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## 3.13 Las rebeliones indígenas ### El siglo de las rebeliones * The 18th century is known as the century of rebellions because, according to historian Scarlett O'Phelan, nearly one hundred uprisings against colonial authorities took place. * The main reasons for these rebellions were abuse by t...

## 3.13 Las rebeliones indígenas ### El siglo de las rebeliones * The 18th century is known as the century of rebellions because, according to historian Scarlett O'Phelan, nearly one hundred uprisings against colonial authorities took place. * The main reasons for these rebellions were abuse by the corregidors in the repartimiento system and the introduction of the Bourbon reforms. * The two most important indigenous rebellions were that of Juan Santos Atahualpa and that of Túpac Amaru II. ### La rebelión de Juan Santos Atahualpa * Juan Santos Atahualpa led a rebellion in 1742 that involved diverse ethnic groups from the sierra and the jungle. * The rebellion originated in the Gran Pajonal region and spread to the current regions of Huánuco, Pasco, Junín, and Ayacucho. * The rebellion sought to expel the Spanish and the Africans from the Andes, eradicate the repartimento system of trade and labor, and establish a new order based on pre-Hispanic traditions. The rebel leader declared himself Inca but used Christian symbols such as crucifixes. This attracted both those who embraced traditional Andean beliefs and those who were already Christianized. ### La gran rebelión de Túpac Amaru II * At the end of the 18th century, another, more powerful and violent rebellion shook the Andes. * On November 4, 1780, José Gabriel Condorcanqui, kuraka of Tinta, Tungasuca, and Surimana, captured the corregidor Antonio de Arriaga and ordered his execution six days later. * Condorcanqui declared himself Túpac Amaru II, being a descendant of Túpac Amaru I, executed by Viceroy Toledo centuries before. * Túpac Amaru II was a prestigious and wealthy kuraka. He transported mules throughout the southern sierra, but the increased exploitation and taxes imposed by the Bourbon reforms affected him and the whole population. ### El contexto de la rebelión * Bourbon reforms began to be implemented in Peru since 1776. * Visitador Jose Antonio de Areche implemented the reforms ruthlessly and with contempt for the criollos. * These reforms affected various social groups who decided to support the rebellion: * **Kurakas:** The increased taxes put them in a difficult situation, as they were the middlemen between the colonial state and the indigenous population. * **Merchants from the south and Alto Perú:** Those who benefited from the regions were adversely affected by an increase in taxes imposed on goods being traded. * **Indigenous communities:** As they paid tributes, they lost manpower to the mandatory labor (mita) and were obligated to pay for the inflated prices of the corregidores. * **Mestizos:** They were concerned by Areche's intention to impose upon them a tax similar to that of the indigenous population. ### Los enfrentamientos y el desenlace * Túpac Amaru II initially called on indigenous people, criollos, mestizos, and blacks to fight against the “corrupt government”, demanding that the colonial state abolish the repartimento, alcabala, and the mita of Potosí. * However, as the rebellion became increasingly radical, it alienated the support of non-Indigenous groups. * Following the execution of Arriaga and the news of the rebellion, the Cusco corregidor organized the defense and alerted the authorities in Lima. * On November 18, 1780, the rebels were victorious at Sangarará. * However, Viceroy Jáuregui sent a new contingent of soldiers who defeated the rebels and captured Túpac Amaru II in April 1781. * The leader was executed, along with his wife Micaela Bastidas, following a summary trial on May 18, 1781. * The rebellion continued. Diego Cristóbal Túpac Amaru, a cousin of José Gabriel Condorcanqui, assumed control over some sectors of the southern Andes. * He was captured and executed in 1883. * Inspired by Túpac Amaru II’s uprising, Aymara leader Julián Apaza led another rebellion under the name of Tupac Catari. * He mobilized an army of over 40,000 soldiers, supported by his wife Bartolina Sisa and his sister Jerónima, who besieged La Paz on two occasions in 1781. * After the siege failed, Apaza was captured and sentenced to death on November 13, 1781. ### Las consecuencias de la rebelión * The rebellion of Túpac Amaru II caused the death of an estimated 100,000 people. * This led to a new demographic collapse affecting the southern Andes. * The rebellion highlighted the danger that Spaniards faced against the vast Indigenous and Mestizo population. * Colonial authorities responded with extreme measures. They prohibited any manifestation of art or literature referencing the Inca past. * They also suppressed all Indigenous titles of nobility, including the position of kuraka. They prohibited the use of the Quechua language and Inca symbols. * As a result, the Andean nobility weakened, while the majority of the Indigenous population lost its leadership * The Audience of Cusco was established in response to the rebellion to oversee and implement justice in the southern Andes. * The old corregidor system was abolished and replaced by the intendency system. * The repartimento system was eliminated and the Viceroy’s army was strengthened to 50,000 men, turning Peru into the Spanish military stronghold in the Americas.