hypotheses_significance_scope_delimitation_definition-of-terms.pptx

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Practical Research 2 Anabelle S. Pineda Teacher Research Hypotheses Significance of the Study Topic of Scope and Delimitations of the Discussion study Definition of Terms 20XX Res...

Practical Research 2 Anabelle S. Pineda Teacher Research Hypotheses Significance of the Study Topic of Scope and Delimitations of the Discussion study Definition of Terms 20XX Research Hypotheses 20XX Research Hypotheses Hypothesis - is a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables - is a specific and testable prediction on what the researcher expect to happen with the variables in the study - usually, it proposes a possible relationship between the independent variable (what the researcher changes) and the dependent variable (what the research measures). 20XX Research Hypotheses Hypothesis - is also described as an “educated guess” of what possibly the result of the research, which should be supported by existing theories and knowledge - hypothesis states a tentative answer to research question that can be tested by further investigation in which researcher can support or refute it through scientific research methods such as data collection and statistical analysis - it is the central concept of any investigation that converts research questions into predictions and incorporates elements such as variables, population, and the relationship between factors. 20XX Types of Research Hypothesis 1. Simple Hypothesis A simple hypothesis is a prediction of the relationship between two variables, the independent variable and the dependent variable. It shows a connection between one independent variable and a single dependent variable (https://bit.ly/37UCE9q). Ex: The higher the poverty rate in society (one independent variable), the higher the number would be the out of school youth (one dependent variable) 20XX Types of Research Hypothesis 2. Complex hypothesis The complex hypothesis reflects the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable. It expresses a connection between two or more independent variables and two or more dependent variables (https://bit.ly/37UCE9q). Ex: Eating more vegetables and fresh fruits (independent variables) leads to boost immune system and enhance blood circulation and digestion (dependent variables). 20XX Types of Research Hypothesis 3. Empirical Hypothesis An empirical hypothesis is also called as the “working hypothesis.” It is presumed to explain certain facts and relationships of phenomena. It comes to life when a theory is being put to the test, using observation and experiment. From the name itself “working,” it would mean that it can be changed or replace anytime as soon as it is no longer supported or accepted base on the observation and experimentation being done. It is going through some trial and error and perhaps changing around those independent variables (https://bit.ly/37UCE9q). Ex: Plants watered everyday grow faster than plants watered once a week. (Here, trial and error are leading to a series of findings). 20XX Types of Research Hypothesis 4. Logical hypothesis Logical hypothesis expresses explanation with limited evidence that can be verified logically. It reflects a relationship of the variables which are anchored based on logical phenomena. Sometimes, a logical hypothesis can be turned into an empirical hypothesis in which you have to test your theories and postulates (https://bit.ly/37UCE9q). Ex: Tomato plants bear fruit faster in Earth than in Moon. (Until we are can test the soil and plant growth in Moon's ground, the evidence for this claim will be limited, and the hypothesis will only remain logical). 20XX Types of Research Hypothesis 5. Statistical hypothesis A statistical hypothesis is an analysis of a portion of a population. It can be verified statistically. The variables in a statistical hypothesis can be transformed into quantifiable sub-variable to assess it statistically (https://bit.ly/37UCE9q). Ex: If your research is about the psychosocial development of K-3 pupils of the private and public schools in the city, you would want to examine every single K-3 pupil in the city. It is not practical. Therefore, you would conduct your research using a statistical hypothesis or a sample of the K-3 pupil population. 20XX Types of Research Hypothesis 6. Null hypothesis The null hypothesis is denoted with the symbol It exists when you consider that there is no relationship between the independent and dependent variables or that there is an insufficient amount of information to claim a scientific hypothesis (McLeod, 2020). Ex: There is no significant change in my health, whether I exercise every day or not. 20XX Types of Research Hypothesis 7. Alternative hypothesis An alternative hypothesis is denoted with the symbol ( or ). It is an alternate statement expressed to be tested in order to generate the desired output when the empirical or working hypothesis is not accepted. In an attempt to disprove a null hypothesis, you tend to seek an alternative hypothesis (McLeod, 2020). Ex: My health improves during the times when I sleep 8 hours a day than sleeping for 4 hours only. 20XX Classification of Hypotheses Directional Hypothesis The directional hypothesis relates the relationship between the variables and can Ex: Students who are eating also predict its nature. It illustrates the direct nutritious food have higher grades association of the impact of the independent than students not having a proper variable with the dependent variable, meal. (This shows that there is an whether it is positively or negatively affected. effect between the grades and The direction of the statement should be nutritious food and the direction of clear and justified according to the findings of effect is clear that the students got a the study. Since the hypothesis is gearing to higher grade). one specific direction it is investigated through a one-tailed test (McLeod, 2020). 