The Philippines and its People PDF

0 Southern Luzon State University Tiaong Campus  1 Chapter 1 The Philippines and its People. Overview...

0 Southern Luzon State University Tiaong Campus  1 Chapter 1 The Philippines and its People. Overview The Philippines is a tropical and archipelagic country found in Southeast Asia. endowed with rich natural resources and a warm , hospitable people ,it has its own share of political and economic challenges to meet Objectives At the end of the module, the student is expected to: 1. To become familiar with the country’s geological formation, geography, and natural resources.. 2. To identify the different traits and values of the Filipinos 3. Develop a sense of identity and pride in being a Filipino. Discussion GEOGRAPHY The Philippines is an archipelago lying southeast of the cost of the mainland of Asia. It is located a little above the equator and thus, belongs to the northern hemisphere. Of approximately 7, 107 islands and islets that compose the archipelago, some 4,000 have no names. Luzon, Mindanao, Negros, Samar, Palawan, Panay, Mindoro, Leyte, Cebu, and Bohol are the ten biggest islands. The total land area, excluding the bodies of water surrounded by land, such as Laguna de Bay, Taal Lake, Lake Lanao and many more like these, is 300,000 square kilometers. The northernmost island of Luzon is just 100 kilometers away from the island of Taiwan, formerly called Formosa. North and west of the archipelago lies the South China Sea; to the east is the Pacific Ocean; and to the South are the Celebes Sea and the waters of Borneo. The coastline of the Philippines is irregular and stretches for about 36,289 kilometers, about twice as long as the coastline of the United States, excluding that of Alaska and Hawaii. In a note verbal submiited by the Philippines government to the United Nations on march 7, 1955, the Philippines is defined as “a mid-ocean archipelagic sate.” Thus, all water around, between and connecting different islands belonging to the Philippines Archipelago, irrespective of their width od dimensions, are necessary appurtenances of it’s land territory, forming an integral part of the national inland waters, subject to the exclusive sovereignty of the Philippines.” Because of the irregular coastline, the country abounds in good harbors, landlocked straits, and hundreds of small rivers, bays and lakes. Manila Bya, which has an area of ales than 2,000 square kilometres and a Southern Luzon State University Tiaong Campus  2 circumference of about 190 kilometres, is considered one of the finest natural harbors in the world. The Philippine Deep , which is found east of the Philippines near Samar and Leyte, is considered as one of the deepest sea trenches in the world. A look at the physical map of the Philippines shows that it is mountainous. There are numerous peaks from the north and south, of which Mount Apo in Mindanao is the highest,standing at approximately 2,954 meters high. The second highest is Mount Dulang- dulang in Bukidnon, which is 2,938 meters high. The northern and eastern parts of Luzon have rugged mountains which are volcanic in origin. There are three large mountain ranges in Luzon. They are the Western Caraballo de Baler, the Sierra Madre Mountain Range, and the Caraballo de Baler. Western Caraballo runs from north to south and divides itself into the Central Cordillera and the Northern Cordillera. It crosses the Provinces of northern Luzon, west of the Cagayan River. The Sierra Madre begins at the town of Baler in the eastern part of Quezon Province, and crosses the provinces of Cagayan, Isabela and Quezon, it is the longest continuous mountain range in the Philippines. The third mountain range, the Caraballo de Baler, begins from the town of Baler and ends in the Strait of San Bernardino. This mountain range includes Mayon Volcano in Albay and Bulusan Volcano in Sorsogon. Outside of his bid mountain rangers are the small mountain rangers of Zambales and the Tagaytay Ridge. The Zambales range begins at Cape Bolinao, follows the coast of the China Sea, and ends in the Bataan Peninsula. The Tagaytay Ridge crosses the provinces of Cavite and Batangas. Mount Makiling in Laguna and Taal Volcano are parts of the Tagaytay Ridge. Mindoro, Panay, and Negros have small mountain ranges. The highest peaks in these parts are Mount Halcon in Mindoro and Kanlaon Volcano in Negros. Leyte and Samar are not as mountainous as the provinces mentioned above. Mindanao, on the other hand, has four distinct mountain ranges. They are the Eastern Mountain Range, which begins at Surigao and follows the Pacific coast; the Central-Eastern Range Mountain Range which begins at Butuan and extends south to Agusan on the East and to Pulangui on the west; the Central-Western Range, which begins at Mount Apo, Follows the boundary of Cotabato, and ends in the Zamboanga Peninsula; and the Western Range which begins west of Iligan Bay and ends on the shores of Basilan Strait. Volcanoes and Earthquakes There are many volcanoes in the Philippines whose eruptions caused much damage to lives and property. Twenty-six of the volcanoes are considered active, while the rest are supposed to be dormant or “sleeping.” The most famous of these active volcanoes are Iraya in Batanes; Taal in Batngas; Banahaw in Quezon; Mayon in Albay; Bulusan in Sorsogon; Hibok-Hibok in Camiguin Island and Makaturing in Lanao. Mayon and Taal are the most active of these volcanoes. They have erupted for no less than twenty-five times. Mayon is famous the world over forits perfect cone shape, while Taal is famous for being the smallest volcano in the world. In 1966, Taal volcano erupted, which led to the resettlement of the people of Volcano Island to others places. The Philippines is within what is called the seismic belt, that is, it lies in the path of earthquakes. Manila and many parts of Luzon experienced several earthquakes over the years including that of 1863, which caused the destruction of many residential houses and government buildings and death of famous priest, Father Pedro Pelaez in the Manila Cathedral; that of 1937, which destroyed, partially, or completely, many big buildings in Manila; that of 1968, when many buildings were partially destroyed while an apartment building was completely destroyed resulting in the death of hundreds of people; and that of 1990, which registered 7.8 on the Richter scale, killing and injuring thousands of people, and damaging about 20,000 square kilometers of densely populated areas in Luzon. Climate The Philippine has a tropical and maritime climate which is tempered by the breeze from the Pacific Ocean on the east and the China Sea on the west. Based on rainfall and temperature, there are two major seasons: the dry season which extends from June to November, the period from late November to February is usually col. May is often the hottest month of the year, while January is the coldest. Even so, the climate in general is healthful. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, the Southern Luzon State University Tiaong Campus  3 first governor-general of the Philippines, describing it to the King of Spain said, “This country [the Philippines] is salubrious and has a good climate…” Generally, typhoons have influenced the climate and weather of the country. These typhoons may be classified into ‘remarkable’ and ‘ordinary’. The former have destroyed millions of pesos worth of crops and property. Typhoons and tropical cyclones most frequently enter the Philippine are of responsibility (PAR) during the months of July to October. Some of the worst typhoons that ever struck the country include Uring in November 1991, Rosing in October 1995, Reming in November 2006, Ondoy in September 2009, Pepeng in October 2009. Natural Resources Nature has given the Philippines rich soil and plenty of natural resources. The rich valleys and fertile plains are planted to crops such as rice, corn coconuts, sugar cane, bananas, pineapples, and varieties of vegetable. The country has enough water resource for electricity; food such as fish, seaweeds, sea shells; as well as pearl for jewelry. There is an abundant supply of minerals like gold, copper, silver, lead, zinc, nickel, manganese and chromium, as well as non- metallic minerals like salt, clay, coal, sulphur, asbestos, limestones, gravel, and gypsum. Gum resins and lumber can be obtained from the country’s’ vast forests. The Philippines also has oil. Called “black gold,” its discovery at Malampaya , Palawan has encouraged foreign and Filipino firms to drill wells for oil. Its commercial exploration will greatly improve the country’s economy. However, despite this natural abundance conservation and civil society have expressed concern over