Integrating Ayurvedic Concepts of Immunity and its Enhancement - A Review PDF

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333532432 INTEGRATING AYURVEDIC CONCEPTS OF IMMUNITY AND ITS ENHANCEMENT- A REVIEW Article · June 2019 CITATION...

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333532432 INTEGRATING AYURVEDIC CONCEPTS OF IMMUNITY AND ITS ENHANCEMENT- A REVIEW Article · June 2019 CITATION READS 1 1,373 2 authors: Mamta Tiwari Anurag Pandey Banaras Hindu University Banaras Hindu University 44 PUBLICATIONS 36 CITATIONS 31 PUBLICATIONS 20 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE All content following this page was uploaded by Anurag Pandey on 09 July 2020. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Impact factor: 0.3397/ICV: 4.10 94 Pharma Science Monitor 6(1), Jan-Mar 2015 PHARMA SCIENCE MONITOR AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES Journal home page: http://www.pharmasm.com INTEGRATING AYURVEDIC CONCEPTS OF IMMUNITY AND ITS ENHANCEMENT- A REVIEW Mamta Tiwari*1, Anurag Pandey2 1 Senior Resident in Department of Swasthavritta and Yoga, Ph.D. Scholar in Kriya Sharir, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, BHU, Varanasi, India 2 Lecturer, Department of Roga & Vikriti Vijnana, Veena Vadini Ayurvedic Medical College, Bhopal, M.P., India ABSTRACT The traditional Indian system of medicine and health care – Ayurveda in its fundamental holistic approach promotes to attempt towards the investigation of concepts, principles and practices for maintenance of health and cure of disease. Immunity is considered as most potent factor for health and disease in traditional as well as modern medicine. Immunomodulation is one the most potent tool manaintaince of health and disease prevention. The role of immune- modulation is not yet fully perceived in modern medicine. The influence of neuro-endocrine axis, seasonal variations, psychological aspects and nutrition on and immuno- competence is mentioned in Ayurveda. The concepts of immunity and immuno- competence have been advocated as Ojas, Bala and Vyadhiksmatva in Ayurveda. The attempts has been made to compherend the concepts of Vyadhiksmatva in elaborated manner and integrate the various practices and measures including diet and drugs to modulate immune response for enhancing and maintaining better health as advocated in ancient textual. KEYWORDS: Ayurveda, holistic, immunity, Vyadhiksmatva. INTRODUCTION Human body has evolved an intricate system of defense for the protection against the environmental pathogens and other disease producing factors. Recent researches have proclaimed the role of impaired immune system as a major etiological factor for various human diseases including not just those caused by the microbes but also non-microbial diseases as cancer, allergies and auto-immune disorders. Immunity is responsible for establishing an infection-free state of the body. This homeostasis among the supporting elements of the mind and body is known as dhaatu saamya1 in Ayurveda. The immune system consists of cellular components, immunoglobulins and complements system. The proper functioning of these all is required for protection from various types of diseases. Ayurveda the science of life advocates the concept of vyadhikshamatva2 (immunity) not only for protection against diseases rather for promotion of physical and mental health. Mamta et al. / Pharma Science Monitor 6(1), Jan-Mar 2015, 94-109 Impact factor: 0.3397/ICV: 4.10 95 Vyadhikshamatva means disease fighting mechanism of the body or the capability of resisting diseases. Depending on the nature of food consumed, condition of Dosas, Agni and Srotas a person may or may not be capable of resisting diseases and finally suffers from mild or severe, acute or chronic diseases. Ayurveda has laid greater emphasis on the maintenance of equilibrium state of tissue elements to achieve the two basic objectives i.e. preservation of health in healthy individual and eradication of diseases which are curable3. Person who is desirous of healthy life should adopt the beneficial practices related to diet, conduct and activities. In the view that every person has different constitution, lifestyle and eating habits, all the persons are not capable to resist the disease to the same extent and same manner4. It is clearly mentioned that a person who is having balanced proportion of muscles, compactness, firmness and excellent sensory faculties