Hyundai Motorstudio Goyang, South Korea PDF Case Study 2018

Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https...

Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License CHAPTER 10 BIM Case Studies 10.0 INTRODUCTION In this chapter, we present eleven case studies of projects in which BIM played a significant role. They represent the experiences of owners, architects, engineers, contractors, fabricators, and even construction crews and a facility mainte- nance team—all pioneers in the application of BIM. All the case studies are new to this edition. The case studies in the first and the second editions are available at the BIM Handbook companion website. The case studies listed in Table 10–0–1 represent a broad range of public and private building and infras- tructure projects from different regions including Asia, Europe, North America, and the Middle East. The case studies also cover various types of projects in terms of function, including medical, residential, office, museum, exhibition hall, multicultural complex, airport, and railway station projects. Taken as a whole, the case studies cover the use of BIM across all phases of the facility delivery process (as shown in Table 10–0–2) by a wide range of project participants. Three case studies focus on the use of BIM during the operation, maintenance, and facility management phase. Each case study BIM Handbook: A Guide to Building Information Modeling for Owners, Designers, Engineers, Contractors, and Facility 398 Managers, Third Edition. Rafael Sacks, Charles Eastman, Ghang Lee and Paul Teicholz. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.  Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 400 Chapter 10 BIM Case Studies Table 10–0–2 Case Studies by Phase of Lifecycle Documentation Operation and Development’ Maintenance Construction Construction Schematic Feasibility Design Design Case Study Case studies from the 1st and 2nd editions of the BIM Handbook (available on the BIM Handbook companion website) Hillwood Commercial Project, Dallas, Texas (1e, 2e) ⚪ ⚪ Sutter Medical Center, Castro Valley, California (2e) ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ U.S. Coast Guard (1e, 2e) ⚪ ⚪ National Aquatics Center, Beijing, China (1e) ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ Aviva Stadium, Dublin, Ireland (2e) ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ 100 11th Avenue, New York City (1e, 2e) ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ Music Center, Helsinki, Finland (2e) ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ One Island East Project, Hong Kong (1e, 2e) ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ General Motors Plant, Flint, MI (1e) ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ Penn National Parking Structure, Grantville, Pennsylvania (1e) ⚪ ⚪ Federal Office Building, San Francisco (1e) ⚪ ⚪ Federal Courthouse, Jackson, Mississippi (1e) ⚪ ⚪ Camino Group Medical Building, Mountain View, California(1e) ⚪ ⚪ Marriott Hotel Renovation, Portland, Oregon (2e) ⚪ ⚪ Maryland General Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland (2e) ⚪ ⚪ Crusell Bridge, Helsinki, Finland (2e) ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ Case Studies in Chapter 10 10.1 National Children’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ 10.2 Hyundai Motorstudio, Goyang, South Korea ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ 10.3 Fondation Louis Vuitton, Paris, France ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ 10.4 Dongdaemun Design Plaza, Seoul, South Korea ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ 10.5 Saint Joseph Hospital, Denver ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ 10.6 Victoria Station, London Underground ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ 10.7 Nanyang Technological University Student Residence Halls, Singapore ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ 10.8 Mapletree Business City II, Singapore ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ 10.9 Prince Mohammad Bin Abdulaziz International Airport, Medina, UAE ⚪ 10.10 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland ⚪ 10.11 Stanford Neuroscience Health Center, Palo Alto, California ⚪ 1e: The BIM Handbook 1st Edition 2e: The BIM Handbook 2nd Edition  Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 402 Chapter 10 BIM Case Studies Table 10–0–4 BIM Uses, Software, and Technologies Used for the Case Studies Phase BIM Uses Software Technologies 10.1 National Children’s Hospital Feasibility Site Analysis Revit, AutoCAD Laser Scanning Phase Planning Revit, AutoCAD CAD Design Existing Conditions Revit Modeling Design Authoring Revit, Dynamo, NBS Create Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR) 3D Coordination Navisworks Clash Detection Cost Estimation CostX Analysis Structural Analysis Dynamo, Tekla Structural Designer Structural Modeling and Analysis 2015, SCIAEngineer 16 Preconstruction 3D Coordination Navisworks Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), Laser Scanning Cost Estimation CostX Relational Database Other Engineering Dynamo, Tekla Structure, Designer Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Analysis 2015, SCIAEngineer16 Reality (AR), Laser Scanning 10.2 Hyundai Motorstudio Construction Design Review Navisworks IFC Documentation Design Review Fuzor Virtual Reality Construction Design Authoring CATIA, Tekla Structures, Digital IFC project, Revit Architecture, Revit MEP, AutoCAD MEP Existing Conditions Trimble Realworks Laser Scanning 3D Coordination Autodesk Recap Laser Scanning Digital Fabrication Digital Project Prefabrication Phase Planning Navisworks IFC 10.3 Fondation Louis Vuitton Design