the depletion of forests, abuse and misuse of land resources, and threats to marine and coastal ecosystems. A significant response by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) was its lobby for Congress to pass the National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) Bill in 1992. Now called R.A. 7586, the law is premised on the concept of the involvement of local communities in biodiversity conservation and habitat management. This, indigenous peoples living in the protected areas are given responsibilities over their territories and sustainable livelihood alternatives. Other laws that protect our environment include the Philippine Clear Air Act of 1999, the Ecological Solid Waste management of 2000, and the Clear Water Act of 2004. ECONOMY Rice is the main crop of the country and is cultivated in large qualities in Central Luzon, Western Visayas, and Mindanao.its production, however, remains insufficient due to several factors. First, destructive typhoons and floods often destroy thousands upon thousands of rice lands leading to government importation of rice. Second, the agricultural sector remains backward despite government efforts to modernize it through the introduction of programs like the “Masagana 99” technique in the sixties and the comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program in recent years; the use of “miracle rice varieties”; the use of fertilizers and pesticides to increase rice production, which puts a toll not only on poor farmers, who oftentimes cannot afford them, but also on the environment, particularly the quality of soil. Third, the production shift to sources of bio fuels such as jathropa and other cash crops, which command higher prices in the market, has also affected rice production in no small way. Fourth, the massive conversion of farm lands for residential and commercial use has also contributed to low rice productivity, not to mention the loss of farm labor. The major Philippines products for export include coconut oil, fresh bananas, pineapples, sugar, gum resins and abaca, among others. Among the country’s growing industries are mining, lumber, metal, woodcraft, furniture, and petroleum. The Philippines is also among the world’s supplier of semiconductors and manufactured goods like ignition wiring set and other wiring sets used in vehicles, air crafts, and ships; cathodes or refined copper; and microprocessors. Clothing and clothing accessories are also produced in the country. The United States of America remains out top market for export followed by Japan, Hong Kong, and the People’s Republic of China. Other big markets of Philippine products are the Netherlands, Germany, Singapore, Malaysia, Republic of South Korea and Taiwan (National Statistic Office, 2007). Southern Luzon State University Tiaong Campus  4 POPULATION Based on the latest figures from the National Statistics Office (2008-2009), the Philippines has one of the fastest-growing population with a birth rate of 26.42 births/1,000. life expectancy stands at 67.89 years for men and 73.85 years for women. there are approximately 92 millions Filipinos today as projected by the NSO. Concentrated in the more urbanized sections of the country, 84% of the population is functionally literate. as of 2009, an estimate of 35 million Filipinos are employed. thirty-four percent of employed Filipinos are engage in agriculture (hunting,forestry and fishing);15% work in the industry sector (mining and Quarrying, manufacturing, electricity, gas and water, and construction); while 51% are employed in the service sector(wholesale and retail trade, repairs of vehicles, household goods; hotels and restaurants;transport, storage and communication; financial, real estate, renting and business activities; education, health, and social work, etc.). these figure raise the question weather the country is truly n its way towards industrialization or not. The majority of the Filipinos belong tothe Austronesian ethic groupdue to early trade contacts and subsequent colonization by the Spaniards and later by the Americans, Filipinos today are a mixture of races. The offspring of a native Filipino and a foreigner, whether Chinese, Spaniards, American is called Mestizo. With the phenomenal growth of Filipinos working overseas (OFWs) the mestizo group has expanded to include Arabs, Japanese, Koreans and Europeans. There are around 170 spoken languages are Bicolano, Bisaya, Cebuano, Chabacano, Hiligaynon/Ilonggo, Ilocano, Kapampangan, Maguindanaon, Maranao, Pangasinnse, Tagalog, Tausug, and Waray. Filipino is the national language with Filipino and English as the official languages of country. GOVERNMENT The Philippines is a constitutional republic with three co-equal branches; the executive, legislative, and judiciary. The executive branch headedby the President and Vice President, administer the function of the government through the cabinet that is made up of departments and headedby the department secretaries. The legislative branch, which is responsible for enacting bills into laws, is composed of the Senate (Upper House) and the House of Representative (Lower house), led by the Senate President and the Speaker of the House respectively. The judiciary consist of the systems of courts with the Supreme Court as the highest court in the land and headed by the chief justice. For administrative purpose, the Philippines is subdivided into regions and provinces, except for Metropolitan Manila. Each province is headed by a governor and has its own legislative body called Sanguniang Panlalawigan. The provinces, in turn, are composed of cities and municipalities. Cities and municipalities are further divided into barangays. A barangay is the smallest political unit of the country and headed by a barangay captain. The country has undergone five constitutional changes since the Malolos Constitution of 189 which set up the First Filipino Republic with Emilio F. Aguinaldo as President. These constitutions re: (1)v the 1935 Constitution, which served as the basis for the transition commonwealth government with Manuel L.Quezon as president followed by Sergio S. Osmeña; (2) The 1943 Constitution of the Japanese-sponsored government which recognized the Second Republic under President Jose P. Luarel; (3) the 1935 Constitution, which set up the Third Republic under President Manuel A. Roxas, followed by Elpido R. Quirino, Ramon F. Magsaysay, Carlos P. Garcia, Diosdado P. Macapagal, and Ferdinand E. Marcos (for his first term); (4) the 1973 Constitution that extended the term of president Marcos beyond the provision of the 1935 Constitution, and set up the Fourth Republic; and (5) the 1987 Constitution during the presidency of Corazon C. Aquino (as the first president of the Fifth Republic), to that of Fidel V. Ramos, the short-lived administration of joseph E. Estrada, Southern Luzon State University Tiaong Campus  5 and that of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. FILIPINO TRAITS AND VALUES The Filipino people have may common traits. Perhaps the most important trait of the Filipinos is their hospitality. They welcome visitors, whether Filipinos or non- Filipinos, with open arms and warm hearts. Visitors are given the best in the he house and they would go to extent of incurring debts to make their visitors contented, happy and comfortable. Filipinos hospitality is unequaled and known the world over. Filipinos maintain close family ties. The family is the unit of society and consists atleast until very recent times, of the parents, the grandparents, and the children. The head of the family is the father, but it is really the mother who governs. The mother does a lot of things for the family; she is the first teacher of the children; she is the treasurer of the home, the accountant, the censor, the laundrywoman, and the cook. Thus, in the Filipino families, even the father calls the wife “Mama” or “Mommy.” He dutifully hands over his salary or earnings to the wife, who in case of the father’s illness, works to support the whole family. Present-days women’s rights advocates in the country, however, call this “double-burden.” The problem of the family is not the problem of the parents alone; it is the problem of all the adult members of the family. If Juana, one the children, wants to continue her studies, say in the high school, the older brothers and sisters help the parents in sending her to school. If she finds employment, she in turn helps her parents, brothers and sister to send the younger children to school. Thus, cooperative work within the family circle is not uncommon. Respect for the elders is one of the best Filipino traits. Filipino parents exercise moral influence over their children. The latter obey