Lesson 7: DNA and RNA Structure PDF

Lesson #7: Getting to Know the DNA and RNA Structure Science 10 Week 5 Learning Goals Most Essential Learning Competency: Explain how protein is made using the information from DNA (S10LT – IIId-37) Describe the role and structure of DNA Describe the role and structure of RNA Compare the str...

Lesson #7: Getting to Know the DNA and RNA Structure Science 10 Week 5 Learning Goals Most Essential Learning Competency: Explain how protein is made using the information from DNA (S10LT – IIId-37) Describe the role and structure of DNA Describe the role and structure of RNA Compare the structures of DNA and RNA molecule https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ayman-Mohamed-4/publication/302981919/figure/fig3/AS:365694614032385@1464199798027/A-floorplan- of-a-single-family-house-all-dimensions-in-meters.png  DNA Also called the “information molecule” Found within the nucleus of every cell Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid DNA nucleotide (deoxyribose)  DNA Has two strands arranged in a helical structure Has the nucleotides Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), and Guanine (G)  A T T A C G DNA is double G C stranded! Chargaff’s Rule RNA Working instructions of the genes in building proteins Found within the cytoplasm of every cell Stands for ribonucleic acid Single stranded RNA nucleotide OH (ribose) Sum it Up DNA RNA Double - stranded Found in living Single - stranded organisms deoxyribose ribose Made up long Found in the chain of Found in the nucleus nucleotides cytoplasm A, T, C, G A, U, C, G  Lesson #6: Homeostasis Science 10 Week 5 Ms. Panagsagan Learning Goals Most Essential Learning Competency: Describe how the nervous system coordinates and regulates the feedback mechanisms to maintain homeostasis (S10LT – IIIc-36) Describe how the nervous system coordinates with other organs to maintain homeostasis. Differentiate between positive and negative feedback mechanisms. Explain how feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis. Sweating due to hot weather Shivering due to cold weather HOMEOSTASIS! Homeostasis ability to maintain a relatively stable internal state that persists despite changes in the world outside Depends on the ability of the body to detect and oppose changes  How does the body maintain homeostasis? Feedback Mechanisms! Feedback Mechanisms Stimulus detected by a physiological loop that brings the body either toward or away Sensor from the normal, steady state sends data can either be negative or positive Control feedback Center sends data Effector Negative Feedback Mechanisms “negates” the change keeps the variable within the normal range Cooling Down body temperature is greater Stimulus than 37 degrees sensors in skin detects the Sensor increase in temperature Control temperature regulatory center Center in brain (hypothalamus) triggers vasodilation and Effector diaphoresis Warming up body temperature is less Stimulus than 37 degrees sensors in skin detects the Sensor decrease in temperature Control temperature regulatory center Center in brain (hypothalamus) triggers vasoconstriction and Effector shivering Blood sugar levels Positive Feedback Mechanisms “promotes” change usually found in processes that needs to be pushed for completion Childbirth Head of the baby pushes against the cervix (increased Stimulus pressure) Nerve impulses sent from Sensor the cervix to the brain Control Brain stimulates the pituitary Center gland to produce oxytocin Oxytocin stimulates uterine Effector contractions (more pressure) Blood clotting Let’s Sum it Up! Homeostasis is the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal state. maintained by feedback mechanisms Let’s Sum it Up! Let’s check your understanding... It refers to the body’s ability to maintain a stable internal state Homeostasis  Yes or no. Negative Feedback Mechanisms are harmful for our body. No! Do you think it is possible for the body to support changes that goes beyond the normal state? Yes!  