care clinic for an annual check-up. Annie’s medical history is significant for rheumatoid arthritis. We haven’t studied rheumatoid arthritis, but let’s explore how the immune system reacts with this condition…  What’s the process? Annie reports that she is currently experiencing more pain and swelling in the joints of her hand. You observe that the joints appear to be red and swollen What process do these symptoms indicate to you is going on in her hand joints? What are some substances that are responsible for this process?  Why does this occur? Explain how and why _________ release affects the capillaries What are the ____________ and how do they contribute to this process?  Answer Which of the following statements is true about _________? a. They are released by lymphocytes to tell mast cells to release bradykinin as part of the inflammatory process b. They can be released by many different cells to alert various parts of the immune system to become active c. They initiate a chain reaction of clotting factors and the end product is fibrin d. They can be activated by three pathways and the end product is MAC (membrane attack complex)  What Else is Involved? It’s been a while since you’ve taken care of someone with RA, so you access UpToDate to remind yourself about the pathogenesis (how a disease develops) of this disease You see that both CD4+ cells and B lymphocytes are involved in this disease. What immune pathway includes both of these lymphocytes?  What Else is Involved? Based on your knowledge of this pathway, what substance released from plasma cells (B lymphocytes) is also implicated in this disease process? It is all coming back to you now…you recall that RA is a disease caused by a type III hypersensitivity reaction. What does this mean?  What Is An Autoimmune Condition? Diseases/conditions caused by hypersensitivity reactions are also referred to as autoimmune diseases/conditions. What does this mean? What specific thing in the body triggers these reactions?  4 Types of HSR’s Why do you think there are different classifications for the different hypersensitivity reactions?  Type I HSR’s What is the substance that mediates (influences) these reactions? What are some common signs/symptoms? These reactions can be life-threatening. What is this called?  Type II HSR’s What is the immune response that characterizes these diseases? What is specifically attacked in Goodpasture’s? What is specifically attacked in Myasthenia Gravis? What is specifically attacked in hemolytic transfusion reactions?  Back to Annie… Annie is diagnosed as having an RA flare and is put on prednisone – a type of medication classified as a glucocorticoid (a type of steroid) that is a powerful anti-inflammatory drug. It lowers inflammation by suppressing the immune system What type of immune-deficiency could the use of this medication cause? What might use of this medication put Annie at risk for developing?  More On Immune Deficiencies What are some other causes of secondary immune deficiencies? What might use of this medication put Annie at risk for developing given that it is suppressing her immune system?  More On Immune Deficiencies What is the other type of immune deficiency? How are these different from secondary immune deficiencies? Compared to secondary immune deficiencies, these are quite rare  Passive Immunity Oftentimes, people with autoimmune conditions and/or immune deficiencies are given infusions of IgG antibodies (IVIG). This is a form of passive immunity. What is passive immunity?  What We Didn’t Cover… Responsible for anything that is listed in the Review/Exam Prep section of each module on the midterm In general, focus on big processes of each line of defense, infections (specific ones listed in module), and immune disorders