Origins of Religion PDF

(After students’ sharing, the teacher will process the activity and connects to the content of the lesson.) ACQUISITION OF NEW KNOWLEDGE I. Origin of the Concept of Religion and Definition A. Etymology of Religion -Religion is derived from the Latin word ‘religio’. However, its ex...

(After students’ sharing, the teacher will process the activity and connects to the content of the lesson.) ACQUISITION OF NEW KNOWLEDGE I. Origin of the Concept of Religion and Definition A. Etymology of Religion -Religion is derived from the Latin word ‘religio’. However, its exact meaning in Latin is somewhat elusive. In ancient Rome, "religio" was used to describe various forms of reverence, rituals, and observances. It could refer to a sense of moral obligation or a careful consideration of divine matters. -The definition of religion by Cicero, a Roman philosopher and statesman is cultum deorum, “the proper performance of rites in veneration of the gods.” -Modern Scholars such as Tom Harpur and Joseph Campbell favour the derivation from ligare “bind, connect”, probably from a prefixed re- ligare, i.e. re (again) + ligare or “to reconnect”, which was made prominent by St. Augustine. -In ancient and medieval world, Latin root “religio” was understood as an individual virtue of worship, never as a doctrine, practice or actual source of knowledge. Furthermore, religio referred to broad social obligations to family, neighbors, rulers and even towards God. -When religio came into English around the 1200’s as religion, it took the meaning of “life bound by monastic vows”. -The concept of religion was first used in the 1500s to distinguish the domain of the church and the domain of civil authorities. -Sacred texts like the Bible, the Quran and the others did not have a word or even concept of religion in the original languages and neither did the people or the cultures in which these sacred texts were written. -In Hebrew and Judaism does not distinguish clearly between religious, national, racial and ethnic identities. One of its central concepts is halakha, meaning the “walk” or “path” sometimes translated as “law”, which guides religious practice and belief and many aspects of life. The Greek word “threskia, was used by Greek writers such as Herodotus and Josephus, is found in the New Testament. Threskia is sometimes translated as “religion” in today’s translations. -In Quran the Arabic word din (law) is often translated as “religion”. -The Sanskrit word dharma, sometimes translated as “religion” also means law. -The modern concept of religion as abstraction that entails distinct sets of beliefs or doctrines, is a recent invention in the English language since such usage began with texts from the 17 th century due to the 2 | Page  splitting of Christendom during the Protestant reformation and the globalization in the age of exploration which involved contact with numerous foreign cultures with non-European languages. -It was in the 19th century that the terms “Buddhism”, “Hinduism”, Taoism”, “Confucianism”, and “World religions” first emerged. B. Definition of Religion There is no final definition of religion, even though many have tried and still tries to define religion. Religion is a modern Western concept. There is no equivalent term for “religion” in many languages. Many scholars have expressed reservations about defining the “essence” of religion. According to MacMillan Encyclopedia of Religions, the attempt to define religion is due to a natural consequence of the Western speculative, intellectualistic, and scientific disposition. It is also the product of the dominant Western religious mode, what is called Judeo-Christian climate, or more accurately, the theistic inheritance from Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Classical Definitions 1. Friedrich Schleiermacher (18th century)- defined religion as das schlechthinnige Abhängigkeitsgefül, commonly translated as “the feeling of absolute dependence”. Schleiermacher's definition suggests that at the core of religion is a deeply ingrained emotional and spiritual sensation of being entirely dependent on something greater than oneself, often interpreted as the divine, the sacred, or a higher power. This feeling of absolute dependence is seen as a fundamental aspect of human religious experience and connection to the transcendent. 2. Georg Wilhelm Hegel- defined religion as “Divine Spirit becoming conscious of Himself through the finite spirit.” Hegel's definition proposes that religion involves a dynamic process wherein the Divine Spirit achieves self-consciousness through the experiences and awareness of individual human beings. This concept emphasizes the interplay between the divine and human realms, suggesting that religion serves as a medium through which the Divine Spirit gains self-awareness and expression through finite, individual human spirits. 3. Edward Taylor (1871)- defined religion as “the belief in spiritual beings.” Taylor's definition conveys that religion involves holding convictions or faith in the existence of spiritual beings—entities that are beyond the realm of the ordinary and are often associated with the divine or sacred. This belief in spiritual beings is a central aspect of many religious systems and serves as a foundation for rituals, practices, and interactions with the divine realm. 4. William James (psychologist)- defined religion as “the feelings, acts, and experiences of individual men in their solitude, so far as they apprehend themselves to stand in relation to whatever they may consider the divine”. By the term divine James meant “any object that is godlike, whether it be a concrete deity or not” to which the individual feels impelled to respond with solemnity and gravity. 3 | Page 5. Paul Tillich (theologian)- faith is “state of being ultimately concerned”, which “is itself religion. Religion is the substance, the ground and the depth of man’s spiritual life.” Tillich's definition suggests that faith is a deep existential orientation toward ultimate concerns, and religion encompasses and embodies this faith by providing the very substance, foundation, and profound depth of human spiritual life. Modern Definitions 1. Clifford Geertz (anthropologist)- defined religion as a system of symbols which acts to establish powerful, pervasive and long-lasting moods and motivations in men by formulating conceptions of a general order of existence and clothing these conceptions with such an aura of factuality that the moods seem uniquely realistic.” 2. Antoine Vergote(theologian)- emphasized the ‘cultural reality’ of religion which he defines as the entirety of linguistic expressions, emotions and emotions and, actions and signs that refer to a supernatural being and supernatural beings. This idea helps us understand how religion is woven into the fabric of cultures and societies, shaping how people interact with the divine. 