their parent willingly and help them in their work. The younger men and women do not, as a rule, disturb their elders when the latter are talking or conversing with other people. Even among strangers, respect is shown by slightly bowing the head or by using some words of respect. The Tagalog po is commonly used by almost everybody to show respect even to younger man (or woman) is the latter is a stranger. The Filipino is sentimental. This sentimentalism is shown in many ways. For example, someone from the province pays his friend from another province a visit. The visiting friend brings along with him gifts for the host’s family. These gifts are called pasalubong. When it is time to go, the friend may fell deeply sad to depart from the friend’s house. Kindness is never forgotten. The friend who is left behind also feels sad and gives the departing friend some pabaon like food or anything to give to the departing friend’s family. Leaving home for another country or even for places within the Philippines is usually accompanied by much crying and silent tearful goodbyes. Filipino as a people has several values. Values are those aspects in life that include custom, traditions, etc,., which the people regard as necessary and important in their dealings with one another. One of this values is pakikisama, a sense of togetherness or comradeship. Pakikisama refers to doing somebody a good deed, such as helping a relative or neighbor build a house without asking for compensation, or helping someone look for a job, and so on. If one does these, he/she is said to be mabuting makisama. If one does the opposite, he/she is called masamang makisama. Pakikisama does not mean doing crooked or dishonest thing in order to llook good to others. Pakikisama in positive value and means doing somebody a good turn or being helpful without ulterior motive. Utang na loob or debt of gratitude is another famous Filipino value. A person who receives favor from another, whether this person is a friend or a stranger, is expected to pay this debt of gratitude by returning the favor in the same measure, if not, more. A friend who fails to return the favor is called walang utang na loob or an ingrate. People who lack utang na loob are disliked or avoided. Hiya or kahihiyan is another Filipino values. It means sense of shame. To the Filipino, just like the other Asian people, hiya is something that a person must possess to high degree. A person without hiya is called walang hiya or shameless. Because of this value, a f Filipino would sometimes do something foolish in order to save face. Thus, because of hiya, a poor Filipino peasant will contract debt or borrow money from relatives, neighbors, or friends in order to have Southern Luzon State University Tiaong Campus  6 a feast for the baptism of a son or daughter. On other occasions, many Filipino borrow money to spend on food and other things to celebrate a town fiesta at the expenses of the family budget. Out of shame or hiya, they do not want neighbors to think that they could not afford to spend for the event. Southern Luzon State University Tiaong Campus  7 EVALUATION Name_________________________________________________________________ Course/ Section___________________________________________________Date________ A. Answer the following: (5pts. each) 1. How would you describe the climate of your province? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 2. Using a graphic organizer such as the one below, list the products found in your province indicate which of these are exported to foreign countries and which of these are imported from the other countries or obtained from other parts of the Philippines. Name of Province:______________________________________ Population:____________________________________________ Kinds of products Exported to Imported/Obtained from 1 2 3 Etc. 3. Look at the map of the Philippines and that of the United States. Compare their Coastlines. What do you think is the advantage of the Philippines over continental United States in this respect? What do you think are the disadvantages of being an archipelagic country in the tropics? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 4. In your opinion, which among the reasons cited in the chapter on why the Philippines imports rice from foreign countries, can easily be remedied? Explain your answer. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Southern Luzon State University Tiaong Campus  8 ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 5. Do you agree that the Philippines is not yet an industrialized country? Explain your answer. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 6. Does having around 170 languages pose an obstacle in unifying the Filipinos? Provide evidence and data for your answer. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 7. Which among the five promulgated constitution were under foreign domination? Which were not under foreign domination and hence expected to be more democratic? Justify your answer. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Southern Luzon State University Tiaong Campus  9 8. In your opinion given the archipelagic character of the Philippines, is the present unitary and presidential system of government suited to its geographic characteristic? Explain your answer. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 9. Filipinos have values. From your observation and experience which among the following values: (a) hiya , (b) utang na loob, and (c) pakikisama involve a lot of grey areas or issues. Explain your answer. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 10. How would you describe your physical characteristics- are you a native Filipino or mestizo? If you are mestizo, what type of mestizo or mestiza are you? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Southern Luzon State University Tiaong Campus  10 ______________________________________________________________________________ References Agoncillo, T.A. and Mangahas, F.B. (2010).Philippine History. Expanded and Updated Edition. C & E Publishing, Inc., Quezon City, Philippines. De Viana, A.V. (2011). The Philippines: A Story of a Nation. Rex Printing Company, Inc., Quezon City, Philippines. Halili, M.C.N. (2010). Philippine History. 2nd Ed. Rex Printing Company, Inc. Quezon City, Philippines. \ Southern Luzon State University Tiaong Campus  11 Chapter 2 The Philippines in Ancient Times (200,000 B.C.-1300 A.D.) Overview On the average, we Filipinos find it difficult to believe or even imagine the existence of an ancient and evolved people as our ancestors. These ancient Filipino possessed a culture of their own comparable to other civilization in Southeast Asia and the rest of Asia for that matter. The lack of awareness of our ancestry resulted to feelings of inferiority to other cultures and dependence on the influences brought in by colonizers and foreigners as sources of our identity as a people. Evidences, both material (economic, social, and political structures) and non-material (language, literature, arts and belief system) demonstrate that the ancient Filipino were productive and creative people. They produced their own unique technology and culture that were appropriate to their given natural environment, climate and geography. Hence, Filipinos were already civilized people long before the encounter with the west. Objectives At the end of the module, the student is expected to: 1. To know the origin of early ancestors of the Philippines. 2. To become aware of the physical characteristics, government, cultural and economic development of early ancestors during ancient times. 