Inflammation Overview PDF

INFLAMMATION INFLAMMATION - CONCEPT  Definition: An immunologic defense against tissue injury, infection or allergy INFLAMMATION - CONCEPT Antecedents Defining Characteristics Positive Consequences Risk Factors Negative Consequences Interrelated Concepts Exemplars INFLAMMATION  Innate Immun...

INFLAMMATION INFLAMMATION - CONCEPT  Definition: An immunologic defense against tissue injury, infection or allergy INFLAMMATION - CONCEPT Antecedents Defining Characteristics Positive Consequences Risk Factors Negative Consequences Interrelated Concepts Exemplars INFLAMMATION  Innate Immunity  Adaptive (acquired) Immunity  Overlaps with Immunity Positive Restitution of functioning INFLAMMATION Consequences – cells Fibrous repair when cells Primary Functions unable to be restored Overly severe immune response Negative Development of chronic inflammation Consequences Autoimmune diseases Hypersensitivity reactions INFLAMMATION  Always present with infection  May occur in absence of infection  Inflammation – response of the body to injury, NOT the agent causing the injury as seen in infection  Process is similar regardless of cause  Variability in degree of response  https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human- biology/immunology/v/inflammatory-response INFLAMMATION These processes result in the signs/symptoms we see during inflammatory processes INFLAMMATION  Acute inflammation INFLAMMATION  Phagocytosis – links to adaptive/acquired immunity  INFLAMMATION – WHITE BLOOD CELLS  WBC – Leukocytes  Lymphocytes  B cells  T cells  Natural Killer cells  Granulocytes  Neutrophils  Eosinophils  Basophils and Mast Cells  Monocytes  Macrophages  Dendritic cells INFLAMMATION – LYMPHOCYTES  Lymphocytes – T cells, B cells, NK cells  Often present in chronic inflammation  Important for adaptive/acquired immunity  Most prominent when viral antigens present  Natural killer (NK) cells able to kill viral cells without prior exposure INFLAMMATION – GRANULOCYTES  Neutrophils  Significantly important  Movement initiated by chemotactic factors  Involved in phagocytosis  Primary component of exudate with bacterial infections, acute responses  Band cells – immature neutrophils INFLAMMATION – GRANULOCYTES  Basophils and Mast Cells  Primary function – release histamine  Basophils – circulate in blood vessels; Mast Cells – found in connective tissue near blood vessels  Eosinophils  Defend against parasitic infections  Respond to allergic reactions INFLAMMATION – MONOCYTES  Monocytes - immature cells that either become macrophages or dendritic cells  Macrophages – found in tissues; have receptor proteins that locate antigens; see 24 hours after acute response and in chronic infections  Dendritic Cells - Antigen-presenting cells to T-cells as part if adaptive/acquired immunity INFLAMMATION – KEY CHEMICAL MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION  Histamine (vasoactive amine)  Found in mast cells, basophils; quickly released and results in vasodilation, increased vascular permeability  Cytokines (small proteins)  Some are pro-inflammatory and found in macrophages and T cells – can increase fever (include tumor necrosis alpha, interleukins – IL-1, IL-6)  Prostaglandins (lipid mediator)  Responsible for vasodilation, promote increased permeability and chemotaxis INFLAMMATION – KEY CHEMICAL MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION  Plasma Protein Systems  Complement  Produces cascade that directly destroys pathogens and can increase components of inflammation response  Coagulation  Cytokines activate this system; stimulates production of platelets  Kinin  Produces kinins, including bradykinin, potent vasodilators and involved in pain sensation INFLAMMATION – NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM (ACUTE)  HPA Axis  Releases glucocorticoids and anti-inflammatory cytokines  SNS  Releases norepinephrine to decrease amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines  PNS  Cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, decreases neutrophil activation  Acute INFLAMMATION - Chronic TYPES Localized Systemic   White Blood Cell Count (WBC) – consists of agranulocytes (monocytes and lymphocytes) and granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils  4,000 – 10,000/mm3 INFLAMMATION  Neutrophils – function as immune system defenses against inflammation, tissue injury and infection Laboratory Tests  “Shift to the left”- greater number of immature (bands); need for more rapid production  Basophils – increased during allergic reactions  Monocytes – elevated during chronic inflammation/infections  Lymphocytes – elevated during chronic and viral infections and lymphocytic leukemia  C-Reactive Protein (CRP) – elevated in inflammation  Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) – elevated in inflammation, related to fibrinogen level QUESTIONS??