3. Peter Mandaville and Paul James- defined religion as a relatively-bounded system of beliefs, symbols and practices that addresses the nature of existence, and in which communion with others and Otherness(something beyond the ordinary) is lived as if it both takes in and spiritually transcends socially-grounded ontologies of time, space, embodiment and knowing. In essence, the definition underscores that religion is a structured system of beliefs, symbols, and practices that addresses profound questions about existence. It involves connections with both others and something beyond the ordinary, going beyond typical social understandings to explore fundamental aspects of life and spirituality. II. Origins of Religion and Religious Organizations A. Origins and Development Historically speaking, ten thousands of years ago, humans lived in isolated groups. They depended on their environments to live. (i.e., hunting and gathering. Spiritual beliefs existed as a way to explain the natural world and its wonders. Prehistoric people had indigenous (or native cultures and lifestyles that were unique to their location in the world. Some of these cultures still exist today in remote areas of the world. Hunting Rituals Hunting rituals expressed a reverence and respect for cultures that were killed for survival. Early Gods and Goddesses 4 | Page  Eventually people created gods and goddesses to represent these forces. The most important god was the Earth Mother. People were polytheistic (the belief in many gods). Shamanism Belief centered on an individual called a shaman who acted as a spiritual leader of a community. They offered prayers for things people needed, and used magic to cure the sick, control of events, etc. Monuments People began building monuments to the deceased(dead) and for ritual purposes. Civilization and Religion Agriculture allowed large communities to develop and stay in the same location. As civilization developed, religion became more complex to meet the society’s needs. The development of religion has taken different forms in different cultures. Religious Tradition Begins Writing allowed people to pass down their spiritual beliefs more easily. Revolutionary thinkers began to shape some of the major religions during this time. Shifts in Religious Thinking Religion begins to put emphasis on explaining human existence. It starts to express the human relationship to the divine (gods or spirits). Rituals and sacrifice become less important in religious behavior. Monotheism begins (the idea of having only one god). It begins to teach that humans are special and are elevated above other creatures. Charismatic Individuals According to anthropologist John Monaghan and Peter Just, “Many of the great world religions appear to have begun as revitalization movements of some sort, as the charismatic prophet fires the imaginations of people seeking a more comprehensive answer to their problems than they feel is provided by everyday beliefs. Charismatic individuals have emerged at many times and places in the world. It seems that the key to long-term success – and many movements come and go with little long-term effect – has relatively little to do with the prophets, who appear with surprising regularity, but more to do with the development of a group of supporters who are able to institutionalize the movement.” Spread of Religion Religion spreads through a variety of mechanisms, including cultural diffusion, trade routes, conquests, migration, missionary efforts, and technological advancements. Cultural interactions between societies often lead to the exchange of religious ideas and practices, causing religions to spread to new regions. In the past, these two key factors played an important role for the disperse of religion (1) travel and migration, and (2) missionaries. Trade and travel facilitate the sharing of beliefs, while conquests and migrations can introduce religions to different populations. 5 | Page Missionaries actively promote their faith, and advancements in communication, such as books and digital media, enable the rapid dissemination of religious teachings. Overall, the spread of religion is a complex interplay of human interactions, historical events, and communication methods. B. Religious Organizations Religions organize themselves—their institutions, practitioners, and structures—in a variety of fashions. For instance, when the Roman Catholic Church emerged, it borrowed many of its organizational principles from the ancient Roman military and turned senators into cardinals, for example. Sociologists use different terms, like ecclesia, denomination, and sect, to define these types of organizations. Scholars are also aware that these definitions are not static. Most religions transition through different organizational phases. For example, Christianity began as a cult, transformed into a sect, and today exists as an ecclesia. 1. Cults, like sects, are new religious groups. In the United States today this term often carries pejorative connotations. However, almost all religions began as cults and gradually progressed to levels of greater size and organization. In its pejorative use, these groups are often disparaged as being secretive, highly controlling of members’ lives, and dominated by a single, charismatic leader. Some groups that are controversially labeled as cults today include the Church of Scientology and the Hare Krishna movement. 2. A sect is a small and relatively new group. Most of the well-known Christian denominations in the United States today began as sects. For example, the Methodists and Baptists protested against their parent Anglican Church in England, just as Henry VIII protested against the Catholic Church by forming the Anglican Church. From “protest” comes the term Protestant. When membership in a sect increases over time, it may grow into a denomination. Established sects, such as the Amish or Jehovah’s Witnesses fall halfway between sect and denomination on the ecclesia–cult continuum because they have a mixture of sect-like and denomination-like characteristics. 3. A denomination is a large, mainstream religious organization, but it does not claim to be official or state sponsored. It is one religion among many. For example, Baptist, African Methodist Episcopal, Catholic, and Seventh-day Adventist are all Christian denominations. 4. The term ecclesia, originally referring to a political assembly of citizens in ancient Athens, Greece, now refers to a congregation. In sociology, the term is used to refer to a religious group that most all members of a society 6 | Page belong to. It is considered a nationally recognized, or official, religion that holds a religious monopoly and is closely allied with state and secular powers. III. Aspects of Religion A. Beliefs Traditionally, faith in addition to reason, has been considered as a source of religious beliefs. The interplay between faith and reason, and their use as actual or perceived support for religious beliefs, have been a subject of interest to philosophers and theologians. 