IMMUNITY - AYURVEDIC PERSPECTIVES AND PRACTICES PDF

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357535113 IMMUNITY"-AYURVEDIC PERSPECTIVES AND PRACTICES Article · January 2022 CITATIONS READ...

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357535113 IMMUNITY"-AYURVEDIC PERSPECTIVES AND PRACTICES Article · January 2022 CITATIONS READS 0 9,385 3 authors, including: Jyotima Pandey 5 PUBLICATIONS 0 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE All content following this page was uploaded by Jyotima Pandey on 03 January 2022. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.  wjpmr, 2022,8(1), XX-XX SJIF Impact Factor: 5.922 Review Article Tiwari et al. WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research AND MEDICAL RESEARCH ISSN 2455-3301 www.wjpmr.com Wjpmr IMMUNITY”–AYURVEDIC PERSPECTIVES AND PRACTICES Dr. Deepak Kumar Tiwari1*, Dr. Jyotima Pandey2 and Dr. Vinod Kumar Tiwari3 1 Assistant Professor Dept. of Rasa Shastra And Bhaishajya Kalpana, Gangasheel Ayurved Medical College Bareilly. 2 Assistant Professor Dept. of Samhita Siddhanta, Gangasheel Ayurved Medical College Bareilly. 3 Assistant Professor Dept. of Agad Tantra, Gangasheel Ayurved Medical College Bareilly. *Corresponding Author: Dr. Deepak Kumar Tiwari Assistant Professor Dept. of Rasa Shastra And Bhaishajya Kalpana, Gangasheel Ayurved Medical College Bareilly. Email ID: [email protected] Article Received on 23/11/2021 Article Revised on 13/12/2021 Article Accepted on 02/01/2022 ABSTRACT The word immunity means the state of preservation from infectious disease. The immune system evolved as defense system to protect body from invading microorganisms and malignant disorders. Immunology is a branch of biomedical science that covers the studies of all aspects of the immune response in all organisms. In Ayurvedic system of medicine not only deals with treating the diseases but also aims to prevention the disease. Vyadhikshamatva (Immunity) is described in Ayurveda and this concept is considered similar to immune systems. Hence in this article we discuss on immunity Ayurvedic perspectives and practice. KEYWORDS: Vyadhikshamatva; Bala; Agni; Rasayana; Lehana. INTRODUCTION which limits the pathogenesis and opposes the strength of disease. Chakrapani Datta, while commenting on Immunity in Ayurveda is known by the word Charaka Samhita, gave his view on the term „Vyadhikshamathva‟ the term Vyadhikshamathva is Vyadhikshamatva and explained the term in two formed by two words vyadhi & kshamathva. Vyadhi – divisions, viz. Disease Kshamathva – Resistance. It is the capacity of the body to resist the body. Chakradutta defined Vyadhi-balavirodhitvam: It is the capacity to restrain or immunity into two terms- Vyadhi bala virodhitvam – withstand the strength (severity) of the diseases i.e. Capacity of body to fight against the manifested disease, strength to resist the progress of disease. Vyadhi utpadaka pratibandhkatvam- capacity of the body to resist the pathogenic process of forming disease. In Vyadhi-utpadakapratibandhakatva: The resisting few words immunity in Ayurveda refers to preventation power of the body competent enough to prevent the of disease and quick recovery from disease. Concept of occurrence and re-occurrence of the disease. These sub- Vyadhikshamatva (Immunity) described in the classical types of Vyadhikshamatva commutatively form the texts of Ayurveda is similar to immunity. It is not resistance which now a day known as Immunity. There exaggeration to mention that, Ayurveda described are nine factors mentioned in Ayurveda which promotes Vyadhikshamatva in more detail and magnificent way body towards incapability to resist the disease which can be considered equivalent to modern concepts manifestation i.e. factors responsible for decreasing of immunity. immunity. 