3. To compare the way of life of the early Filipinos and modern Filipinos. Discussion EARLY SETTLERS Some theories on Philippine prehistory suggest that the Philippines and the rest of the island in the Southeast Asia may have been sites of human evolution between 200,000 and 30,000 years ago.one theory say that during the Ice age, the water around what is now the Philippines fell about 47.5 meters below its level. Because of this, large areas of land came to the surface and formed “land bridges” to mainland Asia. It is said that it was during this period that the first settlers, a small group of hominid, came to the Philippines. Most likely, they were hunters and gatherers on an exploration trip. The earliest stone tools and animals fossils found in Cagayan Valley in Northern Philippines were dated back to atleast 200,000 years ago. Although no human fossils were found yet, the artifacts suggest their existence. Collectively they were called Cagayan Southern Luzon State University Tiaong Campus  12 Man or homo erectus philippinensis. They had similar characteristics as the Java man and Peking man of China. In 1962, a skull cap of man was discovered in the tabon caves of Palawan. From this skull, archeologist learned that man had been in the Philippines for at least 22,000 years. The cave where the Tabon Man was found. Was dated back to half a million years old and had been occupied for more or less 50,000 years. A piece of charcoal which dated back to 30,000 years was also found which may indicate the first use of fire in the archipelago. The prehistoric people had a primitive culture characterized by the use of stone implements. They haunted animals such as the pygmy elephant and rhinoceros. In some languages of the Philippines, including Tagalog, the word for elephant is gadya. This shows that once upon a time there were elephants in the Philippines. The early Filipinos8 lived in caves. They also gathered food from their immediate environment. They were clothing made from material they got from nature. Some 25,000 to 30,000 years ago, another kind of settlers, the ancestors of the Negritos (Aeta, Ati, Dumagat), came to the Philippines by crossing the “land bridges”. They were said to have come from the south, by way of Palawan and Borneo. Another Negrito migration occurred a little later by way of Sulu and Mindanao. These immigrants used blow gun, bow and arrow. They practiced fry agriculture similar to the kaingin system that is practiced today by some hill and mountain people. Their tools were made of stone. Their clothing consisted of bark of trees and their houses were made of leaves and branches of trees. More than 7,000 years ago, long after the ice that covered the world melted, the resulting rise in the sea level ushered in the arrival of another group of people, the Austronesians. They came to Southeast Asia by boast from Southern China. They have brown skin (kayumanggi) and an early Stone Age culture. Much later, some of them came to the Philippines from Indochina and South China also by boats. They built their houses with pyramidal roofs. They practices dry agriculture and produce yams, rice and gabe. Their clothing consisted of pounded bark of trees with various printed design. The Kalingas, the Gaddangs, the Apayaos, the Igorots and the Ilongots, all indigenous groups of Luzon; the native Visayans; the Tagbanuas of Palawan, the Bagobos, the Bilaans, the Manobos, and the tirurays of Mindanao, are probably descendants of this group. By 500 to 800 B.C., the early Filipinos knew how to make copper and bronze implements. They irrigated their rice lands and built the first rice terraces in the Philippines. Another migration allegedly occurred about 300 or 200 B.C., or more than two thousand years ago. Those who came to Luzon by way of Palawan and Mindoro were said to have known irrigation, smelting and manufacturing of weapons, tools and utensils and ornaments made of iron and other metals. This Austronesian migration continued up to the beginning of the Christian era in the thirteenth century. The latest group was more advanced than the previous immigrants. They had a syllabary or alphabet that might have come from India. These Austronesians were the ancestors of the settlers that traded with ancient China and early Southeast Asian communities. They would later lay the foundation is Islam in Sulu Mindanao. These theories of migration, however, are still subjects of debates. The artifacts are not enough to warrant definite conclusions about Philippine prehistory. ECONOMIC LIFE The ancient Filipino practices agriculture, which was the main source of their sustenance. Rice, coconut, sugar cane, cotton, banana, hemp, orange, and many kinds of fruits and vegetables were raised. Land cultivation was done in two ways: the kaingin system and tillage. In the kaingin system, the land was cleared by burning shrubs and bushes. The cleared land was then planted crops. In the tillage system, the land was plowed and harrowed, then followed by planting. Pigafetta, the historian of Magellan expedition which reached the Philippines in 1521, said that he found in Sugbu (Cebu) such foodstuffs as sorgo, orange, garlic, gourd, lemon, coconut, sugar cane and many fruits. The ancient Filipinos practiced irrigation. They increased their crop production by irrigating ditches. The rice terraces in Banawe, Mountain Province attest to this ancient practice. Southern Luzon State University Tiaong Campus  13 The ditches of these rice terraces are stone-walled and run for thousands of feet up the mountain side. If viewed from a distance the whole rice terraces give the viewer the picture of a huge stairway to the sky. It is estimated that if placed from end to end, the length of the Banawe rice terraces would total about 19,312 kilometers or almost half-way around the world from the North Pole to the South Pole. The rice terraces of Banawe are one of the wonders of the world. Aside from agriculture, the ancient Filipinos engaged in industries such as fishing, mining, shipbuilding, poultry, and livestock rising, logging, pottery and weaving. Textile lie sinamaywerewoven with threads obtained from banana and cotton plants. The ancient Filipinos also domesticated chickens, native ponies, carabaos, pigs and goats. Fishing was a common industry because most of the settlements were along rivers an seas. Antonio de Morga, a Spanish official in the judiciary who wrote about the early Philippines, said that “this industry [fishing] is quite general in the entire country and is considered a natural activity for the self-support of the people.’ Various methods of catching fish were used such as the use of nets, bow and arrow, lance or spear, the wicker basket, hook and line, corrals, and fish poison. Mining was also another important industry before the coming of the Spaniards. In 1569, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi reported to the Viceroy of Mexico that there was “More or less gold…in all these islands; it is obtained from rivers and in some places, from mines which the native work.” He mentioned Paracale in Camarines Norte, the Ilocos, the Visayas, especially Cebu, and along the Butuan River in Mindanao, as places where “very good gold” could be found. Ship building and logging were also thriving industries. Morga testified that many Filipinos we “proficient in building ocean-going vessels.” This skill can perhaps be explained by the abundance of thick forests in the archipelago that are rich in hardwoods, and by the facts that the Philippines, being surrounded by water, naturally produced good sailors. The Filipino shipbuilders built all kinds of boats for travel, war and commerce. The Spaniards later classified these boats into banca, lapis, caracoa, virey, praiandvinta. These boats carried product between Manila in Luzon and Cebu in Visayas and as far as Butuan and the rest of Mindanao. No currency was used in trading. Goods were bought and sold through the barter system called baligya. For example, a goat is exchanged for a big basket full of fish. Sometimes, the Filipinos would exchange gold for products sold by the Chinese, who trusted the Filipinos and consigned their good to be paid only upon their return trip to the islands. Commerce extended far and wide into nearby foreign land such as Borneo, Malaya, Thailand, Cambodia, Sumatra, and India. SOCIAL LIFE The ancient Filipinos were divided into social classes. These were the nobles, the freemen and the dependents. The nobles, composed of the chiefs and their families, were the early society’s upper class. They were highly respected in their community. In the Tagalog region, the nobles usually carried the title of Gat or Lakan. One finds these words today in some surnames like Lakandula (LakanDula), Lakanilaw (Lakan Haw), Gatmaitan (Gat Maitan), Gatchalian (Gat Saiian), Gatbonton (Gat Bunton), and many more. Next to the nobles were the freemen who may be regarded as the society’s middle class during the ancient period of Philippine History. The members of the lowest class were the dependents call alipin among the ancient Tagalogs. The low social status of the dependent was acquired by captivity in the battle, by failing to pay one’s debts, by inheritance, by purchase or being pronounced guilty of a crime. Among the tagalogs the dependents were classified into aliping namamahay and aliping sagigilid. The namamahay had his own house and family. He served his master by planting ang harvesting his master’s crops, by rowing the master’s boatman by helping in the construction of the master’s house. On the other hand, the sagigilid had no house of his own; he lived with his master, and could not marry without the latter’s consent. Among the Visayans, the dependents were of three kinds: the tumataban, who worked for his master when told to do so; the tumarampuk, who