1. Mythology Mythology plays a crucial role in many belief systems. While myths themselves are not necessarily religious practices, they often provide the foundation for religious beliefs and rituals. Mythology can explain the creation of the world, the relationships between gods and humans, the origins of customs and traditions, and the reasons behind religious rituals. In some cases, mythological figures may be revered as deities, and their stories can guide religious practices and moral values. 2. Worldview Religions have sacred histories, narratives, and mythologies which may be preserved in sacred scriptures, and symbols and holy places, that aim to explain the meaning of life, the origin of or the Universe. B. Practices The practices of a religion may include rituals, sermons, commemoration, or veneration (of a deity, gods or goddesses), sacrifices, festivals, feasts, trances, initiations, funerary services, matrimonial services, meditation, prayer, music, art, dance, public service or other aspects of human culture. C. Social Organization Religions have a societal basis, either as a living tradition which is carried by lay participants, or with an organized clergy, and a definition of what constitutes adherence or membership. IV. Types of Religion Scholars across diverse fields have endeavored to categorize religions. A commonly embraced classification that aids in comprehending distinct belief systems involves examining the objects or beings of worship, if any. By applying this categorization approach, religions can be grouped into fundamental classifications. 7 | Page ASSIGNMENT Instruction: Develop an innovative digital concept map illustrating the fundamental concepts of religion as comprehended from the discussion. Evaluation Criteria: Relevance of Content: 40 points Creativity: 40 points Organization and Clarity of Ideas: 20 points Total: 100 points ASSESSMENT Quiz REFERENCES  Howard, C. (2018). World Religions. ED-Tech Press.  World Religions. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sociology/chapter/world-religions/ 8 | Page CLASSIFICATIO NS OF RELIGION 1 CAPSOUL OF THE SESSION 4  BUDDHISM Buddhism is one of the world’s largest religions and originated 2,500 years ago in India. Buddhists believe that the human life is one of suffering, and that meditation, spiritual and physical labor, and good behavior are the ways to achieve enlightenment, or nirvana. 5 Buddhism is a religion that emphasizes personal spiritual liberation. 6 Buddhism has its roots from the life of Buddha and his teachings. 7  Learning Describe Buddha’s life and teachings. Objectives Enumerate the Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path. Identify the major elements and characteristics of Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism and the places where they spread. 8  Nature of Buddhism nontheistic – does not involve a belief in an eternal god focused on ethics and self- understanding to attain salvation 9 Life of Buddha Buddhism began in India in the 6th or 5th century BCE founded by a Hindu prince, Siddhartha Gautama 10  Life of Buddha Early Life miraculous birth prophecy to become either a great ruler or a holy man grew up in luxury to discourage him from seeking the religious path 11 Life of Buddha Early Life encountered the “four sights” ○ an old man ○ a sick man ○ a dead man ○ a holy man 12 Life of Buddha Early Life Great Departure/ Great Renunciation He abandoned his family and royal duties in search of spiritual 13  Life of Buddha Search for Enlightenment practiced asceticism and extreme fasting meditation under a sacred Bodhi tree enlightenment and becoming the Buddha (the Awakened One) 14 Life of Buddha Teachings and Later Life first sermon and teachings (dharma) the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path establishment of the sangha and his followers preached in Northern India 15 Core Teachings of Buddhism 16 Core Teachings of Buddhism The Eightfold Path (the “Middle Way”) 17 Explor The Two e Buddhism s 19  The Two Buddhisms Explor e 1. Examine the spread of Buddhism using the map on the next slide. 2. Identify the countries that were reached by Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism. 3. Write your answers on the table following the map. 20  Sacred Texts of Theravada Buddhists Tripitaka (“three baskets”) Pali Canon palm leaves Three main sections: ○ vinaya-pitaka (“Basket of Discipline”), which contains the rule governing the monastic order ○ sutra-pitaka (“Basket of Discourse”), which contains the Buddha’s sermons ○ abhidharma-pitaka (“Basket of Special [Further] Doctrine”), which contains doctrinal systematizations and summaries. 25  Theravada Buddhism Emperor Ashoka and the spread of Buddhism Theravada (“teaching of the elders”) oldest existing sect of Buddhism conservative and emphasizes the concept of arhat meditation and full monastic life 26  Theravada Buddhism Theravada Buddhists are conservative, acknowledging Siddhartha as the only Buddha and believing that enlightenment only comes to those who practice monastic life. Theravada is the dominant religion in Sri Lanka and the peninsular Southeast Asian countries of Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos. 27 Mahayana Buddhism is one of the major Buddhist schools, along with Theravada and Vajrayana. 28 Mahayana Buddhism is known as the “great vehicle” as it gained tremendous appeal to the ordinary people. 29 Mahayana refers to the path of Bodhisattva to attain enlightenment and help all human beings from sufferings and pain. 30 Mahayana Buddhism started in North India established stability in China spread out through other territories like Korea and Japan that maintain its existence until the present 31 Mahayana Buddhism As it gained support from other countries, it continuously died in its birthplace. - a series of invasions in India - the rise of other religions like Islam 32  Sacred Texts of Mahayana Buddhists Sutras set rules in Sanskrit literature-based on law or philosophy became influential because of its teaching that all people can equally attain “Buddha- nature” or enlightenment 33 Sacred Texts of Mahayana Buddhists Sutra Description Lotus Sutra contains various traditions of Mahayana Buddhism such as concepts concerning the Trikaya, Bodhisattva, and Nirvana Trikaya Buddha has three bodies; Bodhisattva someone who postponed his or her entry into the state of nirvana to help others achieve enlightenment Nirvana state of liberation from the cycle of death and rebirth 34  Sacred Texts of Mahayana Buddhists Sutra Description Heart Sutra part of Perfection Wisdom of Sutra containing short pieces of Buddhist key concepts in Mahayana perspectives such as nirvana, total emptiness, and ultimate reality Land of Bliss Sutras contains the teachings of Amitabha Buddha, the celestial or heavenly Buddha shows people can enter an ideal world 35 Sacred Texts of Mahayana Buddhists Secondary Mahayana texts were written by Nagarjuna, an early Buddhist thinker. The writings focus on interpreting the Sutra of Perfection of Wisdom that elaborates the concept of emptiness. 36  General Features of Mahayana Buddhism God: Nontheistic Buddha himself emphasized that he is not a god. Buddhists do not focus on belief in gods and goddesses but centers on ethics and morality. 