20XX Non-directional Hypothesis A non-directional hypothesis is used when there is no principle involved. It is a premise that a Ex: There is a significant difference in relationship exists between two variables. the average grades between those However, the direction of the effect is not specifically determined. It is a statement that students that have proper nutritious reflects the association of the independent meal and those that do not have proper variable to the dependent variable without meals. (This depicts that there is an predicting the exact nature of the direction of the effect between the average grades and relationship. This relationship is not specified as nutritious food, but it does not reflect negative or positive. The hypothesis, in this case, the direction of the effect whether it is is investigated through a two-tailed test positively or negatively affected). (McLeod, 2020). 20XX Guidelines in Formulating Hypothesis 1. Before writing your specific hypothesis, spend more time researching about the topic you are interested in. Focus on information and previous studies related to your topic. 2. Your independent variable and dependent variable must be included in your hypothesis. 3. The relationship of your variables must be reflected in your hypothesis. Will your independent variable affect your dependent variable? 4. Your hypothesis should be simple and specific as possible. If your hypothesis is vague and complicated, it would be difficult to find the answer to your question 20XX Guidelines in Formulating Hypothesis 5. Your hypothesis should be concise and comprises clear and simple language. Make it short and simple for it to be easily understood and avoid any misconceptions or misunderstandings. 6. Your hypothesis should be testable without violating ethical standards. It means that it could be investigated and measured through a scientific method such as statistical analysis and data interpretation. 7. Your hypothesis must be falsifiable. It means that your hypothesis can be proven wrong through experiments or empirical data. There are no absolute answers to research questions, but there is a possibility of validating the hypotheses to be true beyond a reasonable doubt. 20XX What’s More The common significance level (α) used in hypothesis testing is 0.05 If the p-value is less than the significance level (α), the null hypothesis is rejected. "Critical Value“ in testing hypothesis means a point that separates the region where the null hypothesis is rejected from the region where it is not. "Confidence Interval“ is the range of values within which the true population parameter is expected to lie. When a result is "Statistically Significant“, it means that the result is unlikely to have occurred by random chance. 20XX Significance of the Study Significance of the study is a written statement that discusses the relevance of research to a selected group of people (beneficiaries of a study), that are directly or indirectly impacted by the outcome of a study (e.g. your population of the study, other researchers, students and the general population). When the outcome of research favors some set of people, they are referred to as the beneficiaries of the study, that is, the study was significant to them. Significance of the Study The most beneficiaries of a study are the people who are direct key players on the subjects being studied, these are the same people who participate as respondents to answer some basic research questions (during administration of the questionnaire). The significance of the study could be for either quantitative or qualitative research purposes Significance of the Study The significance of the study is an important aspect of research. The word significance means relevance or importance. This part of the project/research paper tries to show the relevance of the study to a certain group or category. It could be a group of people, an event or anything of interest. Example: 20XX Scope and Delimitations of the Study Scope  refers to the range of the research project and the study limitations set in place to define the boundaries of the project  is the breadth of your study  defines the parameters of the study 20XX Delimitation  refers to the specific aspects of the research project that the study will focus on  is the depth of the study  sets the boundaries within those parameters 20XX Types of Scope and Delimitation Scope General Refers to the overall range of the study and the research questions it aims to answer Specific Refers to the particular aspects of the study that the research will cover Delimitation Conceptual Refers to the conceptual boundaries of the study Operational Refers to the specific operational procedures that the study will use https://www.enago.com/academy/scope-and-delimitations/ 20XX Definition of Terms Definition of Terms  is also called as Operational Definition of Variables (ODV).  word operational refers to “how the word/term was used in the study  the variables are the elements essential to the study 20XX Two ways in defining the terms  conceptual definition is the meaning of the term that is based on how it is defined in the dictionary or encyclopedia  operational definition is the meaning of the term based on how it was used in the study 20XX Two cases in which important terms need to be defined  if the term is not common or widely known  if the term has a specific or unique meaning in the context of the study 20XX Benefits of Having Definition of Terms 1. It is a useful place to include technical terms in the topic of the research questions. 2. It can clarify the definition of term, especially if it has a different meaning. Define the term according to how it was used in the study. 3. It makes it easier to revisit or check the meaning of a term instead of trying to locate it through the paper. 4. Helps to ensure that the reader can understand the technical terminologies and jargons while reading the paper. 20XX Guidelines on How to Write the Definition of Terms 1. Write a brief introductory statement. It must shortly describe the content of the definition of terms. 2. List/write the words/terms (which are technical) that would be included (make sure that the variables and key terms found in the title are included). 3. The terms should be arranged alphabetically. 4. Indention should be applied to each term. 5. The term should be followed with a period. 6. It can be underlined or not. 20XX Example: 20XX Thank you Brita Tamm 502-555-0152 [email protected] www.firstupconsultants.com 20XX

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