worked one day a week forh is master; and Southern Luzon State University Tiaong Campus  14 theayuey, who worked three days a week for his master. Depends were further classified into three levels or grades; first as full dependent (whose parents were both dependent); second as one half dependent (with one parent as dependent); and third, as semi-dependent(with one parent being one-alf dependent and the other free).these levels were not permanent. Anyone could move up or down a level upon payment of debts or ant purchase. Thus, there were no slaves in the real sense of the word – only dependents due to debts or captivity from way or battles. Women’s position in Society The Filipino women, before the arrival of the Spaniards, enjoyed high position in society. As a custom, women were the equal of men in ancient Filipino society. They could own and inherit property and sell it; they could engage in trade and industry; and they could succeed to chieftainship of her community or barangay in the absence of male heir. Wives also enjoyed the right to give names to their children. The names usually were derived from an event or from the physical features of the child. Thus, a beautiful girl was named Si Maganda; a very healthy boy was named Si Malakas, and so on. The men respected the women. To show his respect, the men when accompanying women usually\y walked behind the later. This was done not only to show respect for women but also to protect them from any harm that may come from behind. Marriage Customs In most cases, a woman of one class married into the same class. Thus, a noble married a woman from a noble family; a woman from freemen class married into this class; and the man from the lowest class married into his own class. However, there were exceptions when a man, for example, showed bravery and courage in battle or when he had become powerful enough to lead the people of his community. A man could marry as many women as he could support. His children by his first wife were consider legitimate children and could, therefore, inherit his property. The so-called illegitimate children were not given the right to inherit from their father. Courtship during that period of Philippine history was long and difficult. A man served the parents of the girl he loved for years. He chopped wood, fetched water and did errands for the girl’s parents. When accepted by the latter, the marriage was then arranged. The man was required to give a dowry called bigay-kaya, which usually consisted of a piece of land or gold. To the parents of the girl, the man must give a gift called panghimuyat. To the girl’s wet-nurse, the man must also give a gift called bigay-suso. These arrangements were made by the parents of the bride and groom. The marriage ceremony was simple. It consisted of the groom and the bride drinking from the same cup. Then an old man would announce that the ceremony was about to begin. A priestess would bow to the assembled guest and then would take the hands of the couple and join them over a plate of uncooked rice. She would then shout and throw the rice to the guests. The latter would respond with a loud shout and the ceremony was over. Mixed Marriages Mixed marriages, that is, marriages between a man and woman belonging to different social classes were not common. A marriage for example, between a dependent and a freeman would result in the division of their children into two classes. If the father was a free man, the eldest, the third, the fifth, the seventh and so on, belonged to the father’s class. The rest of the children, that is, the second, the fourth, sixth, etc., belonged to the mothers’ class. If there was only one child, this child was classified as half-free and half-dependent. If the number of children was odd, the is three, five, seven, etc, then the third, the fifth, and the seventh would become half- free and half-dependent. THE GOVERNMENT The community called barangay was the basic unit of government. It consisted of 30 to 100families. The Tagalog word barangay was derived from the Austronesian balangay , a boat which transformed the Austronesian immigrants to the Philippines. The Spaniards changes the letter “l’ in balangay to “r” and pronounced it into Spanish way: barangay. Each barangay was Southern Luzon State University Tiaong Campus  15 independent and was ruled by chieftains. It was the primary duty of the chieftain to rule and govern his people justly and to promote their welfare. The subjects on the other hand, served their chieftain in times of war with other barangays and help him tilling and sowing the land. They paid tribute to him. This tribute was called buwis, the Tagalog word for ‘tax’. The chief’s children and other relatives were highly respected in the community and were exempted from paying tribute and from rending personal services to the chieftain. The chieftain was powerful and exercised the power of executive, the legislative, and the judiciary. In a war, he was the supreme commander. However he was aided by a council of elders in his role as law maker. This council gave the chieftain some wise pieces of advice in order to guide him in the administration of justice. Relation existed between barangay. They traded with one another. Sometimes, alliances were concluded between barangays for mutual protection against a common enemy. An alliance was sealed through ritual called sanduguan or bloodcompact. They entailed drawing og blood from the arms of the contracting parties mixing their respective blood in an cup of wine, and drinking the mixture. Having drunk each other’s blood; the contracting parties then became “blooded-brothers” How a Law was made The chieftain of a barangay made the laws off the community. When he had a law in mind, he called in the council of elders to give their opinion. If the elders approved the proposed law, the chieftain order a town cryer, called umalohokan, to announce to the community the approval of the law. With a bell in one hand, the umalohokan would ring it as he went along to call the attention of the people. Then he explained the new law to them. Any person violating the law was immediately arrested and brought before the chieftain for trial. Deciding Cases Most disputes during the ancient times were decided peacefully. The court of justice was composed of the chieftain as a judge and the elders of the barangay as a member off the “jury.” If conflicts arose between members of different barangays, the differences were resolved by arbitration. A board composes of elders from neutral barangays acted as arbiter. The trial of a case was usually held in public. The accuser and the accused faced each other with their witnesses. The witnesses usually took an oath to prove their honest. The oaths took such forms as, “May the crocodile devour me if I tell a lie”; “May I die here and now if I do not tell the truth” and so forth. Then the parties to the litigation presented their arguments and their respective witness. The man who had more witnesses was usually judged to be the winner. If the defeat person contested the discussion of the chieftains, the latter openly sided with the winner and compelled the loser to accept this decision. The loser had no other alternative than to accept the decision of the chieftain. The Trial by Ordeal The trail by ordeal was not unique to the ancient Filipinos. It was also done in Europe to determine who of the disputant was right or telling the truth. As practiced in the Philippines, the trail bi ordeal is consisted of ordering the suspects, in the case of theft, to dip their hands into a pot o boiling water. The suspect whose hand was scalded the most was judged guilty. Another form of trial by ordeal was holding lighted candle by the suspects. The suspect whose candle died out first was the guilty party. Another form of trial by ordeal consisted of ordering the suspects o plunge into a deep river with their lances. The one who rises to the surface first was pronounced guilty. Still another form was ordering the suspects to chew uncooked rice. The one whose saliva was thickest was the culprit. CULTURE Clothing When the first Spaniards came to the Philippines in 1521, they found the early Filipinos with a culture that was different from theirs. Some aspects of this old culture were undoubtedly Malay, but the other aspects were probably the result of a different environment. Southern Luzon State University Tiaong Campus  16 Among the ancient Filipinos, the male clothing consisted of the upper and lower parts. The upper part was a jacket with short sleeves called kangan. The color of the jacket indicated the rank of wearer ;the chief of wore a red jacket , while those lower in rank wore either black or blue. The lower part