38  General Features of Mahayana Buddhism Establishment Mahayana Buddhism originated in Northern India. It is widespread in China, Tibet, Mongolia, Japan, and Korea. 39  General Features of Mahayana Buddhism Followers The largest number of its practitioners is in China. Mahayana schools and sub-schools are firmly rooted in China, Taiwan, Japan, and Korea. 40 General Features of Mahayana Buddhism Mahayana Buddhism gained popularity among Asians because of the openness of their traditions. Even an ordinary person can achieve spiritual liberation. 41 HINDUISM 1 The Hindu religion is characterized by religious practices such as the worship of many gods and sacred texts. 2 Worshiping gods in temples is one of the trademarks of the Hindu religion. 3  Understand how the Hindu religion was Learning established and who its first followers Objectives were. Identify the Hindu sacred texts such as the Vedas, Upanishads, and the Bhagavad-Gita. Explain the key elements of the Hindu religion and its other features. 4  God in a Million Explor e 1. Look at the pictures of the Hindu gods presented on the next slides. 2. Analyze each picture and identify who these gods are. Also, take note of the actions they are doing in each picture and the objects that surround them. 3. As a clue, refer to the box where the names of the Hindu gods and short descriptions are found. 5  God in a Million Explor e Lakshmi Brahma (the (the God Goddess of Creator) Wealth and Purity) Ganesh Shiva (the (the God Elephant Destroyer) God) Hanuman Vishnu (the Monkey (the God God) Preserver) 6  God in a Million Explor e Lakshmi Brahma (the (the God Goddess of Creator) Wealth and Purity) Ganesh Shiva (the (the God Elephant Destroyer) God) Hanuman Vishnu (the Monkey (the God God) Preserver) 7  God in a Million Explor e Lakshmi Brahma (the (the God Goddess of Creator) Wealth and Purity) Ganesh Shiva (the (the God Elephant Destroyer) God) Hanuman Vishnu (the Monkey (the God God) Preserver) 8  God in a Million Explor e Lakshmi Brahma (the (the God Goddess of Creator) Wealth and Purity) Ganesh Shiva (the (the God Elephant Destroyer) God) Hanuman Vishnu (the Monkey (the God God) Preserver) 9  God in a Million Explor e Lakshmi Brahma (the (the God Goddess of Creator) Wealth and Purity) Ganesh Shiva (the (the God Elephant Destroyer) God) Hanuman Vishnu (the Monkey (the God God) Preserver) 10  God in a Million Explor e Lakshmi Brahma (the (the God Goddess of Creator) Wealth and Purity) Ganesh Shiva (the (the God Elephant Destroyer) God) Hanuman Vishnu (the Monkey (the God God) Preserver) 11  The Hindu Religion and Its Origin Hinduism a polytheistic religion that involves the worship of several gods, particularly Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva 16  The Hindu Religion and Its Origin Hinduism originated in the Indus Valley between 2300 and 1500 BCE believed to have been the result of the fusion of the beliefs of the Indo-Aryans and the natives of the Indus Valley 18 The Hindu Religion and Its Origin Indo-Aryans migrated to the Indus Valley and blended their language and culture with those of living in the valley brought with them the Sanskrit language and their religion which consisted of hymns, myths, and oral history 19 Hindu Sacred Texts Sacred Texts Vedas Writers often consider -contains the literary record of Hinduism as "a way of the Indo-Aryan life" or "a family of civilization and the teachings of religions" rather than a all aspects of single religion. life 21  Hindu Sacred Texts Vedas contain the academic record of the Indo-Aryan civilization and the teachings of all aspects of life mean “wisdom and knowledge of vision” 22  Hindu Sacred Texts Vedas manifest the language of the gods in human speech signify the highest religious authority for all aspects of Hinduism 23  Hindu Sacred Texts Vedas comprised of four parts: Samhitas Brahmanas Aranyakas Upanishads 24  Hindu Sacred Texts The four parts of the Vedas Part Description Samhitas consisted of hymns of praise to God and are the most ancient part of the Vedas Brahmanas rituals and prayers that guide priests in their duties Aranyakas centered on worship and meditation Upanishads comprised of the mystical and philosophical teachings of Hinduism 25  Hindu Sacred Texts The four classifications of the Samhitas Part Description Rig Veda a collection of inspired songs or hymns and is the primary source of information on the Rig Vedic civilization Sama Veda purely a liturgical collection of melodies or saman Yajur Veda a liturgical collection and made to meet the demands of a ceremonial religion Atharva Veda contains hymns of a more diverse character than the Rig Veda and are also more straightforward in language 26 Hindu Sacred Texts Vedas The Nasadiya Sukta (Hymn of Creation) is one of the most well-received portions of the Rig Veda, it talks about how the universe was created in a contemplative tone. 27  Hindu Sacred Texts Upanishads one of the four genres that constitute the Vedas speculate on the ontological connection between humanity and the cosmos 28  Hindu Sacred Texts Upanishads also referred to as the Vedanta or the concluding part of the Vedas serve as the founda- tional texts in the theological discourses of many Hindu traditions 29  Hindu Sacred Texts Upanishads present a vision of an interconnected universe with a single, unifying principle behind the obvious diversity in the cosmos 30 Hindu Sacred Texts Upanishads mean “connection” or “equivalence” the homology between aspects of the human individual and heavenly beings or forces 31 Hindu Sacred Texts Upanishads teach that Brahman lives in the atman, which is the unchanging center of an individual were taught to those who sat down beside their teachers (upa=near, ni=down, 32  Hindu Sacred Texts Bhagavad Gita the most popular religious poem of Sanskrit literature probably the most influential work in Indian thought draws its inspiration from the Upanishads 33  Hindu Sacred Texts Bhagavad Gita takes the form of a dialogue between Prince Arjuna and Krishna, an avatar of the Hindu god Vishnu Krishna explained the different Yogic and Vedatic philosophies and the more significant idea of dharma or universal harmony and 34  Hindu Sacred Texts Bhagavad Gita contained in the Bhishma-Parva of the Mahabharata incorporates various beliefs and teachings, history, mythology, politics, philosophy, theology, and law 35 Hindu Deities Hinduism features 33 million gods and goddesses. There are only three central gods in the Hindu religion and others are merely avatars or manifestations of these central gods. Each avatar has specific qualities, powers, and roles in the workings of the universe. 