True or False. Positive Feedback Mechanisms pushes the body away from the normal. True LESSON #5: NERVOUS SYSTEM SCIENCE 10 QUARTER 3 MS. I. N. PANAGSAGAN LEARNING OBJECTIVES Determine the different functions of the nervous system Identify the names and function of the different organs that makes up the human nervous system Differentiate between the central and peripheral nervous system FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Connects all body parts and transmits signals from one part to another Engaged with rapid, but short responses FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Sends signals to and receives responses from every organ and tissue of the body  PNS CNS Detected Stimulus by Receptors Sensory Neuron Brain Motor Response Effectors Neuron CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Main processing center Consisted of the brain and the spinal cord Protected by two sets of bones: skull and vertebral column BRAIN Organizer and distributor of information Center of knowledge, emotions, learning and awareness CEREBRUM Also known as the forebrain Only part which carries on conscious thought processes Divided into left and right hemisphere  Left Right Hemisphere Hemisphere CEREBRUM each hemisphere is divided into four lobes Four lobes: Temporal – hearing and recognize sounds Frontal – at work when you talk, move, reason out, plan, and solve problems CEREBRUM Occipital – vision Parietal– distinguish sensations (touch, pain, pressure, and temperature) CEREBELLUM Also known as the “little brain” Responsible for posture, balance, and motor coordination BRAIN STEM Found between the brain and the spinal cord Comprised of the hypothalamus, thalamus, pons, and medulla oblongata BRAIN STEM Hypothalamus – regulates body temperature, emotions, and sensations (thirst and hunger) - Controls homeostasis - Controls the pituitary gland BRAIN STEM Thalamus – serves as messenger (integrates sensory and motor impulses) Medulla Oblongata – regulates breathing and heartbeat Pons – connects cerebrum and Medulla oblongata Reflexes! SPINAL CORD Channel for signals Protected by the vertebral column Controls the reflexes Reflexes Detected Stimulus by Receptors Sensory Neuron Interneurons in the Spinal Cord Response Effectors Motor Neuron PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Connects the CNS to the organs and limbs Contains the nerves that has sensory and motor fibers Two classifications: Somatic or Autonomic SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Controls the Voluntary movements of the body Spinal Nerves – Carry motor and sensory signals between spinal cord and body Cranial Nerves – carry information into and out of the brain stem - Control head, neck, and face AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Controls the involuntary movements of the body (internal organs) Sympathetic– when body is under stress Increased heart rate and sweating Parasympathetic– restores the relaxed mode Decreased heart rate and sweating NERVE CELL Also called neuron Basic unit of the nervous system Specialized cell for the transmission of messages NERVE CELL Dendrites – receives messages from nearby neurons Axons – carry impulses away from the cell body (soma) Myelin Sheath – fatty insulating layer - Schwann Cells  NERVE IMPULSES Electrochemical charge that travels at a speed of 120 m/s Can pass through the synapses Nerve Impulses LESSON #4: MENSTRUAL CYCLE Science 10 Quarter 3 I. N. Panagsagan Learning Goals: Describe the mechanisms involved in regulating the processes of menstrual cycle in the female reproductive system. Illustrate the events of the menstrual cycle if no fertilization occurs Arrange the events when fertilization occurs Menstrual Cycle Refers to the regular changes in the activities ovaries and endometrium which makes it possible for reproduction Usually takes about 28 days to complete Menstruation - Process in which blood and other tissues are shed from the uterus and materials are expelled from the vagina  Menstrual Cycle 28 days Ovarian Cycle Uterine Cycle Ovarian Cycle Series of events wherein the ovaries prepare and release a mature ovum Controlled by the hormones from the pituitary gland which is controlled by the hypothalamus 2 phases: Follicular phase Luteal phase Uterine Cycle Series of events wherein the uterine lining is prepared for possible pregnancy Controlled by the estrogen and progesterone 3 phases: Menstrual phase Proliferative Secretory phase Follicular Phase Egg matures inside the follicle Follicular phase Concurrent with the menstruation (usually ends on day 5 to 7) and the proliferative phase (start of endometrium re-growth) of the uterine cycle On around day 10 to 13, the estrogen levels becomes so high that it will send signals to the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to stop producing FSH Follicular Phase Egg matures inside the follicle Menstruation Endometrium is shed off Follicular Phase Egg matures inside the follicle Proliferative Phase Endometrium starts to thicken Proliferative phase (Uterine