never suffers from such diseases. Such people can easily tolerate the extremes of hunger, thirst, heat of the sun, cold and physical exercises. They have balanced agni and normal metabolism.5 Role of rasayan therapy to improve immunity Promotion of health in Ayurveda is achieved by Rasayan drugs as Guduci, Ashwgandha, Silajatu, Amalaki and many more. These are being explored for their effect on immune system. Available evidence show these drugs modulate immune functions by improving antibody formation, macrophage activation and CMI suppressing effects. They can act as immunosuppressant, immune stimulant and immune adjuant. These drugs promote nutrition by direct enrichment of nutrional qualities and improving agni(digestion and metabolism) CONCEPT OF VYADHIKSHAMATVA The concept of Vyadhiksamatva (immunity) is of tremendous importance in the daily wellness of human beings; for prevention and recovery from diseases. Acharya Chakrapaani has described Vyadhi-kshamatva (Resistance to disease manifestation) in two ways6- 1. Vyadhibalavirodhitvam- Capacity of the body to fight against manifested disease. 2. Vyadyutpadapratibandhakatvam - Capacity to restrain or withstand the strength (Severity) or Virulence of diseases. According to Acharya Susruta in the context of a person with good immunity against diseases says, ‘He who consumes food which is moderate in both properties viz. unctuousness and dryness, the essence of that food gets formed in him, circulating throughout the body, nourishes all the dhatus (tissues) properly, being in their normal, the dhatus, make for medium sized body; he will be capable of performing all activities, of enduring hunger, thirst, cold, heat, breeze, rain and sunlight and will be strong.7 Both of them together have called Immunity against Mamta et al. / Pharma Science Monitor 6(1), Jan-Mar 2015, 94-109 Impact factor: 0.3397/ICV: 4.10 96 disease and resistance against death and decay. Ayurveda emphasizes the promotion of health through the strengthening of host defenses, against day-to-day physiological extremes as well as opportunistic maladies. Thus Vyadhikshamatva implies a resistance against the loss of the integrity, proportion, and interrelationship amongst the individual's doshas ( bioenergies ) and dhatus8 (tissues). CONTRIBUTING FACTORS FOR VYADHIKKSHAMATVA Various factors which contribute towards Vyadhikshamatva are normal Doshas, equilibrium state of Dhatus (bodily tissues), normal Agni9 (digestive fire), patency of Srotas10 (micro channels) etc. Person who is possessing excellence of all Dhatus including mental faculties i.e. sarva sara are endowed with great strength, happiness and resistance to diseases.11 It follows then that the Ayurvedic concept of immunity is intricately interwoven with the concepts of nutrition, Agni (digestive fire), and tissue formation. A synonym for Vyaadhiksamatva which appears in the ancient texts is bala, generally translated as "strength" and both terms are used as synonyms. Tatra bala sthiropacitamamsataa sarvacestasvapratigaatah svaravarnaprasado 13 bahyanamabhyantraranam ca karananamatmakarya pratipattirbhavati. There are three types of immunity (Vyaadhiksamatva or Bala) in Ayurveda14: 1. Sahaja: Congenital or Natural It is an inherent characteristic property of an individual present since birth. It is because of equilibrium state of Dosas. 2. Kalaja: Time, Season, Age It is dependent on season and age. Loss of strength is observed in Adanakala, gaining of strength is observed in Visarga Kala and middle age is considered as full of strength. Certain places have stronger and healthier climatic and environmental conditions. For example, places with an abundance of water, ponds, cool and pleasant climatic conditions are kapha-dominating areas and contribute to stronger immunity. Also, strength is greater in the early morning, spring, and youth than in evening, summer and old age. 3. Yuktikruta: Acquired strength is dependent on healthy practices related to diet, activities etc. Ayurveda focuses on three plans for acquiring or enhancing immunity: i. Proper and suitable Ahara (nutritious diet) Mamta et al. / Pharma Science Monitor 6(1), Jan-Mar 2015, 94-109 Impact factor: 0.3397/ICV: 4.10 97 ii. Performing exercise (Chesta) with proper method iii. Using different beneficial Rasayana Chikitsa15 Chesta Ahara Rasayana Bala Ayurveda further advocates that those who maintain a regular, healthy routine and take wholesome food