36  Hindu Deities Brahma the creator of the universe the embodiment of intellect and present as one in all human beings 37  Hindu Deities Vishnu the preserver of the universe considered a supreme god and forms part of the Trimurti with Brahma and Shiva 38  Hindu Deities Shiva the destroyer of the universe considered a supreme god and forms part of the Trimurti with Brahma and Vishnu 39  Hindu Deities The Trimurti means “three forms” the triad of Hinduism’s major deities: Shiva (left), Vishnu (center), and Brahma (right) 40  Hindu Deities Lakshmi popular in Indian households and is worshiped everywhere the eternal consort of Vishnu and is looked upon as the goddess of wealth 41  Hindu Deities Parvati the wife of Shiva and is considered the primordial force that keeps the universe from falling apart looked upon by Hindus as a loving mother 42 Other Features of the Hindu Religion Moksha experiential element of Hinduism liberation from samsara, which is the endless cycle of reincarnation and rebirth 43 Other Features of the Hindu Religion Monism a Hindu doctrine stating that all the things in the universe are made up only of one essence: the Brahman the central teaching of Hinduism and is the basis of the goal of the faith 44 Other Features of the Hindu Religion Dharma an essential term in Indian religions means duty, virtue, morality, even religion refers to the power which sustains the universe and society 45 Other Features of the Hindu Religion Puja the ritual performed by Hindus when worshiping a deity involves lighting incense, making offerings of things such as fruits and flowers, and other rituals Worship is directed at a small shrine to the deities. 46  Hinduism is a polytheistic religion that involves Wrap- the worship of several gods, particularly Up Brahma, Shiva, and Vishnu, who are considered the principal gods. Hinduism is believed to have been the result of the fusion of the beliefs of the Indo-Aryans. They came from Central Asia and that of the original inhabitants of the Indus Valley. The Vedas contain the academic records of the Indo-Aryan civilization and the teachings of all aspects of life. 53  The Upanishads are one of the four genres Wrap- that constitute the Vedas and speculate on Up humanity's ontological connection and the cosmos. The Bhagavad Gita integrates elements of the Vedic sacrifice, Upanishadic teaching of Absolute Brahman, the Bhāgavata theism, the Samkhya dualism, and Yoga meditation. There are only three central gods in the Hindu religion and others are merely avatars or manifestations of these central gods. 54  Some of the general features of Hinduism that Wrap- makes it unique from the other religions are th Up following: ○ Moksha: the experiential element of Hinduism ○ Monism: the Hindu doctrine states that all the things in the universe are made up only of one essence: the Brahman ○ Dharma: the power which sustains the universe and society ○ Puja: the ritual performed by Hindus when worshiping a deity 55 Introduction to World Religions and Belief Systems General Academic Strand | Humanities and Social Sciences Introduction to World Religions and Belief Systems General Academic Strand | Humanities and Social Sciences Confucianism is a path to nobility, and it is through nobility that a society can achieve harmony and order. 4 Confucianism 10  Definition of Confucianism What is Confucianism? Both a religion and a way of life Focused on self-cultivation to achieve social order and harmony 11 Confucius and the Sacred Texts 12 Confucius and the Sacred Texts Confucius, the Transmitter Name: Kung Chiu Noble family that became poor Born during social reforms in China Wanted to bring back the ancient and the old ways 13 Confucius and the Sacred Texts Confucius, the Transmitter Believed that reforms are dangerous to society Brought back tradition through teaching 14 Confucius and the Sacred Texts Confucius, the Transmitter Believed that he is not the originator of Confucianism, but rather the transmitter Two purpose of his teachings : ○ producing individuals who could be social leaders ○ creating a harmonious society 15 Confucius and the Sacred Texts The Five Classics 1. The Book of History (Shu Jing) - a large historical collection about kings from earliest times up until the early Zhou period (c.110-256 BCE) 2. The Book of Poetry (Shi Jing) - a collection of 300 poems of the Zhou Period 16 Confucius and the Sacred Texts The Five Classics 3. The Book of Changes (Yi Jing) - about the basic patterns of the universe 4. The Book of Rites (Li ji) - contains lists of ancient ceremonies and their meanings 17 Confucius and the Sacred Texts The Five Classics 5. The Spring and Autumn Annals (Chunn Qiu) - contains historical records of the state of Lu (where Confucius lived) 18 Confucius and the Sacred Texts The Four Books 1. The Analects (Lun Yu) - contains the sayings of Confucius and his conversations with his followers. 2. The Great Learning (Da Xue) - contains a short discussion of the characteristics and influences of a noble person. 19 Confucius and the Sacred Texts The Four Books 3. The Doctrine of the Mean (Zhong Yong) - about the praise of the mean, or the equilibrium. 4. The Mencius (Mengzi) - a collection of the teachings of Mencius, a follower of Confucianism 20 The Major Elements of Confucianism 21  The Major Elements of Confucianism The Ti’en or Heaven Absolute moral power or structure Source for : ○ moral creativity ○ meaning of life ○ ultimate self-transformation 22  The Major Elements of Confucianism The Main Views of Confucianism Self-Cultivation is Necessary ○ An individual must cultivate one’s self to achieve social order 23  The Major Elements of Confucianism The Main Views of Confucianism Human Community is a Factor of Self-Cultivation ○ Interaction of an individual to the human community affects one’s cultivation 24  The Major Elements of Confucianism The Main Views of Confucianism Nature is home ○ Confucians must always show appreciation to nature and what it provides 25  The Major Elements of Confucianism The Five Basic Relationships in Confucianism 1. Ruler to subject 2. Father to Son 3. Husband to Wife 4. Older Brother to Younger Brother 5. Older Friend to Younger Friend 26  The Major Elements of Confucianism Filial Piety One must be good to his/her parents Must take care of them Must be of good character not only inside the home but also outside so that he/ she will not put his family into having a bad reputation 27  The Major Elements of Confucianism Filial Piety Must show love, respect, support and courtesy Must display sorrow in sickness and their death. 28 Challen ge Yourself 31 Taoism is a religion that traces its roots from East Asia. 32 The people living from the region and those whom descendants trace its roots from it proliferate the belief systems all throughout the world. 33 However, the religion stays to be elusive as not all knew the depths of its customs, doctrines, beliefs, and practices. 34  Taoism Taoism or Daoism Both terms refer to the religion. The reason for this spelling variation is the two systems of Chinese world translation to English language. 43  Taoism Tao The central belief of the religion is based to the Tao. Its literal translation is the ‘way’. 44  Taoism Tao Though it said that the Tao is hard to define, many prominent religious personalities provides insight about the Tao. 45  Lao Tzu One of the most important religious leaders of the religion that composed the most important sacred book of the Taoism, the Tao Te Ching. He was a statesman during the Zhou Dynasty. 