cycle) High level of Estrogen causes the: thickening of endometrial walls Growth of glands Emergence of spiral arteries at the basal layer Follicular Phase Egg matures inside the follicle Proliferative Phase Endometrium starts to thicken Ovulation Follicle burst to release matured egg Proliferative Phase Endometrium continue to thicken Ovulation Occurs on day 14 High levels of estrogen causes the FSH and LH levels to rise and then fall Unruptured follicles degenerate, and eggs are lost (estrogen decreases) Ovulation Follicle burst to release matured egg Proliferative Phase Endometrium continue to thicken Luteal Phase Follicle becomes corpus luteum/albicans Secretory Phase Endometrium releases mucus that are NOT inhabitable by sperm Luteal phase Concurrent with the secretory phase of the uterine cycle Remnant of the ovarian follicle become corpus luteum. Produce Progesterone Signal Pituitary to lessen LH and FSH Would decrease Estrogen Secretory phase (Uterine cycle) Influenced by progesterone Spiral arteries grow larger Uterine glands Secrete more mucus (eventually makes it inhospitable for sperm) Corpus luteum become corpus albicans (does not create hormones) Estrogen and Progesterone will decrease Generally...  OVARY Follicular Phase Menstruation UTERUS OVARY Follicular Phase Proliferative Phase UTERUS OVARY Ovulation Proliferative Phase UTERUS  OVARY Luteal Phase Secretory Phase UTERUS  Lesson #3: Endocrine System Science 10 Quarter 3, Week 3 Ms. I. N. Panagsagan Learning Objectives Describe the importance of endocrine systems in terms of the role it plays in the human body. Identify the major glands in the human body and their functions. Appreciate the importance of hormones by determining the effect of a particular hormone when regulated improperly. Roles and Functions of the Endocrine System Essential in regulating growth and development, metabolism, reproductive processes, and mood Regulates body activities by means of chemical messengers called hormones. Chemicals released (as needed) by glands directly into the bloodstream to easily reach its target cells Bring about slow and long – lasting response The Hormone Releasing Process 01 Glands release a certain hormone 02 Hormones goes to Blood Stream From the Blood 03 Stream, it is sent to the target organs 04 Notable Effect is produced Roles and Functions of the Endocrine System controls the internal environment of the human body Nervous System Endocrine System Chemical neurotransmitter hormone Messenger Rapid and Slow and Effects short lasting longer lasting Muscles and Activities of Controls glands cells Male and Female Endocrine Glands Hypothalamus Located at the brain (Attached to posterior pituitary gland) Releases Hypothalamic – release inhibiting hormone (inhibits release of GH and prolactin) Releases Hypothalamic – releasing hormones (stimulates the release of GH, TSH, LH, FSH, ACTH, and Prolactin) Pituitary Gland (Anterior Lobe) Located at the base of the brain Controlled by the hypothalamus Considered as the “master gland” Pituitary Gland (Anterior Lobe) GH, Somatotropic Target: all cells Stimulates cell division, bone growth, and production of the proteins In adulthood, it maintains structure and metabolism Dwarfism and Gigantism Gigantism Dwarfism Pituitary Gland (Anterior Lobe) Thyroid – stimulating hormone (TSH) Target: thyroid gland Stimulates the production and stimulation of thyroxin Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism Pituitary Gland (Anterior Lobe) Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) Target: adrenal cortex Stimulates the production of cortisol (for stress response) Cushing’s Syndrome (exaggerated facial roundness, weight gain, thin arms and legs, easily bruised) Pituitary Gland (Anterior Lobe) Follicle – Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone Target: gonads Plays a role in female monthly cycle and production of gametes Irregular or Stopped monthly periods; infertility For the males: loss of body hairs; weakness; lack of interest in sex; erectile dysfunction; and infertility Pituitary Gland (Anterior Lobe) Prolactin Target: mammary gland Stimulates the growth of gland and production/secretion of milk Lack of milk production Pituitary Gland (Anterior Lobe) Endorphins Target: pain receptors in the brain Inhibits perception of pain “feel good” chemicals Related to Depression Can be boosted by regular exercise, giving, yoga, meditation, dark chocolate, and laughing Pituitary Gland (Anterior Lobe) Melanocyte – stimulating hormone (MSH) Target: melanocytes