generally maintain good health. Wholesome, adequate and timely, nutrition especially in during foetal development and childhood plays an important role in developing immunity. Wholesome food in adequate amount gives us long life and youthfulness. CONCEPT OF OJUS IN AYURVEDA In Ayurveda, Ojas has been considered vital in the defence mechanism of the body. The essence of saptadhatus16 (saptdhatu means the seven bodily tissues as from rasa to Shukra dhatu e.g. rasa (plasma and lymph), Rakta (blood cells), Mansa (connective and muscular tissue), Meda (body fats e.g. adipose tissue), Asthi (bones), Majja (bone marrow) and Shukra (reproductive systems) is called Ojas and it is the seat for strength, hence called bala Prakrta slesma is termed as Ojas by Acharya Caraka in context of the quantity of Ojas17, he has used the term sleismikasya Ojasah. Other entities like Rasa, Rakta and Sukra are also said to be as Ojas18. Ojas is produced and nourished from food substances, which are conductive to Ojas. But, the conversion of food, in spite of having all nutritive factors of Ojas, Dhatus, Bala and Varna etc. into specific metabolite depends upon the proper functioning of Agni i.e. both Jatharagni and Dhatvagni19. Another important factor is srotasa i.e. internal transport system of body. The nutrient fractions, the precursors of bodily elements are recognized and they transported to the place here they are subjected to Agnivyapara and further transported to the seats of sthayidhatu where they are synthesized into final products by specific srotasas20. Other factors like Vayu, kleda, usma etc. also play an important role in the process21. Mamta et al. / Pharma Science Monitor 6(1), Jan-Mar 2015, 94-109 Impact factor: 0.3397/ICV: 4.10 98 Pharmaco - therapeutic properties: Twenty sarira gunas22 are described in classics divided in ten pairs. Out of each one pair shows anabolic and / or anti catabolic effect on body. Ojas possesses these ten gunas on the basis of which it performs various pharmaco therapeutic actions in the body they are described as Guru, Sita, Mrdu, Slaksna, Sthira, Snigdha, Picchila, Bahala, and Manda23. Function of Ojas: Ojas plays a vital role in all three stages of life i.e. Utpatti, Sthiti and Pralaya24. A. IN UTPATTI:  In Fertilization  In growth and development of Garbha  In viability or Non viability of Foetus. In Fertilization Ojas is said to be present in the sperm and ovum in the form of their Sara or essence25, in the absence of which, fertilization does not take place26. In growth and development of Garbha: After fertilization Sara of Sukra and Sonita get converted in to a new substance, which is said to be garbharasadrasah it is the only source of nutrition of garbha for its growth and development27. In Viability or non-viability of Foetus: In eight month of pregnancy Ojas becomes transplacentally circulating entity. If the foetus gets delivered in this month, in the state when Ojas is in maternal body, it does not survive being devoid of Ojas28. B. IN STHITI AVASTHA: i. In Maintaince of health: Dosa, Dhatu and Mala are the fundamental units of the body, among there, Dosas are said to sustain the body in their normal state. But these Dosas even in their physiological state of equilibrium can not sustain body which is devoid of Ojas29. It is also said that all the activities of the living body may it be Kayika, vacika, mansika take place smoothly if it is contained with Ojas30. This it can be inferred that Ojas influence the function of physical, sensory, psychic and other higher faculties of the body and maintain the homeostatic condition of body. ii. As a preventive measure: The word Bala used as the synonym of Ojas by Susruta is because of the cause and effect relationship existing between Ojas and Bala and hence the term Bala in any context represent the status of Ojas. Vyadhipratikar sakti depends upon the Bala hence it is not only responsible entity for vyadhiutpada pratibandhakara but also for vyadhibalavirodhilwa. Types:  Para ojas: This is astabindu in quantity, if decreases then person will die. Mamta et al. / Pharma Science Monitor 6(1), Jan-Mar 2015, 94-109 Impact factor: 0.3397/ICV: 4.10 99  Apara ojas: which is ardhanjali ojas, if decreases or vitiated manifest abnormalities. It is snigdha (essence) and somatmaka (mild and cool) in nature.Though predominately white in color, has got some yellowish & whitish tinge. Ten great blood vessels connected to heart