46  Lao Tzu His life was full of reflection as he lived in reclusion and quite. 47 Lao Tzu His wisdom inspires many to follow the Tao. 48  Sacred Text of Taoism Tao Te Ching Written by Lao Tzu The title can be translated to English as ‘Classic Way of Power’. 50 Sacred Text of Taoism Tao Te Ching It discredited the Confucian idea of the society and human interaction of structure and hierarchy. 51 Sacred Text of Taoism Tao Te Ching reiterates that humans should respect the Tao. 52  Sacred Text of Taoism Book of Chuang Tze Written by Master Zhuang Believed to be one of the earliest Taoist sacred texts 53  Sacred Text of Taoism Book of Chuang Tze The text offers a life away from the social structure and a deep respected of the Tao, which is natural, full, and rejuvenating. 54 Sacred Text of Taoism Master Zhuang is an important Taoist thinker which is believed to be a contemporary of Mencius, a important Confucian thinker. 55  Sacred Text of Taoism Other Books of Taoism Some of most notable Taoist texts are I Ching (Book of Change), Hua Hu Ching (Classic on Converting the Barbarians), Tao Tsang, and the Four Books and the Five Classics. 56  General Features of Taoism Tao It is the way of the Universe. Taoist text explained that language can not explain the full extent of the Tao. 57 General Features of Taoism Tao Tao is not a thing. It doesn’t hold any shape, color, or weight. Tao is not a God. It is not to be worshipped. 58  General Features of Taoism The Tao that can be spoken of is not the eternal Tao. The name that can be named is not the eternal name. (Lao Tzu) 59  General Features of Taoism People Adherents often subscribe to other religions while believing to the tenants of Taoism. Taoist are scattered all over the East Asian Region and in countries where descendants who originated from the region resides. 60 Challen ge Yourself 63 One of the oldest religions that is practiced in Japan is Shintoism. This religion involves the worship of many gods called the kami. 64  Shintoism and Its Origin Shintoism Involves the worship of many gods called kami Originated in the northern part of the island of Kyushu in 2nd or 3rd century BCE 72  Shintoism and Its Origin Shintoism Given a name in the 6th century to distinguish it from Buddhism and Confucianism Recognized as an important national religion only in the beginning of the 18th century 73  Sacred Texts of Shintoism Kojiki Guides the worshippers in performing ceremonies, customs, divinations, and magic 75  Sacred Texts of Shintoism Kojiki contains myths, legends, and historical records of the imperial court from the time it was established up to the reign of the Empress Suiko 76  Sacred Texts of Shintoism Kojiki Written using Chinese characters to represent sounds of the Japanese language 77  Sacred Texts of Shintoism Nihongi or Nihon Shoki Official history of Japan Written by a committee of court scholars in 720 CE 78  Sacred Texts of Shintoism Nihongi or Nihon Shoki Commissioned by the Emperor Temmu and finished by his son Prince Toneri in 720 CE Contains myths and legends about the Shinto gods and stories about the reign of early Japanese emperors 79  Sacred Texts of Shintoism Nihongi or Nihon Shoki Begins with the story of how Japan was created and ends with the story about the reign of the Empress Jito in 697 CE Written after the Kojiki 80  Gods of the Shinto Religion Called the kami Believed to live in elements of nature Classified into the following: -abstract powers who are associated with nature -family ancestors -souls of the dead 82  Gods of the Shinto Religion Amaterasu Considered as the sun goddess and the most important god Daughter of two other gods named Izanami and Izanagi 83  Gods of the Shinto Religion Amaterasu Born from Izanagi’s left eye after he performed a cleansing ritual in the river Woto after he escaped from the underworld 84  Gods of the Shinto Religion Izanagi Believed to have created the island of Japan along with his wife Izanami father of many kami and considered as the father of Japanese pantheon 85  Gods of the Shinto Religion Homusubi or Kagutsuchi Known as the fire god from whom Izanagi created new gods after cutting him into pieces Revered for his cleansing as well as destructive powers 86  Gods of the Shinto Religion Susanoo Known as the storm god in the Shinto religion Younger brother of Amaterasu Known for being mischievous and destructive 87  Other Features/Characterstics of the Shinto Religion Openness to other belief systems Practical in nature Shinto shrines 89  The Japanese who died in the In Philippines are buried in shrines like the Philippin e Context one at the New Bilibid Prison in Muntinlupa. The shrine also serves as a cemetery for Japanese soldiers and officers who died in World War II. 90  Shintoism is a religion that involves the Wrap- Up worship of many gods called kami. The Kojiki is a Shinto sacred texts which guide the worshippers of the religion in performing ceremonies, customs, divinations, and magic which were done during the early days of the Shinto religion. The Nihongi or the Nihon Shoki is said to be the official history of Japan. 91  Amaterasu, Izanagi, Kagutsuchi, and Wrap- Up Susanoo are some of the gods the Japanese Shinto followers worship. Other features of the Shinto religion are openness to other religions, practical nature, and worship in Shinto shrines. 92 Lesson 4.1 The Jewish Religion Introduction to World Religions and Belief Systems General Academic Strand | Humanities and Social Sciences Asia is the most populous continent and is the birthplace of many world religions. 2 Judaism is considered one of the oldest monotheistic religions founded in West Asia. 3  The Forefathers of Judaism Yahweh made his appearance to His people by directly making a covenant with Abraham and Moses. 14 The Forefathers of Judaism Abraham: The Founder shepherd who came from Ur, Mesopotamia and moved to Harran made a covenant with Yahweh enlightened that there is only one true God 15 The Forefathers of Judaism Abraham: The Founder considered as the father of the three great monotheistic religions (Abrahamic religions): -Judaism -Christianity -Islam 16  The Forefathers of Judaism Abraham: The Founder God revealed himself to him several times for an agreement to test his obedience. God blessed Abraham and his family in return. 17  The Forefathers of Judaism God’s Covenant with Abraham be the father of the Canaan nation bring with him his family and his possessions circumcision of the male members of his family sacrifice Isaac, his child with Sarah 18 The Forefathers of Judaism Moses: The Law-Giver He was born when the Israelites were slaves in Egypt. To save him, his mother and elder sister put him in a basket that was left floating in the Nile River. 19 The Forefathers of Judaism Moses: The Law-Giver was raised as a prince and initially identified himself as an Egyptian killed an Egyptian foreman and lived in Midian Asked by God to lead the Israelites out of 20  The Forefathers of Judaism Passover This is the tenth plague to demonstrate God’s power. The angel of death killed all Egyptian firstborn sons and spared the firstborn son of Israelites. 