Ethics and Key Concepts PDF

ETHICS ETHICS: ITS DEFINITION  DEFINITION LATIN WORD (ETHNIKOS) GREEK WORD (ETHOS) MEANS HABIT OR CUSTOM, CHARACTER AND TEMPERAMENT IT IS A BRANCH OF PHILOSOPHY THAT LOOKS AT THE ISSUE OF “WHAT IS THE BEST WAY FOR PEOPLE TO LIVE?” MORAL PHILOSOP...

ETHICS ETHICS: ITS DEFINITION  DEFINITION LATIN WORD (ETHNIKOS) GREEK WORD (ETHOS) MEANS HABIT OR CUSTOM, CHARACTER AND TEMPERAMENT IT IS A BRANCH OF PHILOSOPHY THAT LOOKS AT THE ISSUE OF “WHAT IS THE BEST WAY FOR PEOPLE TO LIVE?” MORAL PHILOSOPHY IS A BRANCH OF PHILOSOPHY THAT ALSO STUDIES: MORAL PSYCHOLOGY DESCRIPTIVE ETHICS AND VALUE THEORY  DILEMMAS THAT COVERED ETHICS: HOW TO HAVE A HAPPY LIFE OUR RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS THE TERMINOLOGY OF RIGHT AND WRONG MORAL JUDGMENTS- WHAT IS GOOD AND BAD? STRATEGIES OF ETHICS META ETHICS - THE NATURE OF MORAL JUDGEMENT. IT EXAMINES THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT AND SIGNIFICANCE OF MORAL VALUES. NORMATIVE ETHICS - INTERESTED IN THE MORAL JUDGEMENTS MADE AND THE STANDARDS USED TO DETERMINE WHAT IS RIGHT OR WRONG. APPLIED ETHICS - EXAMINES CONTENTIOUS ISSUES LIKE WAR, ANIMAL RIGHTS, AND THE DEATH PENALTY. ETHICS IS CONCERNED WITH THE FOLLOWING: INTEREST OF PEOPLE SOCIETY GOD ULTIMATE GOOD  FOUR ISM 1. Moral Realism - not personal preferences or emotions but objective moral truth. 2. Subjectivism - moral truths are not objective but are relative to individuals' beliefs, feelings, or preferences. 3. Emotivism - based on expressions of emotions or attitudes. 4. Prescriptivism - acknowledges the intelligence of individual perspectives on moral judgments but does not necessarily deny the existence of objective moral truths.  WHERE DOES ETHICS ORIGINATED? God and religion Human conscience and intuition a moral cost-benefit analysis of decisions and their results the example of righteous individuals a desire to do what is best for people in each particular circumstances political power RULES AND ITS IMPORTANCE TO SOCIAL BEINGS  BENEFITS OF RULES 1. Rules protect social beings by regulating behaviour. 2. Rules help to guarantee each person certain right and freedom. 3. Rules produce a sense of justice among social beings. 4. Rules are essential for a healthy economic system. MORAL STANDARDS VERSUS NON- MORAL STANDARDS  MORAL STANDARDS AND CHARACTERISTICS Moral standards are norms that individuals or groups have about the kinds of actions believed to be morally right or wrong, as well as the values placed on what we believed to be morally good or morally bad. Moral standards normally promote “the good”, that is, the welfare and well-being of humans as well as animals and the environment. Moral standards, therefore, prescribe what humans ought to do in terms of rights and obligations.  MORAL STANDARDS AND CHARACTERISTICS 1. Moral standards deal with matters we think can seriously injure or benefit humans, animals, and the environment, such as child abuse, rape, and murder; 2. Moral standards are not established or changed by the decisions of authoritative of the reasons that are taken to support and justify them. For sure, we don’t need a law to back up our moral conviction that killing innocent people absolutely wrong. 3. Moral standards are overriding, that is, they take precedence over other standards and considerations, especially of self-interest; 4. Moral standards are based on impartial considerations. Hence, moral standards are fair and just. 5. Moral standards are associated with special emotions ( such as guilt and shame ) and vocabulary ( such as right, wrong, good, and bad ).  NON-MORAL STANDARDS Non-morals standards refer to standards by which we judge what is good or bad and right or wrong in a non-moral way. Examples of non-moral standards are standards of etiquette by which we judge manners as good or bad, standards we call the law by which we judge something as legal or illegal, and standards of aesthetics by which we judge art as good or rubbish. hence, we should not confuse morality with etiquette, law and aesthetics or even with religion. THANK YOU