of the clothing was called bahag, which consisted of a cloth wound about the waist, passing down between the thighs.. The women were usually naked from the waist up. They wore a sayaor skirt, among the Visayans, this lower part was called patadyong. A piece of white or red cloth, called tapis, was usually wrapped around the waist or the chest. The ancient Filipinos had no shoes. They walked about barefooted. Men usually wore a headgear called putong, a piece of cloth wrapped around the head. The color of the putong showed the number of persons the wearer had killed. Thus, a man wearing red putong had killed at least one man, and the one wearing embroidered putong had killed at least seven men. Ornaments The ancient Filipino’s wore ornaments made of gold and precious stones. Women as well as men wore armlets called kalumbiga, pendants, gold rings, earrings, leglets, and bracelets. Gold was common, so the ancient Filipinos used it only in making rings, armlets, and bracelets, but also as filling in between the teeth. These fillings were made to adorn the teeth. The body was also adorned by tattooing including the face. The women also tattooed their arms and faces to make themselves beautiful. Among men, however, tattooing has another use. It was used as a man’s war record, that is, the more a man was tattooed the more he was admired by the people of his community for his bravery in battle. According to the first Spanish missionaries who wrote about the ancient Filipinos, the Visayans were the most tattooed people of the Philippines. For this reason, the Spanish missionaries called Visayans, pintados or painted people. The houses The Filipino houses of today in the barrios are no different from the typical ancient Filipino house. The ancient house was built of bamboo, wood and nipa palm. His kid of house was (and is) suited to the tropical climate of the country. The house was set on stakes called haligi, which were made of bamboo. This held to the house above the ground. The lower part of the house was enclosed with stakes. Fowls were placed inside the enclosure. To go up the house, one must ascend a ladder made of bamboo. At night or when the owner of the house was not around, the ladder was drawn up. There was also a sort of gallery called batalan where household work was done. What is called the sala now was used not only as an area for receiving visitors, but also as a place to sleeping. A small room near the sala, called silis, was place where mats. pillows and baskets of rice were kept. Among the Ilongots and the Kalingas of northern Luzon and among Mandayas and the Bagobos of Mindanao, the houses were built on treetops. On the other hand, the Bajaos or Sea Gypsies of Sulu had their houseboats. They lived in such houses because they are a sea-loving people. They roamed the seas for living and for adventure. Educational and System of Writing There were no formal Scholl but children of school age were taught in their ownhouse by their mothers who were their first teachers. Based in the testimony of Spanish Jesuit missionary, father Pedro Chirino, there was hardly a man or a woman who did not know how to read and write. Perhaps it is an exaggeration to say that the literacy rate was 100% but it is safe to say that the ancient Filipino’s was generally literate. It was very likely that music and religion were also taught to be the children for it is unthinkable that a religious people like the Filipinos would neglect the teaching of religion to the children. Our ancestors ‘possessed a system of writing or alphabet called syllabary, baybayin or alibata where every letter is pronounced as a syllable. Southern Luzon State University Tiaong Campus  17 The syllabary consisted of seventeen symbols, three of which are vowels (patinig) and fourteen are consonants (katinig). It is still debated whether the ancient Filipinos wrote from left to right or from right to left or from top to bottom or from bottom to top. Writing and language expert still argue about the writing orientation of the baybayin. Perhaps Pedro Chirino, who wrote a book about the ancient Filipinos with whom he had early contacts, was correct when he said that the early Filipinos wrote from top to bottom and from left to right. The early Filipinos wrote on large leaves of plants and trees, and sometimes on barks of trees and bamboo tubes. They used the colored saps of trees as ink while they used pointed sticks or iron as a pencil. Some samples of this ancient writing that have come down to the present are found among the HanunuoMangyans of Mindoro and Palawan. Early Literature The ancient Filipinos has a literature that may be classified into written and oral. Among the Tagalog, the oral literature consisted of sabi (maxism), bugtong(riddles), talindaw (boat song), tagumpay (victory songs), uyayi and hele (cradle song), ihiman (wedding song), kumintang (war song), and many others. In nineteenth century, the kumintang became a love song. Duringthe revolution, it disappeared and was replaced by the kundiman. The early Filipinos had also written literature. The Ifugaos of northern Luzon for example, had epics where originally recited but later on were written down. Their epics are the Hudhud and the Alim. The former glorifies Ifugao history and its hero, Aliguyon. The Alim, on the other hand, tells the story of gods that resemble the Indian gods in the epic Ramayana. The epic of the Ilocanos, Biagni Lam-ang (Life of Lam-ang) originated even before the arrival of the Spaniards. The Bicolanos have their epic called Handiong. The Muslims, a very daring, brave and courage people have produced several epics: the Bantungan, Indarapatra and Sulayman, Bidasari and parang sabil. The other non-Muslim and non-Christian peoples of Mindanao also have their epics, but these have not yet been written down completely have not been translated into English or any of the well-known Philippines languages. MGA KASABIHAN SALAWIKAIN BUGTONG (Sayings) (Proverbs) (Riddles) 1. Ang kapalaran ko di ko 1. Ang tumatakbo nang 1. Isda kosaMaribles, man hanapin, dudulog, lalapit matulin, matinik ay malalim. nasaloob ng kaliskis. kung talagang akin. (Answer: sili) 2. May taingaanglupa, may 2.Anghindilumingon sa 2.NagtagosiPerico, nakalitaw pakpak and balita. pinanggalingan ay hindi angulo. makararatingsa paroroonan. (Answer:pako) 3. Huli mandaw at magaling 3. ‘Pag may isinuksok, may 3. matanda na angnuno,hindi ay naiihabol din. madudukot. pa naliligo. (Answer: pusa) Music and Dance Filipinos are considered born musicians. Many of them play two or more musical instruments. Pigafetta, already mentioned earlier, that the natives of Sugbu (Cebu) played much musical instruments as the timbal, the cymbal, the drum, and other instruments, most of which are made of wood or bamboo. When an officer of the Spanish explorer Villalobos went to Samar in 1543, he saw native playing a stringed instrument called kudyapi.Among the Negritos of Zambales and Bataan, the favorite musical instruments were the kullibaw, which resemble the Jew’s harp made of bamboo; bansic, a sort of flute made of bamboo; and the gangsa, a kind of guitar. To the accompaniment of these musical intruments, the Negrito’s performed their potato dance in which a man was represented as a thief stealing sweet potatoes in the farm. They had Southern Luzon State University Tiaong Campus  18 also the torture dance which commemorated the capture of enemy; the duel dance between two warriors; and the lovers dance in which man danced around woman to shoe his love for her. The Illocanos had their musical instruments like kutibeng, a sort of guitar with five strings; the flute; and the kudyapi. Their favorite dances were the kinnallogong (hat dance0 and kinnoton (ant dance). Among the Visayas, the favorite dances were the balitaw, (exchange of extemporaneous love verses) and dandansoy (courtship dance). Both these dances are still popular today. Among the Tagalogs, drama, dance and music developed almost at the same time. This was because drama could not be staged without the accompanying music and dance. So the music and the dance were classified into balatong, dalit, lulay, kumintang, tagulaylay, subli, barimbaw, tagayan and others. Thus, the ancient Filipinos from all regions had dances and songs for all occasions. The Arts The earliest Filipino works of art may be seen in their tools and weapons. These tools and weapons were at first rough, but as time went on, the Filipinos began to polish them. Later, beads, amulets, bracelets and other ornaments were used to improve their appearance. With the introduction of bronze, certain instrument were manufactured like bronze gongs, bells, and even drums. This indicates that the social arts such as dance