Regulates activity of pigment – containing cells in the skin Increased melanin production Increased by exposure to UV light and during pregnancy Pituitary Gland (Posterior Lobe) Oxytocin Target: uterus, mammary gland “Cuddle hormone” Stimulates muscle contractions during childbirth; milk release Mother’s oxytocin levels in first trimester of pregnancy have a role in the feeling of connectedness to the baby Pituitary Gland (Posterior Lobe) Anti – diuretic hormone (ADH) Target: kidneys Increases water absorption in kidneys Thyroid Located below the voice box Largest endocrine gland Produces the hormone thyroxin Thyroid Thyroxin Target: all cells Stimulates the rate of metabolism Hyperthyroidism/Hypothyroidism Parathyroid Located in the neck (behind the thyroid gland) Produces the Parathyroid hormone (Parathormone) Parathyroid Parathyroid hormone Target: bones Controls the level of calcium in the blood and its absorption in the bones Abnormal levels causes uncontrolled muscle contractions and failure to response in stimuli or form reflexes Adrenal Medulla Located on top of the kidneys Also called the suprarenal glands Produces the Epinephrine (Adrenaline) Adrenal Medulla Adrenaline Target: various cells Controls stress reactions Causes increased heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, and glucose level Pancreas Located behind the right side of the stomach Produces the hormones insulin and glucagon Diabetes and Hypoglycemia Pancreas Insulin Target: liver, muscle Stimulates glucose uptake (Stores sugar as fat) Glucagon Target: liver Stimulates breakdown of glycogen to glucose Pineal Glands Located in the brain Produces melatonin Pineal Glands Melatonin Regulates our internal clocks and rhythmic activities Place a large role in our sleep – wake cycle Thymus Located below the thyroid between the right and left lung Produces thymosin Thymus Thymosin Stimulates the production of antibodies (T – cells) for immune response Ovaries Estrogen and Progesterone Regulates the menstrual cycle and female secondary characteristics Testes Testosterone Controls the development of male characteristics and sperm development  Penis Urethra Seminal vesicle Prostate gland Vas deferens Bulbourethral gland Testes Epididymis Scrotum  The Human Reproductive System  Lesson #2: The Female Reproductive System Science 10 3rd Quarter, Week 1 Ms. I. N. Panagsagan  ◦ Identify and describe Goals the parts and function of the female for reproductive system this ◦ Explain the role of lesson hormones in female reproductive system 6  1. Produce eggs (oogenesis) Functions of 2. Receive sperm and provide the Female place for fertilization Reproductive 3. Provides for the System development of the embryo 4. Produce female hormones 7  Female Reproductive System Gonads Duct System External Genitalia https://img.webmd.com/dtmcms/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/articles/image_article_collections/anatomy_pages/vagina_new.jpg 8 Ovaries ◦ about the size of an almond seed ◦ Composed of ovarian follicles (sac-like structures) ◦ contains egg cells at birth ◦ site of ovulation ◦ produces female hormones 9  Estrogen ◦ Produced by follicle cells Cause secondary sex Hormone ◦ characteristics Production by the ◦ Enlargement of Ovaries accessory organs ◦ Development of breasts ◦ Appearance of pubic hair 10  ◦ secondary sex characteristics (cont’d) Hormone Increase in fat beneath Production ◦ by the the skin Ovaries ◦ Widening and lightening of the pelvis ◦ Onset of menstruation 11  Progesterone ◦ Produced by the corpus Hormone luteum Production ◦ Production continues until by the LH diminishes in the Ovaries blood ◦ Helps maintain pregnancy 12 Oogenesis in Ovaries 13  The Female Reproductive System https://microbenotes.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Female-Reproductive-System.jpeg 14 Oviduct (Fallopian) Tubes ◦ Receive the ovulated oocyte ◦ Provide a site for fertilization ◦ Attached to the uterus ◦ Is not physically attached to the ovary ◦ Supported by the broad ligament 15 ◦ Fimbriae – finger-like projections at the distal end that receive the oocyte ◦ Cilia inside the uterine tube slowly move the oocyte towards the uterus (takes 3–4 days) ◦ Fertilization occurs inside the uterine tube 16  Uterus ◦ Hollow , thick-walled organ ◦ Located between the urinary bladder and rectum ◦ Functions of the uterus ◦ Receives a fertilized egg ◦ Retains the fertilized egg ◦ Nourishes the fertilized egg 17  ◦ Perimetrium (Serous) layer – outer visceral peritoneum ◦ Myometrium – middle layer