carry the Rasatmaka Ojas, on which the whole31. OJAKSAYA DEFINITION: The deficiency of Ojas quantitatively and/or qualitatively or functionally is called Ojaksaya. Nidana pancaka (etiological factors): Etiology- For the proper understanding, the Nidanas are broadly classified under the following headings. i. Aharaja Hetu (Dietetic factors): Virudhasana (Incompatible diet), Anassana (To not taking food or doing excessive fast),Ruksasana (intake of inunctions food),Pramitasana (habitual intake of food having one test only),Alpasana (taking food in small quantity),Ruksapana (intake of unctuous drinks) and Ksuda (Ksuda Nigrahanata) are the Aharaja hetu described by Acaryas in different texts32. ii. Viharaja:- All the Acaryas i.e. Caraka, Susruta and Vagbhata mentioned Sramah (Excessive physical work) in the list of etiological factor. According Carakacarya Vayama (excessive exercise), Prajagrana33 are the two other hetus for Ojaksaya. iii. Manasika:- Kopa (annoyance), Soka (grief), Bhaya (fear), Cinta (anxiety) are the some manasika hetus mentioned by the Acaryas34. iv. Environmental:- The environmental causes which are described by Acaryas are Vata, Atapa and Bhutopaghata etc. v. Vyadhijanya:- Ksaya, Abhighata, Kapha, “Sonita-Sukra-malam ativartanam” are the causes which ultimately give result to Ojaksaya. vi. Due to Vaidya pramad:-  Improper knowledge of sodhana process,  After excessive sodhana and Mamta et al. / Pharma Science Monitor 6(1), Jan-Mar 2015, 94-109 Impact factor: 0.3397/ICV: 4.10 100  due to the Vyapadas of Sodhana35 LAKSANA (CLINICAL FEATURES OF OJAKSAYA) The dosadusya sammurchana results in manifestation of characteristic signs and symptoms. Carakacarya has explained the symptoms of Ojaksaya which can be classified under two headings36 1. Psychic (Manasika). 2. Somatic (Saririka). Ojaksaya is the resultant of derangement in the metabolism of number of Dhatus. The clinical manifestation of Ojaksaya becomes obvious when the derangement at the level dhatwagnivyapara is severe enough to affect the pool of Ojas-sartabhava of all the conversions. The psychic symptoms seen in Ojaksaya are Bibheti, Abhiksanam dhyayati, Durmanah etc. (1) Bibheti- which is fearful attitude or phobia, manifested as presence of illogical fear, afraid of particular situation or persons. (2) Dhyayati- continuous illogical worry which one seen as being unnecessarily worried about things which are otherwise trivial in nature. (3) Durmanah- which is bad mantation i.e. being occupied with abnormal thoughts. (4) Vyathitendriya– is rather a psycho-somatic presentation wherein pain or discomfort is present in the region of heart or in the sense organs for e.g. many a time patients of Ojaksaya complained about ksweda or tinnitus. (5) Daurbalya- it means being feeble, week or of little strength. It is one of the commonest Laksana of Ojaksaya. The pathogenesis of daurbalya is started with the derangement in the dhatwagnivyapara which leads to deficient posana of the Dhatu at the somatic level of Indriyas and manas at psychic level. (6) Duschaya- malinkanti i.e. abnormal complexion or bad complexion this manifestation becomes obvious when rasadhatwagni dusti is predominantly involved in the pathogenesis of Ojaksaya as it is rasa Dhatu which is responsible for maintaining normalcy of the skin. (7) Ksama-emaciation is seen as leanness of the body. The impaired nutrition of all the Dhatus which ultimately leads to Ojaksaya is responsible for reduction in the mass of the body manifested as emaciation. Bala or Oja abnormalities are of 3 kinds namely: 1.Bala Visransa, 2.Bala Vyapat and 3.Bala Ksaya37. Mamta et al. / Pharma Science Monitor 6(1), Jan-Mar 2015, 94-109 Impact factor: 0.3397/ICV: 4.10 101  Symptoms observed due to visransa (visransa means displacement from its normal place):- Looseness of joints, debility, displacement of three dosas, fatigue, impaired body functions.  Symptoms due to vyapat are as (vyapat means vitiation by dusta dosa and dushya):- heaviness and stiffness in body, exhaustion, discoloration, stupor, excessive sleep; swelling due to vata (vata is one of three doshas).  Symptoms due to kshaya (loss) are as: fainting, depletion of muscle, unconsciousness, delirium, improper sensory perception, death. AID/HIV in Ayurveda may be considered as Ojakshaya/ Kshaya, meaning the loss of Vital Energy. Factors responsible for enhancement of strength (Bala Vriddhikar Bhava) According to Carak acharya there are 12 factors responsible for increasing Bala(strength) of the body38. 