1) Ati- Sthoola (Excessively obese persons) 2) Ati-Krisha (Excessively emaciated person) 3) Concept of Vyadhikshamatva Anivista-Mamsa (Individual having improper In Sanskrita, the word Vyadhikshamatva‟ is made up of musculature) 4) Anivista-Asthi (persons having two words; Vyadhi (disease) and Kshamatva (suppress or defective bone tissues) 5) Anivista-Shonita (persons overcome). According to Ayurveda, Vyadhi is conditions with defective blood) 6) Durbala (Constantly weak which come into existence as consequence of non- person) 7) Asatmya-Aaharopachita (Those nourished equilibrium between Doshas (physiological factors i.e with unwholesome food) 8) Alpa-Aaharopachita vata, pitta & kapha), Dhatus (tissues systems) and Malas (Those taking diet in small quantity) 9) Alpa-Sattva (excretory products of body). These factors, in their (Individuals with feeble mind). normal status are responsible in maintaining the physical and psychological health. The other word, Kshamatva‟ is Relation of Vyadhikshamatva with various factors derived from, Kshamus sahane‟ which means to be 1. Sleshma Kapha- is one of the Tridosha (three patient or composed to suppress anger, to keep quite or humorsVata, Pitta and Kapha-which are said to be to resist. Therefore Vyadhikshamatwa means the factor www.wjpmr.com │ Vol 8, Issue 1, 2022. │ ISO 9001:2015 Certified Journal │ Tiwari et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research responsible for maintenance of homeostasis or There are 12 factors responsible for increasing Bala equilibrium in the body), which possesses properties (strength) of the body. such as Snigdha (unctousness), Sita (cold, producing A. Birth in a country where people are naturally strong. coldness), Guru (heavy) Manda (slow in action), Slaksna B. Birth at a time when people naturally gain strength i.e. (smooth), Mrtsna (slimy) and Sthira (stable/static). Hemanta (November to January) and Shisira (January to Sleshma in normal state considered as Bala and Oja March) while in abnormal state it is Mala (waste) and Papma C. Favorable deposition of time (pleasant and moderate (diseases) Function of normal Kapha is like that of Ojas. climate) Kapha in normal state provides compactness, stability, D. Excellence in the qualities of seed i.e. sperm and heaviness, virility, immunity, resistance, courage and ovum, and Asaya i.e. proper anatomical and gracelessness. physiological status of uterus of mother E. Excellence of the ingested food. 2. Hita and Ahita food- Some food substances are wholesome and suitable for the body as the body can The individuals possessing most of these factors are inheritably transfer those substances into its own by naturally immune i.e. Vyadhikshamatva for diseases. virtue of Jatisatmya. These are called as Satmya or Hita substances. Water, ghee milk and rice are few examples 4. Relation between Agni (food assimilation power of of general wholesome food as these are completely body) and Vyadhikshama Acharya Charaka in the suitable for every human. On the other contrary some context of functions of Agni narrated that, Dehagni or substance do not suit to the body and cause some adverse Jatharagni (digestive power of stomach) is responsible reaction. These are known as Ahita or Asatmya for life, color (luster of the skin), strength, health, substances. Fire-burns, alkalis-cauterize, toxin-kills these enthusiasm, plumpness, complexion, Ojas (energy), are the examples of Ahita substance. There are three Tejas ( gleam of the body), other varieties of Agni and reasons seen for the ill-effects being present in Ahita Prana (vitality). Extinction of this Jatharagni leads to substance i.e. natural inherent feature, physical or death. Its proper maintenance helps a person to live a chemical combination and refinement. long life and its impairment gives rise to diseases. Therefore Jatharagni is considered to be the root or the 3. Relation of Bala and Vyadhikshamatva Health of an most important sustaining factor of living beings. In this individual depends upon good strength of the body way immunity is influenced by the power of Agni, tissues. It is difficult to treat the disease occurred in one digestive fire and our ability to digest, assimilate and whose body strength is low and hence Acharya Charaka absorb nutrients in human bodies. In a healthy, strong prefers the Bala (strength) examination of an individual and immune body, invaders get neutralized or destroyed before starting the treatment. Acharya Sushrutha and expelled out of body. If Agni is impaired by an mentioned that the final and excellent essence of Dhatus imbalance within, the Tridosha then metabolism will get begins with Rasa to Shukra is Ojus and this Ojus is said affected, immune response and natural resistance will to be Bala. Dalhana has commented on this as Ojus is the also be lowered. cause for predominance of Bala of whole body. Acharya Vagbhata also supported view of Acharya Sushruta and 5. Relation between Oja and Vyadhikshamatva - mentioned similar concept which clearly