21 The Forefathers of Judaism God helped the Israelites cross the Red Sea until they reached dry land, and water returned in time that drowned the Egyptians. 22  The Forefathers of Judaism Moses and the Ten Commandments Moses received God’s commandments at the top of Mount Sinai in return for blessing them and keeping them safe from harm. 23  Jewish Sacred Scriptures Tanakh Talmud referred to as the composed of books Hebrew Bible that are divided into three commentaries and books: the Torah, the interpretations of Nevi’im, and the oral laws Ketuvim consists of two books: Mishnah and Gemara 25 Jewish Sacred Scriptures: The Tanakh Book Title Description Torah It consists of laws given to Moses by God (The Teachings) at Mount Sinai in two forms: written and oral. Nevi’im It consists of 22 books that came from (The Prophets) former prophets and latter prophets. Each book was named after them. Ketuvim It consists of materials based on Israelites’ (The Writings) knowledge and experiences with the influence of other nations’ culture. 26 Jewish Sacred Scriptures: The Talmud Book Title Description Mishnah These are composed of a written (Oral Torah) collection of Jewish oral traditions to be passed through generations. Gemara These are composed of legal and (to finish or to complete) ethical commentaries on the Mishnah. 27 General Features of Judaism Establishment The considered birthplace of Judaism is the Land of Canaan. Canaan was situated in the southern Levant territory. 29  General Features of Judaism View of God Judaism is a monotheistic religion. Jews refer to God as Yahweh, written as YHWH, word root of "Ehyeh asher Ehyer." 30 General Features of Judaism View of God Jews believed that the Messiah or the savior who would unite the people worldwide had not come yet. 31  General Features of Judaism Followers can be called Jews, Israelites, or Hebrews “God’s chosen people” anyone can be Jewish through a process governed by a religious court 32 The Christian Religion Introduction to World Religions and Belief Systems General Academic Strand | Humanities and Social Sciences Like Judaism and Islam, the Christian religion is also monotheistic because its adherents worship only one god. 35  Jesus Christ: The Founder of the Christian Religion Founded Christianity Sent by God to redeem mankind from sin and Death Born through Immaculate Conception by Mary Put to death on the cross by Pontius Pilate 42  How the Christian Religion Was Established Established by Jesus Christ when He started preaching about the kingdom of God Used parables which are stories with a moral or spiritual lesson like the parable of the prodigal son (Luke 15: 11-32) 43  How the Christian Religion Was Established Taught about happiness through the Beatitudes (Matt 5: 3-11) Taught his followers how to pray through The Lord’s Prayer (Luke 11:1-4) Performed miracles such as as the one at the wedding at Cana 44  How the Christian Religion Was Established Called on the 12 apostles to be his followers ○ Simon Peter, his brother Andrew, James, James the Lesser or Younger, John, Mathew, Phillip, Judas Iscariot, Thomas the Twin, Bartholomew, Jude, and Simon the Zealot 45  How the Christian Religion Was Established Called on 72 other followers to help him in His ministry Appointed Peter as the head of His Church on Earth (according to Catholic Church) Peter and Paul Established churches in different parts of the ancient world such as Corinth, Ephessus, and 46  Features of the Christian Religion Sacred text: The Bible Old Testament -Tells the history of God’s creation and the prophecy about Jesus Christ as the Savior -Consists of more than 38 books such as Genesis, 48  Features of the Christian Religion Sacred text: The Bible New Testament -Contains the teachings of Jesus Christ and the gospels written by the Evangelists Mark, John Mathew, and Luke 49  Features of the Christian Religion Sacred text: The Bible New Testament -Also contains epistles written by Paul, James, Peter, John, and Jude -Includes the Book Of Revelations which tell of John’s visions while exiled on the island of Patmos 50  Features of the Christian Religion The Holy Trinity -Three persons in one God: God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit -Expressed in the Apostle’s Creed or Nicene Creed 51  Other Features of the Christian Religion Different Sects Examples: Roman Catholic Church, the Protestant Church, Seventh-Day Adventist Church, Methodist Church, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter--day Saints, Jehovah’s Witness, Eastern Orthodox Church, Iglesia ni Cristo, Philippine Independent Church, and Church of God. 53  Other Features of the Christian Religion Evangelism Involves spreading the word of God to all people in the different parts of the world and converting people to the Christian faith 54  Other Features of the Christian Religion Places of Worship Churches, chapels, coordinating centers where religious services are held and where Christians come together to worship God as a community 55  Other Features of the Christian Religion The Cross -Can be seen in many churches, homes, and schools -Symbolizes Christ who died to save mankind from Death and open the doors of Heaven. 56  Other Features of the Christian Religion Moral Laws -Guides Christians in living lives that are pleasing to God -Stated in the Ten Commandments and New Testament 57  Other Features of the Christian Religion Belief in Original Sin -Sin committed by Adam and Eve -Removed through baptism which makes us God’s children 58 Wrap- The teachings of the Christian religion revolve Up around the beliefs about the birth, life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. Jesus Christ was the founder of Christianity, whom many historians believe was a real person born between 2 BCE and 7 BCE. Jesus used parables, short stories with hidden messages, in his teachings. 65 Wrap- Up The Bible is the Christian religion's sacred text divided into the Old Testament and the New Testament. Christians, particularly Roman Catholics, believe in the Holy Trinity which consists of God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit. 66 Wrap- As the world's current largest religion, Up Christianity has very distinguishable features: ○ the cross is its principal symbol ○ the followers are encouraged to participate in spreading the Word of God ○ it is broadly split into three branches: Catholic, Protestant, and Eastern Orthodox ○ the places of worship called churches, chapels, or coordinating centers 67 Wrap- Up As the world's current largest religion, Christianity has very distinguishable features: ○ Christians continue to embrace and live out Jesus Christ's central teachings ○ the stain of original sin is removed through baptism 68 Challen ge Yourself 69 Islam means peace and submission. Its essence can be understood through knowing its origin and basic teachings. 