1. Birth in a country where people are naturally strong like sindh pranta. 2. Birth at a time when people naturally gain strength i.e. hemant and sisira ritu(winter) 3. Favourable deposition of time( pleasant and moderate climate) 4. Excellence in the qualities of seed i.e. sperm and ovum, and asaya i.e. uterus of the parents. 5. Excellence of the ingested food. 6. Excellence of the physique. 7. Excellence of the satmya(wholesomeness of various factors responsible for maintenance of the body). 8. Excellence of the mind. 9. Favourable deposition of the nature. 10. Young age of both the parents i.e. they should not be over aged. 11. Habitual performance of exercise. 12. Cheerful disposition and immense love for each other. The individuals possessing most of these factors are naturally immune i.e. Vyadhikshama for diseases. Mamta et al. / Pharma Science Monitor 6(1), Jan-Mar 2015, 94-109 Impact factor: 0.3397/ICV: 4.10 102 Role of diet in maintaining immunity Susrut says that food determines the origin of human beings and forms a chief source of their bodily strength, complexion as well as ojas ref.The persons who observe these practices are free from diseases; who consumption of wholesome diet; observation of wholesome behavior; unattached to sensual pleasures; One who donates regularly; impartial in judgement; who is always says truth; endowed with forbearing (forgiveness) nature and one who devoted to learned people. Wholesome food is the only sole cause for the growth of living being. Having proper food at time is said to be best among maintain haealth39. The food and drinks should have colour, smell, tast and touches pleasing to senses and conducive to the agni and constitution of the individual. It should be taken in accordance to the principles of Matravat ahara and Astviddi vihesh ayatan40. Acharya Yogaratnakara says that the Bala of man depends upon the Agni of an individual proper maintenance of jatharagni (enzymes located in the gastro intestinal tract)helps a person to live a long life and its impairment gives rise to diseases. Hence Dipan, pachan dravyas like Pippali, Shunthi etc. Shodhan therapy like vaman, virechana, basti according to the condition Laghu, Ruksha, Anulomaka ahara for treatment of Ama should be used for proper maintenance of jatharagni FOOD ARTICLES WHICH INCREASE OJAS AND BALA 1. The food which is light (laghu) cold in potency unctuous and beneficial to body41 2. Jivniya drugs and milk and its product42 3. Food aricles having madhur rasa and amla promotes ojus and strength.43 4. Katu and tikta take away the strength. 5. Milk the cow milk has got the ten properties like that of ojus thus it is best among vitalizesrs44. Takra and navnita are said to increase the strength. 6. Ghrita is mentioned as strength and ojas promoter.45 7. Mamsarasa is meat soup it is nourishing and cordial it is as nectar for those suffering from phthisis, emaciation during convalescence46. Eggs of swans, chakora, hens, peacocks and sparrows if consumed immediately promote strength47. 8. Among cereals barley yava is balya, wheat is vitalizer, bulk-promoting, stabilizer and heavy48. 9. All pulses in general are strength promoter especially masa49 and tila 10. Fruits that are sweet in taste are balya nad nourishing especially Grapes dates coconut phalgu50 ripened mango, vataram, abhisuka and aksota51. Mamta et al. / Pharma Science Monitor 6(1), Jan-Mar 2015, 94-109 Impact factor: 0.3397/ICV: 4.10 103 Role of rasayan therapy to improve immunity Role of satva (psyche) in immunity Manasik Vyadhikkshamatva or bala can be understood in the sense of making an individual strong mentally to cope up with mental stress variably and can tolerate the disease and treatment. Ojas maintains the smooth functioning of cognitive or sensory organs thus making to perceive vision, audition, etc at their optimum level. As far as mind or psyche is concerned it endows an individual with the feeling of strength and delightness. DISCUSSION Ayurveda illustrates various measures necessary for maintaining good health. The unique concept of Vyadhikkshamatva is of utmost importance. The equilibrium of somatic dohas i.e Vata, Pitta ,Kapha and pshycological entities Sattva, Rajas, Tamas maintains homeostasis and brings harmony in the functioning of body and mind. The factors held responsible for maintanence of such homeostasis in the body and