and music were already developed in ancient times. The early Filipinos also used metal and glass. Simple weapons such as daggers, bolos, knives, and spears were made with artistic designs in their handles. Pottery with the beautiful designs was also made, while images made of wood, ivory and horn were carved. Muslim art, in particular, deals with plant and geometrical designs, while Ifugao art deals with animal and human representation. Religious beliefs The prehistoric Filipinos believed that the soul was immortal. They also believed in life after death as evidenced by the manunggul jar, a container for bones of the dead. They believed in one Supreme Being they called BathalangMaykapal or simply Bathala. Aside from the Supreme Being, they also worshipped minor deities whose functions were closely related to daily life of the people. Thus, the god of agriculture was called Idiyanale, the god of death, Sidapa; the gid of fire, Agnu; the god of rainbow, Balangaw; the god of war, Mandarangan; the goddess of harvest, Lalhon; the god of hell, Siginarungan; and other gods and goddesses. The ancient filipinos worshipped the sun and venerated the moon, the animals and birds for they believed in the interconnectedness of the unseen with the visible. Thus, the objects of nature should be respected. Even very harmful and dangerous animals like crocodiles, were venerated. Old trees too, were considered sacred and nobody was allowed to cut down such trees. Reef, rocks, and crags were also revered, and dished and kitchen wares were left on them as a sign of reverence. The soul-spirits called anito were venerated. This called the “Cult of the Dead.” The memory of dead relatives was kept alive by carving images made of gold, stone and ivory. The image was called larawan or likha among the tagalogs, diwata among the Visayans, and bulólamong the Ifugaos. The people offered prayers and sacrifices to these images or symbols in order to win their sympathy. Not all anitos were good; some were bad. But whether an anito was good or bad, the people prayed to it and offered various sacrifices to win its goodwill, if it were good, and to placate its anger, if it were bad. The offerings or rituals were laid down by woman priest called baylana, babaylan, or katlona, and occasionally by male priest. Burial The ancient Filipinos believed in the life hereafter and the relationship between the living and the dead, which made them respect the memory of the dead. When a relative died, he/she was placed in a coffin and buried under his/her house; the living relatives placed his/her cloth, gold, and other valuables in the coffin. This was done because the ancient Filipinos believed that in this way, the dead relative would be gladly received in the Other World. Southern Luzon State University Tiaong Campus  19 Upon death of a person, the neighbors and relatives made fires under his/her house. Armed sentinels guarded the coffin lest some sorcerers open it and thus release the foul smell of the dead person. Professional mourners were hired by the relatives of the dead person in order to show their deep feeling of loss. Mourning for a woman was distinguished from that of a man such that the former was called morotal and latter was called maglahi. Mourning for a dead chieftain was called laraw. When his death had been announced, all quarrels, and even petty wars, were stopped. Spears were carried with the tips pointing downwards; daggers were carried with hilts reversed; singing in boats was prohibited; and the wearing of “loud” clothes was also prohibited. \ Southern Luzon State University Tiaong Campus  20 Evaluation Name__________________________________________________________________ Course/ Section___________________________________________________Date____ Answer the following: (5pts each) 1. Make a timeline of events depicting the early settlers in the archipelago. Include details like period or time of Arrival, Physical Characteristics, and level of cultural development. What conclusions can you make based on these data about the Filipino’s ancestral origin and way of life? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2. What are the similarities of the economic lives of the ancient Filipinos and the modern Filipinos? Would you say that agriculture as practiced during that period of our history was practically the same as today? In what ways do they differ? In what ways are they similar? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 3. Given the social classes during the ancient times in the Philippines, would you consider the society as democratic and egalitarian? Southern Luzon State University Tiaong Campus  21 ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 4. Describe the ancient Filipino houses and clothing (including ornaments) and show how these reflect the climate and environment in which these evolved? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 5. Are you in Favor of the dowry in marriage and the idea of “ marrying in the same “class” as practiced during the period ? Explain your answer. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ Southern Luzon State University Tiaong Campus  22 ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Southern Luzon State University Tiaong Campus  23 References _________________ Agoncillo, T.A. and Mangahas, F.B. (2010).Philippine History. Expanded and Updated Edition. C & E Publishing, Inc., Quezon City, Philippines. De Viana, A.V. (2011). The Philippines: A Story of a Nation. Rex Printing Company, Inc., Quezon City, Philippines. Halili, M.C.N. (2010). Philippine History. 2nd Ed. Rex Printing Company, Inc. Quezon City, Philippines Southern Luzon State University Tiaong Campus  24 Chapter 3 EARLY CONTACTS WITH NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES (900-1400) Overview Though less studied due to scarce written sources, the topic on the Philippines’ early contacts with its neighbours can now be better appreciated with the recent discovery of material evidences as well as new documentary sources. Oral and cultural evidence show the early on , the Philippines already had trade , and cultural exchanges with its Asian and Southeast Asian neighbours. The seemingly scattered island-group of people actively engaged in trade and commerce with their neighbours: an exposure that further enriched the economic life and culture of the early Filipinos, long before the coming of the West. Objectives At the end of the module, the student is expected to: 1. To identify the Philippine’s early contacts with its neighbours. 2. To appreciate the discovery of material evidences and documentary sources of the early contacts of the Philippines 3. To list down the economics and cultural exchanges brought by the influence of early contacts in the Philippines. Discussion EARLY TRADE ROUTES AND CONTACTS Ancient Filipinos, just like their Southeast Asian neighbors, were expert seafarers and boat builders. They made all sizes and type of boats – big or small, single-hulled or outrigged. Because they had mastered the wind and sea currents, they could travel far and wide to trade with nearby Southeast and East Asian neighbors. Some scholars suggested they reached even as far as Champa (present-day Vietnam) and India. Thus, long before the coming of the Portuguese and Spaniards In the region, the Philippines had outside trade contacts, and along with these varied cultural exchanges took place. Scholars have yet to agree as to when and with whom these contacts began O.W. Wolters said such a trade may have been there as early as third century, based on the pearls and gold excavated in Funan. Sulu was rich in peals and gold was abundant in the Southern Luzon State University Tiaong Campus  25 country. Filipino historians and archeologist helieve in the Filipino – Chinese trade contacts began around the ninth century during the Tang dynasty (618-906 A.D.). They cite as evidence Tang stonewares that were found in the Babuyan Island, along the coast of Ilocos, Pangasinan, Mindoro (Puerto Galera), Batangas (Calatagan), Manila (Santa Ana), Bohol, Cebu, Jolo and Cagayan de Oro. If the Chinese did not bring these items directly to the Philippines, through Arab traders who had earlier direct contacts with the Chinese. Arab Trade Routes in Southeast Asia Bewtween 900 and 1200 A.D., a group of people called Orang Dampuan from Southern Annam (Vietnam today), established trading posts in Sulu. A flourishing trade developed between Champa (Annamese Kingdom) and the people Sulu who were called Buranun. This trade proved favorable to the Orang Dampuans whose prosperity drew the ire of the Buranuns. In a fit of jealousy, the Buranuns massacred some Orang Dampuans causing the others to flee and return to Sulu