70 Basic facts of the Muslim Religion 72  Basic Facts of the Muslim Religion The Muslim Religion Population : 1.8 billion Muslims worldwide (2015) Projection for 2060 is 2.9 billion Type : Monotheistic religion (There is only one God but Allah ) Duties and ways of worship : Five Pillars Sacred Text/s : Quran/ Hadith Place of Worship : Mosque 73  Origin and Development of Islam THE BEGINNING Muhammad ibn Abdallah A 40-year-old merchant and trader with an honorable reputation Lives in Mecca (city of clans and tribes) Prophet Muhammad's prayer mat, prayer beads, toothbrush, and comb 74  Origin and Development of Islam ARCHANGEL GABRIEL While meditating, Archangel Gabriel appeared before him Asked to read messages The angel Jibrîl delivers a message from God to Muhammad, ordering him to leave Mecca and go to Medina 75  Origin and Development of Islam A MESSAGE FROM GOD Muhammad was convinced they were messages from God Jibrîl (Gabriel) invites Hazrat Muhammad for his night journey (the Mi'râj). 76  Origin and Development of Islam THE BIRTH OF ISLAM After 2 years of receiving messages, he started preaching Called the religion, Islam Islam literally means “submission” Muhammad offers the first prayer in a newly built mosque. 77  Origin and Development of Islam THE THREAT Quran only appealed to the poor and the needy The wealthy wanted to persecute him Abû Jahl, Muhammad's most prominent opponent in Mecca, is angered at people of his tribe who will not listen to him. 78  Origin and Development of Islam “HIJRA” Together with the Muslim community, they journey from Mecca to Medina This was called “hijra” which literally means “emigration”. Muhammad and his followers arrive outside Medina and are greeted by the inhabitants, many of whom ask the Prophet to stay with them. 79  Origin and Development of Islam “HAJJ” Muhammad knew to establish peace he must go back to Mecca Journey back was called, “Hajj”, or pilgrimage One of the Five Pillars Muhammad accompanied by his followers rides through the streets of Medina. 80 Major Beliefs of Islam 81  Major Beliefs of Islam Belief in the Oneness of God “There is no god but God” (la ilaha illa’Llah), and that Muhammad is the messenger of Allah. Allah (creator of all things, omniscient, omnipotent) Arabic components in the word Allah 82 Major Beliefs of Islam Belief in the Books of God First statement of the Quran : “ In the name of Allah Most Gracious Most Merciful.” This is a photo of one of the first Qurans ever made. 83 Major Beliefs of Islam Belief in the Books of God Quran - revelations of God to Prophet Muhammad Hadith - compilation of stories and principles of the Prophet This is a photo of one of the first Qurans ever made. 84  Major Beliefs of Islam Belief in the Prophets or Messengers of God Prophets - a bridge between God and humans Final prophet of God - Prophet Muhammad 85  The Five Pillars are the core beliefs and practices of Islam: 1. Profession of Faith (shahada). The belief that "There is no god but God, and Muhammad is the Messenger of God" is central to Islam. This phrase, written in Arabic, is often prominently featured in architecture and a range of objects, including the Qur'an, Islam's holy book of divine revelations. One becomes a Muslim by reciting this phrase with conviction. 86 2. Prayer (salat). Muslims pray facing Mecca five times a day: at dawn, noon, mid-afternoon, sunset, and after dark. Prayer includes a recitation of the opening chapter (sura) of the Qur'an, and is sometimes performed on a small rug or mat used expressly for this purpose (see image 24). Muslims can pray individually at any location (fig. 1) or together in a mosque, where a leader in prayer (imam) guides the congregation. Men gather in the mosque for the noonday prayer on Friday; women are welcome but not obliged to participate. After the prayer, a sermon focuses on a passage from the Qur'an, followed by prayers by the imam and a discussion of a particular religious topic. 87 3. Alms (zakat). In accordance with Islamic law, Muslims donate a fixed portion of their income to community members in need. Many rulers and wealthy Muslims build mosques, drinking fountains, hospitals, schools, and other institutions both as a religious duty and to secure the blessings associated with charity. 88 4. Fasting (sawm). During the daylight hours of Ramadan, the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, all healthy adult Muslims are required to abstain from food and drink. Through this temporary deprivation, they renew their awareness of and gratitude for everything God has provided in their lives—including the Qur'an, which was first revealed during this month. During Ramadan they share the hunger and thirst of the needy as a reminder of the religious duty to help those less fortunate. 89 5. Pilgrimage (hajj). Every Muslim whose health and finances permit it must make at least one visit to the holy city of Mecca, in present-day Saudi Arabia. The Ka'ba, a cubical structure covered in black embroidered hangings, is at the center of the Haram Mosque in Mecca (fig. 2). Muslims believe that it is the house Abraham (Ibrahim in Arabic) built for God, and face in its direction (qibla) when they pray. Since the time of the Prophet Muhammad, believers from all over the world have gathered around the Ka'ba in Mecca on the eighth and twelfth days of the final month of the Islamic calendar. 90 Wrap- Up Islam is a monotheistic religion that believes in the sanctity of the unity of God and His Prophet Muhammad. Islam began in Mecca, Saudi Arabia where Prophet Muhammad resided and received messages from Allah. 92 Wrap- Up The Muslims follow and practice the teachings of their sacred text called the Quran. The Sunnah and the Hadith serve as secondary sacred sources. The Quran is divided into 30 roughly equal parts, known as juz'. It has various translations in over 40 languages. 93  Muslims adhere to six basic articles of Wrap- Islamic faith that shape their way of life: Up ○ Tahwid or belief in Allah as the one and only God ○ Malaikah or belief in angels ○ Kutub or belief in the holy books ○ Nubuwwah or belief in the Prophets ○ Akhirah or belief in the Day of Judgement ○ Al-Qadr or belief in predestination 94  True or False. Write true if the statement is Try correct. Otherwise, write false. This! 1. Islam is a polytheistic religion that believes in the sanctity of the unity of God, and his prophet Muhammad. 95  True or False. Write true if the statement is Try correct. Otherwise, write false. This! 2. Prophet Muhammad is only one of the many prophets of God. 96  True or False. Write true if the statement is Try correct. Otherwise, write false. This! 3. Islam follows and practices the teaching of their sacred text called , the Quran, that includes the life of Prophet Muhammad. 97  True or False. Write true if the statement is Try correct. Otherwise, write false. This! 4. Islam follows and practices the teaching of their sacred text called Hadith, which includes Allah's message through Prophet Muhammad. 98  True or False. Write true if the statement is Try correct. Otherwise, write false. This! 5. Any place can be a mosque as long as one carries the spirit of Islam. 99