hence vigour, vitality and good health are described here in brief. The Vyadhikkshamatva, Bala and Ojas are not entirely different from each other. All of these directly or indirectly indicate towards body resistance. In view of prevention and recovery from disease, body resistance plays a significant role. Though many pathogens are consistently present in surroundings, they require some essential favourable conditions and susceptibility of the individual. We can have the greater safety from the disease if we possess greater body resistance against the disease. The concept of Vyadhikkshamatva given by Acharya Cakrapani is of high meaning, when fully explored. It confines the idea of all the natural acquired, non specific types of immunity against all sorts of diseases. In his definition two significant terms Vyadhibalavirodhitvam and Vyadyutpadapratibandhakatvam. The first term denotes the resisting power of the body (natural immunity) generally non specific type which attempts to defend the body in the first occurrence of any disease. The second term indicates that when the body is encountered by some disease if it happens to meet the same factors in future it will not allow the disease to be manifested because of possessing a specific resistant power. Ojas is the vital essence of all the dhatus from rasa to sukra and it is responsible for the maintainence of tissue elements. These expressions indicate about two aspects of ojas- rasatmaka ojas and dhatusara ojas. Acharya Bhavamishra says Rasa is the main Ojas, when it reaches in various dhatus of the body through usual process; it becomes their integral part and may be considered under the name of those dhatus. All Acharya have proclaimed the qualities of Ojas to be similar to that of kapha. Abnormalities of Ojas mean alteration of Apara Ojas. The Mamta et al. / Pharma Science Monitor 6(1), Jan-Mar 2015, 94-109 Impact factor: 0.3397/ICV: 4.10 104 various factors responsible for vitiation of dosas and dhatuksaya are enlisted for abnormality in Ojus. Hence these factors may be prevented for better Bala. These factors result in decrease in Ojas causing immune deficiency syndrome and pscycho-immunological disorders. Acharya Cakrapani mentions Ojas being a factor for resistance, is also the source of energy to all body elements including mind. Vyadhikkshamatva is only one of the numerous functions of Ojas. As the function of apara ojus and Vyadhikkshamatva in turn depends upon sahaja, kalaja and yuktikrta bala. innate strength is present since conception. Healthy lifestyle and balanced mental constitution of parents during pre conception and antenatal period is useful for good Sahaja Bala(innate strength). Kalaja Bala depends on seasonal variation and different stages of age of individual. Suitable diet and appropriate regimen according to the season is the way to achieve strength, vitality, energy and longevity. The acquired strength can be gained by appropriate diet and behavioural regimen. The diet includes the ghee, meat, milk etc along with normal balanced diet in accordance with dietary rules is important. Likewise use of Rasayana and Yoga is appreciated for attaining the bodily and mental strength. Ojas is responsible for apt systemic functioning of the body and healthy psyche. It helps to attain the heights of cognitive functions. REFERENCES 1. Agnivesha, Charak Samhita With Ayurveda Dipika Commentary Of Chakrapani Datta,Ed. Acharya Yadavji Trikarma Ji, Chaukhambha Surbharti Prakashan, Varanasi.Edition 7th, 2002, Sutra Sthana Chapter 9 Verse 4 2. Agnivesha, Charak Samhita With Ayurveda Dipika Commentary Of Chakrapani Datta,Ed. Acharya Yadavji Trikarma Ji, Chaukhambha Surbharti Prakashan, Varanasi.Edition 7th, 2002, Sutra Sthana Chapter 28 Verse 7 3. Agnivesha, Charak Samhita With Ayurveda Dipika Commentary Of Chakrapani Datta,Ed. Acharya Yadavji Trikarma Ji, Chaukhambha Surbharti Prakashan, Varanasi.Edition 7th, 2002, Sutra Sthana Chapter 1 Verse 41 4. Agnivesha, Charak Samhita With Ayurveda Dipika Commentary Of Chakrapani Datta,Ed. 