indicates the According to Acharya Charaka, oja appeared foremost in close relation between Oja and Vyadhikshamatva. the human body during embryogenesis. The essence of Saptadhatus (seven bodily tissues as from Rasa to Shukra Types of Bala- It is of three types Sahaja Dhatu), i.e. Rasa (plasma and lymph), Rakta (blood (constitutional), Kalaja (temporal) and Yuktikrutajabala cells), Mansa (connective and muscular tissue), Meda (acquired). (body fats e.g. adipose tissue), Asthi (bones), Majja (bone marrow) and Shukra (reproductive systems) is Sahaja Bala- Constitutional strength is the one which called Oja and it is the seat for strength, hence called exists in the mind and body from the very birth. Bala. Ojas is Sara (essence) of Dhatus ending with Sukra; through located in the heart, it pervades all over Kalaja Bala- Temporal strength is the one which is body and control the working of the body. It is viscous, based on division of seasons and age of the person. In unctuous, greasy, Somatmaka (preponderant in watery Adana kala (late winter, spring and summers) Bala of principal), clear (transparent) and slight reddish yellow individual will be less and in Visarga kala (rainy seasons, in color. By its loss (destruction, absence) death will autumn and winter) it will be more. Bala will be Alpa occur and by its presence the body (and life) sure to (minimum) in child and old age, Uttama (maximum) in survive. Oja is the reason for different condition and young age. activities related with the body. Yuktikrutaja Bala- Acquired strength is the one which 6. Rasayana (Rejuvenation therapy) and is achieved by the combination of diet and physical Vyadhikshamatva Rasayana means the way for activities. Factors responsible for promotion of strength attaining excellence in all body tissue through some special measures and medicines. Rasayana therapy is one www.wjpmr.com │ Vol 8, Issue 1, 2022. │ ISO 9001:2015 Certified Journal │ Tiwari et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research of eight major specialties of Ayurveda. The concepts of experimental studies on albino mice/rats etc. or reported immunity and immunomodulation are extensively the beneficial effect of human trails, So these studies explored and used in Ayurveda, particularly in the form reveals that there are wide range of possibilities of Rasayana therapy. According to Ayurveda, Rasayana improving immunity and treatment in various disease. helps in strengthening Oja, Bala and thus increases Vyadhikshamatva. The selection of Rasayana- According to need, Rasayana drugs can be administered by considering Benefits of Rasayana therapy Long life (good), various factors such as Age, Dhatu Deha Prakruti, Kala, memory, great intelligence, perfect health, youthfulness, Disease, to enhance memory. And Srotas, Medhya bright complexion and color bold voice and Rasayana drugs are life-promoting, disease-alleviating, magnanimity, increase strength, of the body and sense promoters of strength, and power of intellect. organ, perfection in speech, sexual power and brilliance are all obtained from proper Rasayana therapy. Level of action of Rasayana drugs- Rasayana act at three levels such as at the level of Poshaka Rasa Classification of Rasayana According to method of use. (increases nutrition), at the level of Agni (increases 1) Kutipraveshika Rasayana (indoor Regimen) digestion and assimilation of food) and at the level of 2) Vatatapika Rasayana (outdoor Regimen) Srotas (increases absorption of food from serum to various parts of body). According to purpose - 1) Aajasrika Rasayana (promoter of health by some drug regimen and can be Lehana In Ayurvedic texts, various Acharays have consumed in all conditions) 2) Naimittika Rasayana described countless useful formulations and mode of (promoter of specific vitality in specific disease) 3) conduct for children. Acharya Kashyapa describes a Kamya Rasayana (promoter of health in specific way in special formulation by the name of “Lehana”. The facts normal individual). stated about Lehana are as under. Concept of improving Vyadhikshamatva Purposes of Lehana 1. To enhances growth & (Immunization) - The following are looking to be the development by providing sufficient nutrition. 2. immunization measures in Ayurveda. Promote health, complexion and strength (immunity). 