and Collaboration GT Global Exchange (GTX, Trimble Cloud-based Project Management Construction Connect) Design Authoring, Digital Project Engineering, Detailing, Tekla Structures, BoCAD, Solidworks, and Design Review Autodesk products, Rhinoceros, Grasshopper, ANSYS, NASTRAN, Sofistik3D, 3DVia Composer, Solibri Existing Conditions Laser Scanning Digital Fabrication Digital Project Prefabrication  Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 402 Chapter 10 BIM Case Studies Table 10–0–4 BIM Uses, Software, and Technologies Used for the Case Studies Phase BIM Uses Software Technologies 10.1 National Children’s Hospital Feasibility Site Analysis Revit, AutoCAD Laser Scanning Phase Planning Revit, AutoCAD CAD Design Existing Conditions Revit Modeling Design Authoring Revit, Dynamo, NBS Create Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR) 3D Coordination Navisworks Clash Detection Cost Estimation CostX Analysis Structural Analysis Dynamo, Tekla Structural Designer Structural Modeling and Analysis 2015, SCIAEngineer 16 Preconstruction 3D Coordination Navisworks Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), Laser Scanning Cost Estimation CostX Relational Database Other Engineering Dynamo, Tekla Structure, Designer Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Analysis 2015, SCIAEngineer16 Reality (AR), Laser Scanning 10.2 Hyundai Motorstudio Construction Design Review Navisworks IFC Documentation Design Review Fuzor Virtual Reality Construction Design Authoring CATIA, Tekla Structures, Digital IFC project, Revit Architecture, Revit MEP, AutoCAD MEP Existing Conditions Trimble Realworks Laser Scanning 3D Coordination Autodesk Recap Laser Scanning Digital Fabrication Digital Project Prefabrication Phase Planning Navisworks IFC 10.3 Fondation Louis Vuitton Design and Collaboration GT Global Exchange (GTX, Trimble Cloud-based Project Management Construction Connect) Design Authoring, Digital Project Engineering, Detailing, Tekla Structures, BoCAD, Solidworks, and Design Review Autodesk products, Rhinoceros, Grasshopper, ANSYS, NASTRAN, Sofistik3D, 3DVia Composer, Solibri Existing Conditions Laser Scanning Digital Fabrication Digital Project Prefabrication  Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 436 Chapter 10 BIM Case Studies 10.2.7 Lessons Learned and Conclusion The Hyundai Motorstudio Goyang project employed a wide variety of techniques in construction, visualization, panelization, measurement, and coordination as well as management skill in implementing an overall BIM strategy. These approaches do not always result in effective project manage- ment, change control, project development, and construction. The success of a project using BIM as the overarching management tool depends on the engagement of all participants, from client to suppliers; their being able to access, understand, and implement the input data that they require from the BIM; and their ability to supply the data needed by other users. BIM is still a relatively new working technique, and all participants are endeavoring to tailor their work practices to its new requirements. The techniques employed on the project met with varying degrees of success, and it is expected that this range of successes will vary from project to project. The major lessons learned include the following: Too many cooks spoil the broth. It is inefficient for all project par- ticipants to attend all BIM coordination meetings. To make coordina- tion meetings efficient, the meetings can be categorized by coordination agenda and project phase, and only directly related participants to the meetings should be invited. The panelization method was used to make the design and construc- tion details of the irregular façades. It was possible to quickly generate details of numerous exterior panels using parametric modeling tech- niques although the efficiency did not correlate with the cost for façade work. The cost depended on the client’s design preferences and design changes. Laser scanning can acquire the shape and geometry of the surrounding area faster than a total station. However, the cumulative error of a laser scanner was larger than that of a total station. Moreover, there is yet no legal inspection standard for laser scanning. Thus, it is desirable to use a laser scanner and a total station together: a laser scanner as a mea- surement tool to quickly find potentially risky points, and a total station to check them further in detail. For example, the overall deflection of the truss structure was monitored regularly using a laser scanner and then checked using a total station only when precise measurement was required. Project participants interpreted the BIM model differently depending on their role and experience. This perception gap resulted in a delay in coordination meetings and decision making. Photo-realistic rendering, virtual reality, and 4D simulation were helpful in reducing the percep- tion gap and facilitating decision-making processes. Multi-trade prefabrication can shorten a schedule by reducing on-site work. However, in order to obtain a positive effect on productivity, the target building should be large enough to generate the learning effect.  Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 10.2 Hyundai Motorstudio Goyang, South Korea 419 BIM to predict elements of risk with greater accuracy and be better positioned to absorb this risk. Early collaboration within the design team ensured clarity of vision, roles, and requirements. The BIM contractual documents, as outlined in the EIR, were essential to this and the client’s understanding and expectations. Guidance documents such as the Project Revit Manual ensured that a live system could help with training needs. Another notable lesson learned was the importance of aligning management and training practices from the multidisciplinary design team with cultural differences in order to streamline the digital workflow. Overall the NCH has provided a significant stepping stone for Ireland’s construction industry on its BIM journey. The application of BIM and its asso- ciated processes has enabled the intelligent management of information, which has delivered significant benefits. The application of innovative technologies empowered an eclectic range of client stakeholders to gain a closer understand- ing of the project concept than a traditional approach would have allowed, with expected continued benefits across the complete lifecycle of the project, enhanced by application of the AIM to driving value. Other expected benefits include use of the AIM by the Facilities Management team to view space and perform “what-if” analyses, study maintenance and access, and ensure suffi- cient provision of space as equipment requirements fluctuate in conjunction with ongoing medical advances. Acknowledgments Dr. Alan Hore, Dublin Institute of Technology (DIT); Dr. Barry McAuley, CitA BIM Innovation Capability Programme & DIT; and Professor Roger West, Trin- ity College Dublin, compiled this case study together with the authors. We are grateful to Sean O’Dwyer, Dominic Hook, and Zucchi Benedict, all from the Building Design Partnership (BDP). 10.2 HYUNDAI MOTORSTUDIO GOYANG, SOUTH KOREA Five Challenges and Resolutions 10.2.1 Project Overview Hyundai Engineering & Construction (Hyundai E&C) is a top-five general con- tractor in South Korea. Hyundai E&C has developed its application of smart construction processes using BIM through managing such projects as the Qatar National Museum (budget $550 million USD, 2011–2017). From 2013 until its completion in 2016, Hyundai E&C was focused on the Hyundai Motorstudio Goyang project (Figures 10–2–1 and 10–2–2). The final total project budget for construction was $170 million USD. This project has various interesting characteristics. It is a multipurpose building mainly used for exhibition halls for automobile products. It has a steel-framed structure with a mega truss structure and free-form exterior panels. The irregular geometric shape of the building was challenging for the project team in terms of space  Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 420 Chapter 10 BIM Case Studies FIGURE 10–2–1 BIM model image of Hyundai Motorstudio Goyang. Image courtesy of Hyundai E&C. FIGURE 10–2–2 Completed Hyundai Motorstudio Goyang. Photo by Sejun Jang. utilization, and exterior and interior design during the design and construction phases. Many change orders were made during the construction phase, and BIM played a key role in resolving the issues caused by the frequent design changes to this project. The planned construction schedule was 39 months from breaking ground. Due to the various design changes and additional facilities required by the owner, this was extended by five months to 44 months. Associated with these  Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 10.2 Hyundai Motorstudio Goyang, South Korea 421 changes, was an increase in budget from $120 million to $170 million USD. Construction started in March 2013 and was completed in November 2016. The client was Hyundai Motor Group. Delugan Meissl Associated Architects (DMAA), the international architectural firm, provided design services, including concept design, while Hyundai Architects & Engineers Associate (HDA), the domestic architectural firm, undertook the construction documentation. Since HDA was a sister company of Hyundai E&C, it became, practically, a design-build project. The general contractor, Hyundai E&C, participated in the detailed design phase to assist in the design from the aspect of constructability. Major subcon- tractors (e.g., steel, concrete, and MEP) participated in the design coordina- tion during the construction documentation phase. The major subcontractors worked with the general contractor to refine the design to suit the site condi- tions and materials. The most critical goals for the owner were: The final quality of construction Achieving a trend setting design The owner of this project, Hyundai Motor Company, had an ambitious goal: to build the most attractive automobile exhibition facility in the world. Consequently, they wanted to review the development of the building’s details and space programs more frequently and in more detail than the traditional design review process with 2D drawings. A BIM-based design coordination process was adopted to meet these needs by improving coordination and change management between client, designer, general contractor, and subcontractors. Hyundai E&C was preparing to become a BIM-based construction and project management company, capable of managing the entire lifecycle of a project from initial feasibility to operation and management by utilizing BIM. Hyundai E&C was also trying to shift its target markets from common buildings such as apartment complexes, factories, and office buildings to high-technology-oriented buildings, such as complex buildings, hospitals, and data centers. Hyundai Motorstudio Goyang was one of the major projects that Hyundai E&C selected as a pilot project for this transition, and implemented the process innovation with staff from both construction site and headquarters. The Hyundai Motorstudio Goyang project had five challenges: 1. A complex spatial arrangement 2. Free-form-patterned exterior panels 3. A mega truss structure 4. A perception gap between project participants 5. Schedule reduction To resolve these five challenges, various BIM-related techniques were deployed: The spatial design complexity was managed using a BIM-based coordi- nation process between client, designer, contractor, and subcontractor.  Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 422 Chapter 10 BIM Case Studies Parametric modeling was used through BIM for panelizing the façades and for detailing the free-form-patterned exterior panels. 3D laser scanning was used for quality control of the mega truss structure. Virtual reality (VR) devices and 4D simulation were used to facilitate communication between various project participants. Multi-trade prefabrication was applied for reducing schedule and increasing productivity. Detailed explanations and examples of each of the challenges and solutions are presented below. 10.2.2 Complex Spatial Arrangement: BIM-Based Design Coordination The Hyundai Motorstudio consists of various facilities (car showrooms, the- aters, a 3D experience room, automobile repair facilities, a cafeteria, childcare facilities, sports facilities, and more). For the engineering and construction of these facilities, specialized subcontractors (e.g., motor repair machine, dust inhalation) were involved in the design coordination phase in addition to the more common subcontractors (e.g., steel, concrete, glazing, and MEP). Due to the characteristics of the project, design coordination was expected to be the most challenging part of the process, and it required the coordination of more stakeholders than would be required for a typical project. Methods were needed to increase the efficiency of design coordination. Repeated coordination meetings with too many participants lead to ineffi- cient decision-making. A two-tiered coordination process (Figure 10–2–3) was used on this project and streamlined the decision-making process, allowing decisions to be made at the right level by the right participants. A Tier 1 meeting is attended by client, designer, general contractor, and the relevant major sub- contractors (e.g., steel, concrete, and MEP) and a Tier 2 meeting is attended by general contractor and subcontractors (e.g., glazing, façade, door, and catwalk subcontractors). Detailed descriptions follow. Tier 1 meetings mainly focused on constructability, major design errors, and the direction of design development, not elimination of clashes and minor design errors. Constructability issues could not be resolved solely by consultation between subcontractors. They required input from GC and designer with subsequent modifications of design. Design errors that required changes of architectural design and/or had significant effect on the cost were classified as major design errors. In addition, Tier 1 meetings lead to agreement between client and designer regarding the direction of development of detailed shop drawing. A BIM model at level of development (LOD) 250∼350, developed by an outsourced BIM firm (ArchiMac), was utilized for the coordination meeting. Miscellaneous materials (e.g., pipe branches, electrical hard conduit) were excluded from the scope of the (LOD 250-350) BIM model. This was done to make the BIM model faster and because it was not relevant to the client or designer for the Tier 1 meetings. Minor clash  Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 10.2 Hyundai Motorstudio Goyang, South Korea 423 First Step of BIM-based Second Step of BIM-based Coordination (LOD 250~350) Coordination (LOD 350~400) Main Participants Main Participants Out-sourcing Subcontractor BIM Firm Client Designer Client Designer (not regularly) (not regularly) LOD 250~350 LOD 350~400 BIM Model General Major BIM Model General Subcontractor Contractor Subcontractor Contractor Major Agenda Major Agenda ✓ Constructability ✓ Minor Design Error ✓ Major Design Error ✓ Results of Clash Detection ✓ Direction for Design Development FIGURE 10–2–3 Two-tiered coordination process. Image courtesy of Hyundai E&C. detection was the responsibility of the general contractor and so was excluded from the Tier 1 meeting agenda. Comprehensive optimization was conducted for major trades. In one case, as a result of catwalk design optimization, the steel quantity was reduced by 35.7%, which resulted in cost reduction. Tier 2 meetings focused on minor design errors and construction clashes. The client and designer did not regularly participate in these Tier 2 coordina- tion meetings. They only attended for critical resolution meetings when issues could result in significant changes. Contractually, the responsibility for resolu- tion of detail design errors lies with the various subcontractors. It is inefficient to resolve these through coordination meetings if the issue can be resolved directly between the relevant subcontractors and has no significant impact on costs. BIM models at LOD 350-400, developed by subcontractors for 3D shop drawings, were used for the Tier 2 coordination meeting. Construction objects that could be resolved in the field (e.g., supporting hangers, flexible pipe) were excluded from the scope of BIM modeling. It was not efficient to solve all clashes and errors through BIM. Hyundai E&C has already learned lessons from spending too much time in coordinating everything through BIM. The two-tiered system worked because participants were only called to meetings that were strictly relevant to their function. 10.2.3 Free-Form Patterned Exterior: Panelization The second challenge was the difficulty of designing the free-form-patterned exterior anodized panels, which had a total area of nearly 13,940 m2.  Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 424 Chapter 10 BIM Case Studies Anodizing is an electrochemical process that provides corrosion resistance for the aluminum panels used for the exterior cladding and allows the use of delicate color tones on exterior panels. The key stage in this task was detailed design of the free-form-patterned panels for manufacturing and construction. The concept design did not include the details of each panel. Therefore, it was necessary to design each panel. The other main issue in the construction phase was the question of how to install the panels while maintaining the open joint gap between the irregularly shaped panels, and how to divide and connect the tiny edge panels of the exterior façade (Figure 10–2–4). Hyundai E&C, the general contractor, conducted panelization through the façade BIM model. The process was carried out with SteelLife, a facade subcontractor. To resolve these design and construction issues, a panelizing method using BIM was applied in the design phase. Digital Project software was used for parametric modeling. The panelizing method could be divided into three steps. The first step was to review the initial façade design based on the construc- tion phase documents (Figure 10–2–5). Through this process a zoning plan for the panels was developed. In this step, the number and type of panels corre- sponding to each zoning were determined. This step was considered the most critical process of the BIM panelizing since the subsequent processes would be affected by the initial façade zoning plan. The second step was to set up the parametric design and the algorithms for interactions between the panels (Figure 10–2–6). The positional design param- eters of the panels were connected so that all these design parameters would be revised if any parameter was revised. FIGURE 10–2–4 Façade panels. Photo by Sejun Jang.  Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 10.2 Hyundai Motorstudio Goyang, South Korea 425 FIGURE 10–2–5 Façade design model before panelization. Image courtesy of Hyundai E&C. FIGURE 10–2–6 Façade design model after panelization. Image courtesy of Hyundai E&C. The third step was to add the detail design for installation (Figure 10–2–7). After detailing the panels based on the façade zoning plan, secondary steel structure and metal connectors such as brackets and plates had to be designed. These designs were needed for installation of the exterior panels. The BIM-based panelizing method served many purposes. It enabled optimization of the number of panel types by changing the façade shapes (as was done for the Dongdeamun Design Plaza Project in Seoul, South Korea, which is the subject of Section 10.4). It also enabled design of the detailed panels without changing the façade (as was done for the Qatar National Museum Project). The priority for both the client and the architect was to connect the panel patterns smoothly, and this was more important than cost reduction. Accordingly, Hyundai E&C applied different types of design on every edge of the façade, instead of decreasing the number of panel types.  Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 426 Chapter 10 BIM Case Studies FIGURE 10–2–7 Façade construction model showing the structural subframe. Image courtesy of Hyundai E&C. 10.2.4 Mega Truss Structure: Laser Scanning The third challenge was maintaining quality control for the mega truss struc- ture, which weighed 3,644 tons (Figure 10–2–8). The truss structure had two key features that had to be addressed: FIGURE 10–2–8 A mega truss steel structure of Hyundai Motorstudio Koyang. Image courtesy of Hyundai E&C.  Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 10.2 Hyundai Motorstudio Goyang, South Korea 427 1. Construction consists of a floating structure some 12.3 m above ground level. 2. The longest length of the truss structure is 32.2 m. These features require strict management of quality control during the construction phase. The long cantilever span can sag continuously as load is added during construction, creating significant dimensional tolerance problems. The deflection of the truss was predicted in the design phase. Sag deflec- tion of about 50 mm to 100 mm was expected and precambering was planned so that it would settle into its correct designed position after installation. Moni- toring the actual deflection against the designed deflection was crucial because the following trades (i.e., glazing, exterior panel) would have to be redesigned if the deflection exceeded the expected tolerance. The team deployed 3D laser scanning to monitor the deflection of the truss efficiently and accurately during construction (Figure 10–2–9). Trimble TX5 and TX8 3D laser scanners were used. Scans were performed at nearly 40 different scanning stations on the site. The laser scanning required 20 minutes per station, for a total scanning time of two days. FIGURE 10–2–9 3D laser scanning for quality control of the steel structure. Image courtesy of Hyundai E&C.  Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 428 Chapter 10 BIM Case Studies The original scan data was acquired and transferred to point cloud data using Trimble RealWorks, a specialized software for post-processing scan data. The point cloud data was merged with the BIM model. The next step was to analyze the difference between the designed and the actual constructed truss position (Figure 10–2–10). In this way, the deflection of the steel structure could be measured and reviewed easily using 3D laser scanning data. Analy- sis of the merged data from point cloud and BIM model identified design and construction issues for the curtain wall and exterior panel trades. These issues were relayed to each trade’s managers for the managers to resolve in line with their trade’s design and construction plans. The trade manager for the installation of exterior panels trusted the original construction documents and tried to install the exterior panels on this basis. However, analysis of the 3D scanning data would have identified the critical panel installation issues. The design and construction plan could then have been revised to resolve the issues (e.g., redesign the secondary structure to support Evaluation of the Combined BIM Model and Point Cloud Data Architecture.rvt Does the Detailed BIM Combine deflection Yes monitoring Model point cloud data with exceed 70% of Exterior using a total.cgr BIM models the predicted station range? Steel.dgn Additional Point analysis Analysis Cloud result Laser Scanner.e57.rcs Trimble TX5, TX8 Displacement Analysis Using Trimble Realworks FIGURE 10–2–10 A work process for 3D laser scanning. Image courtesy of Hyundai E&C.  Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 10.2 Hyundai Motorstudio Goyang, South Korea 429 the panels and their brackets for the various types, sizes, and positions). 3D laser scanning has potential benefit for construction quality management work, and it could reduce the risk of construction time and cost caused by rework (Figures 10–2–11 and 10–2–12). Despite these advantages, the use of 3D laser scanning was still in the experimental phase because the legal ground rules for measurement quality had not yet been established. 3D laser scanning is a little less accurate than the comparable existing measurement tool, a total station. Total stations and laser scanners have a similar observational equipment error of ±2 mm per 100 m, but a 3D laser scanner has more cumulative error than a total station. The first cumulative error occurs in the process of measuring the reference point on the point cloud because the target (the reference point) moves finely with wind or vibration. This, however, does not account for the difference between laser scanners and total stations because total stations suffer from the same issue. The second cumulative error is generated when combining the point clouds acquired from different stations into a single point cloud through the regis- tration process. The third issue has to do with the scanning resolution. For example, if the scanning resolution is set to achieve the point spacing of 5 mm, the minimum distance between two measured points will be 5 mm. If the tar- get measurement point is located somewhere between two actual measured points, the measured location of the target point will be a couple of millimeters FIGURE 10–2–11 A scanning process for design analysis. Image courtesy of Hyundai E&C.  Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 430 Chapter 10 BIM Case Studies FIGURE 10–2–12 A design analysis result based on 3D laser scanning. Image courtesy of Hyundai E&C. off from the actual location of the target point. Due to these cumulative error issues, a total station was used as the main measuring instrument rather than a laser scanner. In addition, there is still no standard yet for quality checks using laser scanning in South Korea. Despite the disadvantages, laser scanning was used in this project because it could measure the deflection of the truss structure at any point that the con- tractor would like to examine with one scan. Wherever the deflection exceeded 70% of the predicted deflection, more precise measurement was carried out using a total station. 10.2.5 Perception Gap between Participants: VR and 4D Simulation BIM is used to visualize various issues during coordination meetings. However, even if everyone in the meeting looks at the same BIM model, the reality they perceive is different. We refer to this problem as a “perception gap.” The first aspect of the perception gap arises from the perceived textures or colors of the finish materials in a model. Since experienced contractors and  Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 10.2 Hyundai Motorstudio Goyang, South Korea 431 subcontractors use similar materials over and over, they can imagine what the final finishes will look like even if the BIM model is not photo-realistically ren- dered. This is, however, a challenging task for inexperienced clients and others. One of the clients in this project commented, “It seems to require considerable practice to understand and imagine the actual building by looking at a BIM model.” The second aspect arises from construction details. Well-trained contrac- tors and subcontractors can imagine construction details even if a BIM model is created at a low LOD and does not include them. However, contractors or clients who have relatively little experience with a certain type of work may not be able to find potential problems with the same BIM model. There was a risk of delaying decision making during design coordination due to the perception gap among various participants. Fuzor rendering software was used to prevent coordination delays. The increased realism of the rendered BIM model for the client’s specific areas of concern allowed detailed texture mappings and walk-through simulations with an avatar. The change to the position of air vents on the exterior panels was a major change where the application of VR techniques provided the means to resolve problems. The initial design of the exterior panels for air vents planned to use approximately 30 perforated panels on the side wall of the structure. The client and designer were concerned with this design due to its potential to spoil the beauty of the building. For intuitive design review, virtual reality (VR) was deployed. The rendered BIM model was ported an Oculus Rift VR headset and this provided more realistic visual services for the client, apparently affording the client a better