to trade peacefully once more. The famous pearl trade of Sulu also attracted another group people known as the Banjar of nearby Borneo. Regular trade relations ensued between Sulu and Banjamassin. The Buranuns who had not yet forgotten their tragic experience with the Orang Dampuans, were also suspicious of the Banjars. But the traders of Banjarmassin, aware of the fate of the Orang Dampuans, were more diplomatic. Instead of antagonizing the Buranuns, they brought their beautiful princess to Sulu and offered her as a bride to the Buranun price, who eventually married her. Sulu thus became a tribute-state of the empire of Sri-Vijaya, along with Banjarmassin and Brunei. Sulu developed into an emporium to which trading ships of Java, Sumatra, Cambodia, Siam and China would anchor to savor Sulu’s prosperous trade and splendor. Arab traders, who up to this point dominated this Southeast Asian trading, were later barred from the central Chinese coast. They relocated to the Malay Peninsula where they sought an alternative route starting from Malacca and passing through Borneo and the Philippines to reach Taiwan. They continued to carry the Southeast Asian goods to Western world using this southern route. They also carried Philippines goods on board Arab ships to the Chinese mainland through Canton. So keen was the competition that the Arab ships carried non-Chinese goods amounting to 20-40% of the total cargo. This lasted up to the Javanese or Madjapahit period (1377-1478). ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL EXCHANGES Using the compass on sea voyages, Chinese traders competed with the Arabs from the eleventh to the twelfth century. Sung porcelain unearthed in Sta. Ana, Manila around the Laguna de Bai, attested to the success of this trade. By the thirteenth century, the Chinese had overtaken the Arabs in the region. Description of the lucrative trade between China and the Philippine archipelago can be found in Chao Jukua’s Chu fan-chi (1225) where the Chinese mentioned the following place: Ma-i (Mindoro or Baế in Laguna), Min-to-lang (Mindanao ), Ma-li-lu (Manila), Su-lu (Sulu), and Pi-sho-ye (Visayas). The Philippine trade goods included bulak(raw cotton), abaca, cloth of various patterns, hardwoods, gums, resins, betel nuts, pear shell, sponges, rattan, beeswax, musk, sandalwood, leather, mats, and pepper. In exchange, China brought: iron bars, porcelain, and pottery, silk, chintz, black damask, Java cloths, red taffeta, blue cloth, bronze gongs, small bells, mirror, scales, coins, jade, projectiles, gold, silver, censers, lead, colored glass beads, iron needles, tin, lead sinkers for fishing nets, lacquered ware, copper cauldrons, wine, ivory, and tint (a kind of Chinese silver money.) Although, trade was conducted in general through the barter system, by the eight century, a type of currency began to be used in the fore of barter rings. By the twelfth century, gold coins (piloncitos) Southern Luzon State University Tiaong Campus  26 began to be used as medium of exchange. With trade of products came cultural exchanges, including religion. These in turn, would influence the indigenous lifestyle, customs, and religious beliefs on the ancient Filipinos. This is particularly true of the influences on our language, system of writing, technology, attire, ornaments, food, and religious beliefs and practices. Much of these Chinese influence on Filipino life in economic in nature. This is shown by the Chinese words that were adopted into the languages of the Philippines particularly Tagalog. Here are some examples: Chinese Tagalog English Am-pau Ampaw Puffed rice or corn He-bi Hibi Dried salted shrimp Ke-tai Katay Cut up meat Le-piah Lipya Plowshare Hok-bu Hukbo Army Peh-chihai Petsay Chinese cabbage There are hundreds of Tagalog words which have their origin in Chinese. Most of these words have economic meanings. The Filipinos also learned from the Chinese the use of umbrellas, porcelain, gongs, the manufacture of gun powder, metallurgy, and mining methods. Perhaps the Filipinos also borrowed the Chinese custom of having parents arrange the marriage of their children. Wearing white clothing, instead of black, for mourning the death of family and relatives, is also of Chinese origin, especially among the Visayans. Quite apart from the Chinese, the ancient Filipinos were also influenced by the Indians of India. The ancient of Indians may not have settled in huge numbers in the Philippines, but their influence on filipino culture may have come through the ancestors of the present Indonesians. The Malay who came to the Philippines was possibly Hinduized Malays, that is, Malays who professed the Hindu religion of India. This Indian influence is clearly seen in some of the words in the different languages of the Philippines, including Tagalog, which were derived from Sanskrit, the ancient language of India. Some of the Tagalog words of Sanskrit origin are the following: Sanskrit Tagalog English Ahi Ahas Snake Swamin Asawa Husband or wife Bhaga Bahagi Part, portion Vartta Balita News Kotta Kuta Fort Dala Dala Fishing net Ganda Ganda Beauty Hari Hari King Lalarawa Lalawa Spider Southern Luzon State University Tiaong Campus  27 Tara tala Star Sanskrit word or their variations are also found in Visayan and Maguindanaoan languages. Suvh as words as agama(religion), pandita (priest or scholar), tumabaga(copper), baginda(emperor), sutra (silk), and many others, are of Sanskrit origin. Several deities in the myths an ancient filipinos shows traces of indian influence: IndraBatara, Lord of the Universe; Idiyanale, god of agriculture, Agni, god of fore and many more. A figurine of the Hindu goddess Padmapani was foung in Butuan and was dated to 300A.D. This could attest to that ancient contact between the Philippines and the Indian sub-continent. The Philippine Catholic wedding ceremony has Indian influences. The use, for example, of the cord and the veil during the catholic marriage ceremony in the Philippines is Indian in origin. It is not originally Western or Spansih Catholic, because the non-Philippine Catholic marriage has no veil and cord ceremonies. The Laguna Copperplate discovered in the Pagsanjan, Laguna river delta in 1986 is another evidence of this early Philippines contact with its Southeast Asian neighbors particularly the Malays and Indonesian. Dated to 900 A.D., the copperplate contains an inscription in an old Philippine language, stating the full payment of a loan obtained by a woman trader from her contacts in the nearby Indonesia. The copperplate also shows shared knowledge in metallurgy and its use in trade and commerce to record transaction, as in this case, as a certificate of credit and loan payment. THE COMING OF ISLAM After Mohammed’s death in 632 A. D. Islam spread outside of Arabai in two stages. In the first satge , Islam was brought to the rest of the middle east, Northern Africa, Spain and central Asia. In the second stage, Muslim missionaries travelled with Arab merchants to India , China and finally Southeast Asia where number of them ( traders and aldo missionaries ) settled and intermarried with members of the Royalty. They also set up mosques and madrashs (schools). In the Philippines , Islam was introduced by Tuan Masha’ika , atrader from 1240s. According to Sulu genealogy called tarsilla , his wealth increased and with it, the status of Muslim in the communities was raised. TEACHINGS OF ISLAM The basic tenets of Islam are found in the Qur’an (Koran), the holy book of the Muslims. Written in Arabic, the Koran is considered the word of Supreme Creator, Allah , as directly communicated by the angel to the prophet Mohammad. Southern Luzon State University Tiaong Campus  28 Evaluation Name__________________________________________________________________ Course & Year_______________________________________________Date_______ A. Answer the following: (5pts) 1. What factors encouraged the ancient Filipinos to trade with China and its Southeast Asian neighbours? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 2. Among the early trade contacts of the Philippines during the ancient period, which country do you think had the most influence on the early Filipinos? Explain your answer. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 3. Which among the early contacts of the Filipinos had at least or minimal influence? Explain your answer. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Southern Luzon State University Tiaong Campus  29 ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 4. Make a timeline of events to show the chronology of early trade contacts of the early Filipinos before the coming of the Spaniards. ________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________