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Dr. Mamta Tiwari et al., Dietetics for healthy life - an Ayurvedic over view, World journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Volume 2, Issue 3, 2013, page no. 1044-1055 10. Agnivesha, Charak Samhita With Ayurveda Dipika Commentary Of Chakrapani Datta,Ed. Acharya Yadavji Trikarma Ji, Chaukhambha Surbharti Prakashan, Varanasi.Edition 7th, 2002, Sutra Sthana Chapter 28 Verse 34 11. Agnivesha, Charak Samhita With Ayurveda Dipika Commentary Of Chakrapani Datta,Ed. Acharya Yadavji Trikarma Ji, Chaukhambha Surbharti Prakashan, Varanasi.Edition 7th, 2002, Viman Sthana Chapter 8 Verse 111 12. Agnivesha, Charak Samhita With Ayurveda Dipika Commentary Of Chakrapani Datta,Ed. Acharya Yadavji Trikarma Ji, Chaukhambha Surbharti Prakashan, Varanasi.Edition 7th, 2002, Viman Sthana Chapter 8 Verse 111- 112 13. Sushruta, Sushruta Samhita, edited by Vidya Yadavji Trikarmaji Acharya, Chaukambha Surbharti Prakashan, Varanasi, 2008, Sutra Sthan 15, verse 20 14. Agnivesha, Charak Samhita With Ayurveda Dipika Commentary Of Chakrapani Datta,Ed. Acharya Yadavji Trikarma Ji, Chaukhambha Surbharti Prakashan, Varanasi.Edition 7th, 2002, Sutra Sthana Chapter 34 Verse 36 15. Agnivesha, Charak Samhita With Ayurveda Dipika Commentary Of Chakrapani Datta,Ed. Acharya Yadavji Trikarma Ji, Chaukhambha Surbharti Prakashan, Varanasi.Edition 7th, 2002, Sutra Sthana Chapter 34 Verse 37 16. Sushruta, Sushruta Samhita, edited by Vidya Yadavji Trikarmaji Acharya, Chaukambha Surbharti Prakashan, Varanasi, 2008, Sutra Sthan 15, verse 19 17. Agnivesha, Charak Samhita With Ayurveda Dipika Commentary Of Chakrapani Datta,Ed. Acharya Yadavji Trikarma Ji, Chaukhambha Surbharti Prakashan, Varanasi.Edition 7th, 2002, Sutra Sthana Chapter 17 Verse 117 Mamta et al. / Pharma Science Monitor 6(1), Jan-Mar 2015, 94-109 Impact factor: 0.3397/ICV: 4.10 106 18. Vagbhata, Ashtanga-Hridaya, Ayurvedarasayana commentary of Hemadri. In: Pt. Paradakara HS, editor, reprint ed. Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, 2007, Sutra Sthana, Chapter 11 Verse 37 19. Agnivesha, Charak Samhita With Ayurveda Dipika Commentary Of Chakrapani Datta,Ed. Acharya Yadavji Trikarma Ji, Chaukhambha Surbharti Prakashan, Varanasi.Edition 7th, 2002, Chikitsa Sthana Chapter 15 Verse 3-5 20. Agnivesha, Charak Samhita With Ayurveda Dipika Commentary Of Chakrapani Datta,Ed. Acharya Yadavji Trikarma Ji, Chaukhambha Surbharti Prakashan, Varanasi.Edition 7th, 2002, Viman Sthana Chapter 5 Verse 3 21. Agnivesha, Charak Samhita With Ayurveda Dipika Commentary Of Chakrapani Datta,Ed. Acharya Yadavji Trikarma Ji, Chaukhambha Surbharti Prakashan, Varanasi.Edition 7th, 2002, Sharir Sthana Chapter 6 Verse14 22. Agnivesha, Charak Samhita With Ayurveda Dipika Commentary Of Chakrapani Datta,Ed. Acharya Yadavji Trikarma Ji, Chaukhambha Surbharti Prakashan, Varanasi.Edition 7th, 2002, Sutra Sthana Chapter 25 Verse 36 23. Agnivesha, Charak Samhita With Ayurveda Dipika Commentary Of Chakrapani Datta,Ed. Acharya Yadavji Trikarma Ji, Chaukhambha Surbharti Prakashan, Varanasi.Edition 7th, 2002, Chikitsa Sthana Chapter 24 Verse31 24. Dalhana, Susruta Samhita, Sutra Sthana, Chapter 15, Verse 21 -22, edited by Proff K.R.Srokanta Murthy, Vol-1, edition-2012. Chaukhambha Orientalia Publication, Varanasi,450. 25. Agnivesha, Charak Samhita With Ayurveda Dipika Commentary Of Chakrapani Datta,Ed. Acharya Yadavji Trikarma Ji, Chaukhambha Surbharti Prakashan, Varanasi.Edition 7th, 2002, Sutra Sthana Chapter 30 Verse 9 26. Vagbhata, Ashtanga-Hridaya, Ayurvedarasayana commentary of Hemadri. In: Pt. Paradakara HS, editor, reprint ed. Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, 2007, Sutra Sthana, Chapter 19 Verse 29-34 27. Vagbhata, Ashtanga-Hridaya, Ayurvedarasayana commentary of Hemadri. In: Pt. Paradakara HS, editor, reprint ed. Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, 2007, Sutra Sthana, Chapter 11 Verse 38 28. Sushruta, Sushruta Samhita, edited by Vidya Yadavji Trikarmaji Acharya, Chaukambha Surbharti Prakashan, Varanasi, 2008, Sharir Sthan 3, verse 30 Mamta et al. / Pharma Science Monitor 6(1), Jan-Mar 2015, 94-109 Impact factor: 0.3397/ICV: 4.10 107 29. Agnivesha, Charak Samhita With Ayurveda Dipika Commentary Of Chakrapani Datta,Ed. Acharya Yadavji Trikarma Ji, Chaukhambha Surbharti Prakashan, Varanasi.Edition 7th, 2002, Sutra Sthana Chapter 20 Verse 9 30. Vagbhata, Ashtanga-Hridaya, Ayurvedarasayana commentary of Hemadri. In: Pt. Paradakara HS, editor, reprint ed. Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, 2007, Sutra Sthana, Chapter 19 Verse 29 - 30 31. Agnivesha, Charak Samhita With Ayurveda Dipika Commentary Of Chakrapani Datta,Ed. Acharya Yadavji Trikarma Ji, Chaukhambha Surbharti Prakashan, Varanasi.Edition 7th, 2002, Sutra Sthana Chapter 30 Verse 9-11 32. Agnivesha, Charak Samhita With Ayurveda Dipika Commentary Of Chakrapani Datta,Ed. Acharya Yadavji Trikarma Ji, Chaukhambha Surbharti Prakashan, Varanasi.Edition 7th, 2002, Sutra Sthana Chapter 17 Verse 75 33. Agnivesha, Charak Samhita With Ayurveda Dipika Commentary Of Chakrapani Datta,Ed. Acharya Yadavji Trikarma Ji, Chaukhambha Surbharti Prakashan, Varanasi.Edition 7th, 2002, Siddhi Sthana Chapter 12 Verse 11 34. Agnivesha, Charak Samhita With Ayurveda Dipika Commentary Of Chakrapani Datta,Ed. Acharya Yadavji Trikarma Ji, Chaukhambha Surbharti Prakashan, Varanasi.Edition 7th, 2002, Chikitsa Sthana Chapter 3 Verse 115 35. Agnivesha, Charak Samhita With Ayurveda Dipika Commentary Of Chakrapani Datta,Ed. Acharya Yadavji Trikarma Ji, Chaukhambha Surbharti Prakashan, Varanasi.Edition 7th, 2002, Sutra Sthana Chapter 13 Verse 71 36. Agnivesha, Charak Samhita With Ayurveda Dipika Commentary Of Chakrapani Datta,Ed. Acharya Yadavji Trikarma Ji, Chaukhambha Surbharti Prakashan, Varanasi.Edition 7th, 2002, Sutra Sthana Chapter 17 Verse73 37. Sushruta, Sushruta Samhita, edited by Vidya Yadavji Trikarmaji Acharya, Chaukambha Surbharti Prakashan, Varanasi, 2008, Sutra Sthan 15, verse 29-32 38. Agnivesha, Charak Samhita With Ayurveda Dipika Commentary Of Chakrapani Datta,Ed. Acharya Yadavji Trikarma Ji, Chaukhambha Surbharti Prakashan, Varanasi.Edition 7th, 2002, Sharir Sthana Chapter 6 Verse 13 39. Agnivesha, Charak Samhita With Ayurveda Dipika Commentary Of Chakrapani Datta,Ed. Acharya Yadavji Trikarma Ji, Chaukhambha Surbharti Prakashan, Varanasi.Edition 7th, 2002, Sutra Sthana Chapter 25 Verse 40 Mamta et al. / Pharma Science Monitor 6(1), Jan-Mar 2015, 94-109 Impact factor: 0.3397/ICV: 4.10 108 40. Agnivesha, Charak Samhita With Ayurveda Dipika Commentary Of Chakrapani Datta,Ed. Acharya Yadavji Trikarma Ji, Chaukhambha Surbharti Prakashan, Varanasi.Edition 7th, 2002, Viman Sthana Chapter 1 Verse 21 41. Agnivesha, Charak Samhita With Ayurveda Dipika Commentary Of Chakrapani Datta,Ed. Acharya Yadavji Trikarma Ji, Chaukhambha Surbharti Prakashan, Varanasi.Edition 7th, 2002, Sutra Sthana Chapter 27 Verse16) 42. Vagbhata, Ashtanga-Hridaya, Sarvanga Sundara commentary of Arundatta and Ayurvedarasayana commentary of Hemadri. In: Pt. Paradakara HS, editor, reprint ed. Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, 2007; 847 Sutra Sthana, Chapter 11 Verse 41 43. Agnivesha, Charak Samhita With Ayurveda Dipika Commentary Of Chakrapani Datta,Ed. Acharya Yadavji Trikarma Ji, Chaukhambha Surbharti Prakashan, Varanasi.Edition 7th, 2002, Sutra Sthana Chapter 26 Verse 42 44. Agnivesha, Charak Samhita With Ayurveda Dipika Commentary Of Chakrapani Datta,Ed. Acharya Yadavji Trikarma Ji, Chaukhambha Surbharti Prakashan, th Varanasi.Edition 7 , 2002, Sutra Sthana Chapter 27 Verse 117-118 45. Agnivesha, Charak Samhita With Ayurveda Dipika Commentary Of Chakrapani Datta,Ed. Acharya Yadavji Trikarma Ji, Chaukhambha Surbharti Prakashan, Varanasi.Edition 7th, 2002, Sutra Sthana Chapter 27 Verse 231, a.h su 5/37 46. Agnivesha, Charak Samhita With Ayurveda Dipika Commentary Of Chakrapani Datta,Ed. Acharya Yadavji Trikarma Ji, Chaukhambha Surbharti Prakashan, th Varanasi.Edition 7 , 2002, Sutra Sthana Chapter 27 Verse 57 47. Agnivesha, Charak Samhita With Ayurveda Dipika Commentary Of Chakrapani Datta,Ed. Acharya Yadavji Trikarma Ji, Chaukhambha Surbharti Prakashan, Varanasi.Edition 7th, 2002, Sutra Sthana Chapter 27 Verse 86-87 48. Agnivesha, Charak Samhita With Ayurveda Dipika Commentary Of Chakrapani Datta,Ed. Acharya Yadavji Trikarma Ji, Chaukhambha Surbharti Prakashan, th Varanasi.Edition 7 , 2002, Sutra Sthana Chapter 27 Verse 21 49. Agnivesha, Charak Samhita With Ayurveda Dipika Commentary Of Chakrapani Datta,Ed. Acharya Yadavji Trikarma Ji, Chaukhambha Surbharti Prakashan, Varanasi.Edition 7th, 2002, Sutra Sthana Chapter 27 Verse 30 Mamta et al. / Pharma Science Monitor 6(1), Jan-Mar 2015, 94-109  Impact factor: 0.3397/ICV: 4.10 109 50. Agnivesha, Charak Samhita With Ayurveda Dipika Commentary Of Chakrapani Datta,Ed. Acharya Yadavji Trikarma Ji, Chaukhambha Surbharti Prakashan, Varanasi.Edition 7th, 2002, Sutra Sthana Chapter 27 Verse 126-130 51. Sushruta, Sushruta Samhita, edited by Vidya Yadavji Trikarmaji Acharya, Chaukambha Surbharti Prakashan, Varanasi, 2008, Sutra Sthan 46, verse 187-188 For Correspondence Dr. Mamta Tiwari Email: [email protected] Mamta et al. / Pharma Science Monitor 6(1), Jan-Mar 2015, 94-109 View publication stats