understanding of the current design. The use of VR devices was a win-win strategy because the client could choose options for design with clearer understanding and the contractor could encourage the clients to make decisions earlier than usual. Through the VR-based review, the client and designer decided to relocate most of the perforated panels from the side to the front of the structure. The number of perforated panels for air vents on the side wall was reduced from 30 to 10, and 20 panels were relocated to the front of the building to minimize the impact on the aesthetics of the building (Figure 10–2–13). The problem caused by the perception gap was not limited to the finish and detail issues, but also occurred while examining the construction sequences. The construction sequence of a specific trade was obvious to the subcontractor who was in charge. However, it was difficult for the other subcontractors to imagine the construction sequence simply by looking at a BIM model of the trade’s work. The 4D simulation was applied to narrow the perception gap in this construction sequence problem. Most of the building area was covered by the mega truss structure. As mentioned earlier, managing the deflection of the truss was a major risk for this project, but there was another construction risk. During the construction of the truss, construction work and material and manpower movements at the lower level were prohibited due to safety issues. For this reason, the construction sequence and material movement plans in the project had to be adjusted to the  Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 432 Chapter 10 BIM Case Studies FIGURE 10–2–13 Utilization process of VR and an example. Image courtesy of Hyundai E&C. schedule of the truss structure. A coordination meeting was held to determine the construction sequence. At the beginning of the coordination meeting, an attempt was made to coordinate the construction schedule by color-coding the BIM model. However, those engineers who had no experience with steel con- struction found it difficult to understand the precise construction sequence and construction equipment plans. The color-coded BIM model was upgraded to a 4D simulation. The visualized construction sequence allowed participants to clearly understand and optimize the construction schedule and movement plans through the coordination meetings. The construction sequence of the truss structure reflected the working positions and material movement paths of other subcontractors (Figure 10–2–14).  Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 10.2 Hyundai Motorstudio Goyang, South Korea 433 FIGURE 10–2–14 Use of 4D simulation. Image courtesy of Hyundai E&C. In the early 2000s, when BIM was introduced to South Korea, 4D simulation was expected to be used to effectively describe each step of the building process. Contrary to the expectation, the effectiveness of 4D has been questioned due to the time it takes to create a 4D simulation. This case study demonstrates that 4D simulation is most effective when it is used for the high-risk construction areas that need communication between various partic- ipants, rather than for the areas that are built mainly by a single subcontractor. 10.2.6 Needs for Schedule Reduction: Multi-trade Prefabrication During the project, the client’s requirement to incorporate new design trends was accommodated but at a cost of increasing the construction period by more than five months. Despite this situation, the client wished to shorten the con- struction period to allow early opening of the facility to the public. To catch up with the delayed project schedule caused by frequent design changes and meet the new deadline, the contractor decided to deploy multi- trade prefabrication. Single-trade prefabrication is common today. However, the biggest limitation of single-trade prefabrication is that it impacts only a single trade and does not reduce the schedule for the whole project. Multi-trade prefabrication was applied to the four floors of the office tower.  Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 434 Chapter 10 BIM Case Studies Corridor ceilings, in particular, were the most complex spaces for MEP (Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing) elements. Therefore, the team planned to manufacture the corridor’s MEP systems as prefabricated racks at a factory, and to subsequently install them on-site. The design of the MEP prefabricated modules was started two months before the installation date (Figure 10–2–15). Manufacture of the modules started one month before the installation date and took one week per floor (four modules). Installation of the MEP modules for all four floors took a single day (see Figure 6–14 in Chapter 6, Section 6.10). MEP multi-trade prefabrication was used to reduce the construction schedule and also to improve productivity. The application of multi-trade pre- fabrication was effective for the first purpose, schedule shortening. However, it failed to achieve the second purpose of improving productivity. Overall, the FIGURE 10–2–15 Shop drawing for multi-trade prefabrication (for manufacturing). Image courtesy of Hyundai E&C.  Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 10.2 Hyundai Motorstudio Goyang, South Korea 435 multi-trade prefabrication increased labor input by 13.5%, but the pro- ductivity increased floor by floor as the workers’ learning curve improved (Table 10–2–1). The original plan had allocated one month for the sequential installation of the MEP trades on one floor. Therefore, the MEP prefabrication module could shorten the on-site schedule by one month. Productivity was measured using the labor input (person-days) as a metric. This was compared with the South Korean government labor input standard as a baseline. The multi-trade prefabrication input includes hours required at the factory for manufacturing and hours on-site for installation. Table 10–2–2 lists BIM applications used during the project. Table 10–2–1 Comparison of Person-Days Input Between the South Korean Government Standard and Multi-trade Prefabrication Ratio to the South Korean Basis Person-Days Government Standard South Korean Government Labor Input Standard 114.3 100 Overall Multi-trade Prefabrication 129.7 113.5 Fifth Floor 137.0 Sixth Floor 121.6 Seventh Floor 98.6 Eighth Floor 95.6 Table 10–2–2 BIM Uses and Tools BIM Use BIM Tools BIM Modeling CATIA Tekla Structures Digital Project Revit Architect Revit MEP AutoCAD MEP Integrated File Management Navisworks Laser Scanning Data Management Realworks Autodesk Recap 4D Simulation Navisworks Virtual Reality Fuzor  Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 436 Chapter 10 BIM Case Studies 10.2.7 Lessons Learned and Conclusion The Hyundai Motorstudio Goyang project employed a wide variety of techniques in construction, visualization, panelization, measurement, and coordination as well as management skill in implementing an overall BIM strategy. These approaches do not always result in effective project manage- ment, change control, project development, and construction. The success of a project using BIM as the overarching management tool depends on the engagement of all participants, from client to suppliers; their being able to access, understand, and implement the input data that they require from the BIM; and their ability to supply the data needed by other users. BIM is still a relatively new working technique, and all participants are endeavoring to tailor their work practices to its new requirements. The techniques employed on the project met with varying degrees of success, and it is expected that this range of successes will vary from project to project. The major lessons learned include the following: Too many cooks spoil the broth. It is inefficient for all project par- ticipants to attend all BIM coordination meetings. To make coordina- tion meetings efficient, the meetings can be categorized by coordination agenda and project phase, and only directly related participants to the meetings should be invited. The panelization method was used to make the design and construc- tion details of the irregular façades. It was possible to quickly generate details of numerous exterior panels using parametric modeling tech- niques although the efficiency did not correlate with the cost for façade work. The cost depended on the client’s design preferences and design changes. Laser scanning can acquire the shape and geometry of the surrounding area faster than a total station. However, the cumulative error of a laser scanner was larger than that of a total station. Moreover, there is yet no legal inspection standard for laser scanning. Thus, it is desirable to use a laser scanner and a total station together: a laser scanner as a mea- surement tool to quickly find potentially risky points, and a total station to check them further in detail. For example, the overall deflection of the truss structure was monitored regularly using a laser scanner and then checked using a total station only when precise measurement was required. Project participants interpreted the BIM model differently depending on their role and experience. This perception gap resulted in a delay in coordination meetings and decision making. Photo-realistic rendering, virtual reality, and 4D simulation were helpful in reducing the percep- tion gap and facilitating decision-making processes. Multi-trade prefabrication can shorten a schedule by reducing on-site work. However, in order to obtain a positive effect on productivity, the target building should be large enough to generate the learning effect.  Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 10.3 Fondation Louis Vuitton, Paris 437 Acknowledgments This case study was prepared with the close collaboration of Sejun Jang, Dong- min Lee, and Jinwoo Kim at Hyundai E&C. We are indebted to them and to all of the exceptional people at Hyundai E&C who contributed to this project and to this case study. 10.3 FONDATION LOUIS VUITTON, PARIS 10.3.1 Introduction Designed by Frank Gehry and opened in October 2014, the Fondation Louis Vuitton (FLV; previously known as the Foundation for Creation) is a new exhi- bition space that hosts a permanent art collection, performances, lectures, and various rotating exhibitions. This project won the 2012 BIM Excellence Award, a prestigious recognition given by the American Institute of Architects, and it is considered a milestone that will take us to a new era in the use of building information technology. The building is located in the Jardin d’Acclimatation, a children’s park with ducks, ponies, and other small animals within the Bois du Boulogne, a public park on the western edge of Paris. The building puts forward an ambitious architectural and construction paradigm that demonstrates new construction methods and an equally new spatial character, especially with respect to its novel use of materials and fabrication technology. The fluid and sinuous sketch that Frank Gehry produced as a reference indicates his intention to create an organic architectural body that presents a visual dialogue with its natural sur- roundings and at the same time relates to the city of Paris. This relation is shown in Figures 10–3–1 and 10–3–2. FIGURE 10–3–1 Fonda- tion Louis Vuitton (FLV) by Frank Gehry. Image courtesy of Fondation Louis Vuitton; © Iwan Baan / Fondation Louis Vuitton.