3. Protect from various infections along with improving 1. Rasayana 2. Lehana (Lickables or Electuaries) intellect and speech (delayed milestone). Taking Rasayana is helpful to increase the immunity of the person to keep him away from opportunistic diseases. Indication of Lehana - The children of a mother who The possible mechanisms by which action of Rasayana are having no breast milk, deficient milk, or vitiated milk can be interpreted with modern aspects are; nutritive of parturient women (mother) or of a wet nurse of similar function, immunomodulatory action, antioxidant action, condition who have predominance of Vata and Pitta but anti-aging effect, neuroprotective action, haemopoietic not Kapha, who do not get satisfied with the breast milk effect etc. In recent years numerous researches have been and cry inspite of repeated sucking, children who do not done to explore Ayurvedic treasure for benefit of sleep at night, eat too much, pass scanty urine and feces; common people to improve health by using different children who have increased digestive power, though Ayurvedic drugs. Some examples are. free from disease yet scraggy, have delicate body part A. Immunostimulatory effect of Curculigo orchioides and emaciated, do not pass urine and feces even for three Gaertn. days; such type of children should be prescribed lehana B. Macrophage activation property of Tinospora (electuaries). cordifolia C. Effect of some Indian herbs (Asparagus racemosus Acharya Kashyapa- 1. Svaran Prasana - Pure gold (in Willd, Tinospora cordifolia Willd., Withania somnifera small quantity) is rubbed in water on a clean stone and Daul and Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Benth.) on given with honey and Ghrita, be given to child for macrophage functions in mice. licking. Licking of gold increase intellect, digestive D. Immunoprotection by Withania somnifera Dunal, power and metabolic power, strength, gives long life, is Tinospora cordifolia Willd. and Asparagus racemosus auspicious, virtuous, aphrodisiac, increase complexion Willd. during cancer chemotherapy. and elimination the (evil effect of) Graha. E. Immunopotentiating property of Tinospora cordifolia Willd. 2. Samvardhan ghrit F. Augmentation of non-specific immunity by gold 3. Brahmi ghrita preparations. B. Acharya Charaka G. Anti-cataleptic, anti-anxiety and antidepressant 1. Panchagavya ghrita (Ghrita means clarified butter activity of gold. made from cow‟s milk). 2. Brahmi ghrita. There are number of such studies through which 3. Kalyanaka ghrit. Ayurvedic single or multiple formulations tested by www.wjpmr.com │ Vol 8, Issue 1, 2022. │ ISO 9001:2015 Certified Journal │ Tiwari et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research C. Acharya Sushruta Sushruta has mentioned 4 recipes Medhya Rasayana (containing gold) which provide general immunity, body Drug Part used resistance, helpful in growth and development and Mandukaparni Swarasa (juice) enhancing the intelligence. These are. Yashtimadhu Churna (powder) 1. Svarna bhasm with Kustha (Saussurea lappa Guduchi Swarasa (juice) C.B,Clarke), Vacha (Acorus calamus Linn), Madhu Shankhapushpi Kalka (paste) (honey) & ghee. 2. Svarna bhasm with paste of Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri Rasayana according to srotas Linn), Sankhapuspi (Convolvulus pluricaulis Chois.), Srotas Rasayana Dravyas with honey & ghee. Pranavaha Pippali, Bhallataka, Aamalaki, 3. Svarna bhasm, Arkpushpi (Holostemma annularium Srotas Maricha, Kasturi Roxb.), Vacha (Acorus calamus Linn), honey & ghee. Udakavaha Panchakola, Kapardika, Shankha 4. Svarna bhasm, Khaidarya (Murraya koenigii Linn), Srotas bhasma, Hingu, Sweta Durva (Cynodon dactylon Linn.) ghee. Rasavaha Kharjura Manth, Laja Manda, Srotas Guduchi D. Acharya Vagbhata- 1. Ashtanga ghrita 2. Sarshvata Raktavaha Lohabhasma, Go-Ghrita, ghrita. Srotas Gorochana, Mamsavaha Rasayana drugs according to age Karaskar, Svarna bhasma Srotas Decade of life Loss of Desirable Medovaha (In years) impact Rasayanas Guggulu, Shilajatu, Kumbha Srotas 1-10 Balya Vacha, Svarna Asthivaha 11-20 Vruddhi Kashmari, Bala Aabha Srotas 21-30 Chhavi Aamalaki, Lauha Majjavaha 31-40 Medha Shankhapushpi Vacha, Markava, Raupya bhasma Srotas 41-50 Twak Jyotishmati Sukravaha 51-60 Drushti Jyotishmati Cow milk, vang bhasma Srotas 61-70 Shukra Aatmagupta, Mutravaha Ashwagandha Shilajatu,Gokshura,Punarnava Srotas 71-80 Vikrama Aamalaki, bala Purishvaha 81-90 Buddhi Bramhi Kutaj,Bilwa,Haritaki srotas 91-100 Karmendriya Bala rasayana DISCUSSION Rasayana