of smooth muscle Walls of ◦ Endometrium the Uterus ◦ Inner layer ◦ Allows for implantation of a fertilized egg ◦ Sloughs off if no pregnancy occurs (menstruation) 18  The Female Reproductive System https://cdn.britannica.com/05/55705-050-DE695AC2/uterus-bladder-system-rectum-child-egg.jpg 19  ◦ Body – main portion ◦ Fundus – area where Regions of uterine tube enters the Uterus ◦ Cervix – narrow outlet that protrudes into the vagina 20  The Female Reproductive System https://cdn.britannica.com/05/55705-050-DE695AC2/uterus-bladder-system-rectum-child-egg.jpg 21  Vagina ◦ Extends from cervix to exterior of body ◦ Behind bladder and in front of rectum ◦ Serves as the birth canal; receives the penis during sexual intercourse ◦ Hymen – partially closes the vagina until it is ruptured 22 External Genitalia (Vulva) ◦ Mons pubis ◦ Fatty area overlying the pubic symphysis ◦ Covered with pubic hair after puberty ◦ Labia – skin folds ◦ Labia majora ◦ Labia minora 23 External Genitalia (Vulva) ◦ Vestibule ◦ Enclosed by labia majora ◦ Contains opening of the urethra and the greater vestibular glands (produce mucus) ◦ Clitoris ◦ Contains erectile tissue ◦ Corresponds to the male penis 24  The Female Reproductive System https://microbenotes.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Female-Reproductive-System.jpeg 25 26  Reproduction! Adapted from J.L. Cook PPT Lecture Slides  The Reproductive System a system of organs that work together for the purpose of procreating. Many non-living substances such as fluids, hormones, and pheromones are also important accessories to the reproductive system The Reproductive System Gonads – primary sex organs Testes in males Ovaries in females Gonads produce gametes (sex cells) and secrete hormones Sperm – male gametes Ova (eggs) – female gametes  The Human Reproductive System Lesson #1: The Male Reproductive System Science 10 3rd Quarter Week 1 Adapted from J.L. Cook PPT Lecture Slides  Our Target for Today! 01 Identify and describe the parts and function of the male reproductive system. 02 Explain the role of hormones in male reproductive system The Male Reproductive System  Testes Each lobule contains one to four seminiferous tubules Tightly coiled structures Function as sperm-forming factories (spermatogenesis) Empty sperm into the rete testis (Efferent Ductules) Sperm Formation Mitosis  Anatomy of a Mature Sperm Cell The only human cell that is flagellated DNA can be found in the head  Testes Sperm travels through the rete testis to the epididymis Interstitial cells produce androgens such as testosterone (male hormone) Functions of Testosterone 1. Stimulates reproductive organ development 2. Underlies sex drive 3. Causes secondary sex characteristics Deepening of voice Increased hair growth Enlargement of skeletal muscles Thickening of bones  Other hormones ▪ Luteinizing Hormones (LH) – induces the release of testosterone ▪ Follicle stimulating Hormone (FSH) – induces the production and maturation of sperm Epididymis Functions to mature and store sperm cells (at least 20 days) Expels sperm with the contraction of muscles in the epididymis walls to the vas deferens Vas Deferens Carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct Moves sperm by peristalsis Ends in the ejaculatory duct which unites with the urethra Vasectomy Urethra Extends from the base of the urinary bladder to the tip of the penis Carries both urine and semen Mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions  The Accessory Parts Seminal Vesicles Located at the base of the bladder Produces a thick, yellowish secretion (60% of semen) Fructose (sugar), Vitamin C, Prostaglandins, other substances that nourish and activate sperm  Prostate Gland Encircles the upper part of the urethra Secretes a slightly alkaline milky fluid Helps to activate sperm Bulbourethral Glands ❖Pea-sized gland inferior to the prostate ❖Produces a thick, clear mucus ❖ Cleanses the urethra of acidic urine ❖ Serves as a lubricant during sexual intercourse ❖ Secreted into the penile urethra  The External Genitalia  Scrotum Sac of skin and superficial fascia that hangs outside the abdominopelvic cavity at the root of the penis Contains paired testicles separated by a midline septum Its external positioning keeps the testes 3°C lower than core body temperature  Penis Copulatory organ, delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract Internally there are three areas of spongy erectile tissue around the urethra Regions of the penis Shaft Glans penis (enlarged tip) Prepuce (Fore Skin)