according to Dhatu Rasa Draksha, Kharjura, Kashmari Vyadhikshamatva - resistance to diseases or immunity Rakta Aamalaki, Palandu, Lauha against diseases is of two kinds i.e. the one which Mamsa Haritaki, Guggulu, Guduchi attenuate the manifested disease and other variety Meda Laksha, Shukti, Shankha prevents the manifestation of diseases. Sleshma in Asthi Aswagandha,Bala normal state considered as Bala and Oja and function of normal Kapha like that of Ojas. Agni (food assimilation Majja Lauha, Majja, Vasa power of body) is important for proper digestion of diet. Shukra Aatmagupta, Pippali, Nagabala Proper nourishment of Dhatus will be depends on wholesome and unwholesome food. Doshas are vitiated Rasayana according to Deha Prakruti due to continue taking unwholesome food ultimately Dosha Rasayana dravyas production of excellent essence of Dhatus i.e Ojas is not Vatika Bala, Ghrita done. Final and excellent essence of Dhatus beginning Paittika Aamalaki, Shatavar with Rasa to Shukra is Ojus and that Ojus is said to be Kaphaja Bhallataka, Guggulu, Pippali Bala. The concept of Vyadhikshamatva is related with Rasayana according to Disease Kapha, Bala, Agni and Ojas. Ayurvedic Rasayana Disease Rasayana dravyas therapy in light of the concepts of modern immunology, Prameha Shilajatu, Haridra, Aamalaki particularly the immunomodulation will be quite Aamavata Bhallataka rewarding. Many research works on the Rasarana drugs Medoroga Guggulu, Haritaki are effective in improving immunity and prevent the Shvasa Bhallataka disease as antibacterial and antifungal. Lehana is also Kushtha Tuvaraka helpful for the strength, intelligence and ultimately Pandu Lauha improve the immunity. Such attempts might bring about Manasaroga Medhya Rasayana much needed integration of traditional Indian Ayurveda and modern scientific medicine and help in the development of a holistic approach towards human health. www.wjpmr.com │ Vol 8, Issue 1, 2022. │ ISO 9001:2015 Certified Journal │  Tiwari et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research CONCLUSION Ayurvedic concept of Vyadhikshamatva is simillar as normal condition of the Kapha, Bala and Oja. Oja is final and excellence of the product Dhatu and Vyadhikshamatva depends on it. Production of excellence of Dhatu depends on the Hita and Ahita Ahara and Agni. Rasayana therapy help in produce excellence Dhatu and lastly it convert into Oja, ultimetaly increase in Oja and similarly increase in immunity. Many researches proved immunomodulatary effect of drugs which are used in Rasayana therapy. Medhya Rasayana (Nootropics drugs) is life-promoting, diseasealleviating, promoters of strength, Agni, complexion, voice and intellect-promoting. Lehana will be also helpful in the improve immunity. REFERENCES 1. Text book for roga nidana and vikruthi vigyana, Dr. Nisha kumara, chaukhamba prakasha Varanasi. 2. Ayurveda roga nidana and vikruti vigyana essential of nidana panchak, Prof. vidula gujjarwar, chaukhamba prakashan Varanasi. 3. Charaka samhita part 1 sutra sthana, Dr. Bramha nand tripathi, chaukhamba prakashan Varanasi. 4. Ayurvediya roga vigyana and vikruti vigyana, Dr. ajay kumar Sharma, chaukhamba prakashan Varanasi. 5. Roga nidana and vikruti vigyana, Dr. Radha vallabh sati, chaukhamba prakasha Varanasi. 6. Roga nidana and vikruti vigyana, Dr. Radha vallabh sati, chaukhamba prakasha Varanasi. 7. Charaka samhita part 1 sutra sthana, Dr. Bramha nand tripathi, chaukhamba prakashan Varanasi 8. Ayurveda roga nidana and vikruti vigyana essential of nidana panchak, Prof. vidula gujjarwar, chaukhamba prakashan Varanasi. 9. Roga nidana and vikruti vigyana part 1, Dr. Radha vallabh sati, chaukhamba prakasha Varanasi. 10. Kashyap samhita khil sthana, leha adhyaya, pandit hemraj Sharma, chaukhamba prakashan Varanasi. 11. Charaka samhita chikitsa sthana part 2, Dr. Bramhanand tripathi, chaukhamba Varanasi. 12. Sushrua samhita chikitsa sthana, ambikadutta shstri, chaukhamba prakashan, Varanasi. 13. Ashtang hridayam, sutra sthan, kavi raj atri dev gupta , chaukhamba prakashan, Varanasi. 14. Ashtang hridayam, sutra sthan, kavi raj atri dev gupta , chaukhamba prakashan, Varanasi. 15. Swasthvritta vigyana, prof. ram harsha singh, chaukhamba prakashan Varanasi. 16. Ashtang hridayam, sutra sthan, kavi raj atri dev gupta , chaukhamba prakashan, Varanasi. www.wjpmr.com │ Vol 8, Issue 1, 2022. │ ISO 9001:2015 Certified Journal │ View publication stats