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HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT LESSON 1 THE RESEARCH INTRODUCTION Writing research is a completely new experience and could be difficult especially when your alone. However, wit...
HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT LESSON 1 THE RESEARCH INTRODUCTION Writing research is a completely new experience and could be difficult especially when your alone. However, with proper background and understanding, the research could be exciting and a life-changing experience. Research has a great contribution to society, the learning institution, and humankind. AIMS At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to: 1. Discuss the meaning of the research 2. Identify the characteristics of the research 3. Enumerate the types of research 4. Identify the difference between qualitative and quantitative research 5. Explain the characteristics of a good researcher 6. Identify the types of variable RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY – DOREEN C. CASTILLO – PRELIM MODULE 1 HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT ABSORB The Research Research is a human endeavor that is multi-faceted. Let’s have the following considerations of various groups of this activity: To a lot of people, it may be a difficult and demanding task To beginners, it may be a complicated process To the students, they may consider it as a requirement to be done to graduate from their chosen program To those who value knowledge and truth, they may consider it as a fulfilling task and exciting challenge. With these explanations above from different institutions, let’s discuss the definitions given by some authors as collated by Salmorin (2006) in her book entitled Methods of Research: Searching for theory, for testing theory, or for solving the problem (Sevilla, et al, 1992) Careful, critical inquiry or examination in seeking facts or principles; a diligent investigation to ascertain something (Andres, 1998) In its simplest meaning, research is actually the scientific way of collecting, presenting, analyzing, and interpreting data to solve a problem or phenomenon. Difference between a Thesis and a Dissertation A thesis is typically for the graduate program leading to a master’s degree A dissertation, however, is usually a part of a graduate program leading to a doctoral degree, or Ph.D. (This may vary in some universities) Characteristics of Research The following are the characteristics of research: Research is done in a logical manner – it is being done with an orderly sequence in mind so that valid conclusions are drawn. Research is cyclical – I will start with an investigation of a problem that will be given a solution. However, another problem can sprout. Research is empirical – it is based on actual experience and observation. Research is based on analysis – it is done through careful analysis of the problem and its supporting details. Research requires critical inquiry and judgment – it is a process that investigates for problems and its possible solutions, theories and relevant studies to end up with a reliable knowledge. Research can be replicated – it can be done by another researcher for results validity. RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY – DOREEN C. CASTILLO – PRELIM MODULE 2 HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT Importance of Research The following enumerates the significance of research: It improves the quality of life – with research, processes and ways of doing things can be improved. It improves educational instruction – discovery of new teaching methods, training, evaluation, teacher competence and student achievement has greatly impacted knowledge that is not only classroom bound. Research satisfies needs of humankind – through scientific and technological improvements, different aspects of living have been shaped from traditional to modern ways. Types of Research Research can be differentiated using three different perspectives as follows: 1. Application a. Basic research – also known as fundamental research or pure research. The objective of this research is to develop a new theory or make modifications to an existing theory. It seeks to discover the truths or principles. It deals with the process of objects and things, or information about different topics with no concern of direct pay off. Among these are studies on relationships, comparative analyses, trends, and projections. b. Applied research – the type of research that produces practical knowledge or solutions in application to problems of man, such as the development of new system or procedure, new device, or new method in order to solve the problem. It usually begins with an identification of a new problem and new method or procedure is proposed to address the problem. 2. Objectives a. Descriptive Research – the main objective of this type of research is to describe what is prevalent with respect to the problem under study. b. Exploratory Research – clarify the why and the how between aspects of a problem or phenomenon. c. Experimental – mostly done by experts in research as it requires various testing methods to confirm validity of findings. d. Historical – deals with past events and its relationship to current situations. e. Action research- the main objective of this type of research is not to contribute to science but to give solution to an existing problem. This commonly used in the academe. 3. Inquiry mode a. Qualitative - used primarily to describe a problem, phenomenon or situation. The analysis is done without quantifying the phenomenon but rather describing it. RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY – DOREEN C. CASTILLO – PRELIM MODULE 3 HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT Descriptive method Survey Developmental Research Correlational Causal-comparative Experimental b. Quantitative – if analysis is done to quantify a situation, problem, phenomenon or situation, them, it is considered as quantitative research. Case study Ethnographic Difference between Qualitative and Quantitative Research Use the table below to identify the difference between Qualitative and Quantitative Research. Quantitative Qualitative Approach Structured with Unstructured: flexible and predetermined methods open methods Purpose of investigation To quantify a problem, issue, To describe variation in issue, situation situation of problem Sample size Emphasis on greater sample Fewer cases size Dominant research value Reliability and objectivity Authenticity Dominant research topic Discovers regularities and Explore experiences, feelings formulates theories and perceptions Analysis of data Uses statistical procedures Narratives and observation data Characteristics of a Good R esearcher The following shows the characteristics of a good researcher: R Research Oriented E Efficient S Scientific E Effective A Active R Resourceful C Creative H Honest E Economical R Religious RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY – DOREEN C. CASTILLO – PRELIM MODULE 4 HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT THE VARIABLE A variable is define as a quantity susceptible of fluctuation or change in value or magnitude under different conditions. Numerical values or categories represent these quantities. Airasian and Gay (2000) say that a variable must have at least two (2) values, Height, for example, is a variable as it can be classified into tall, short, not so short, and not so tall. Other examples are age, restaurant ambiance and work performance. Why do we need to determine variables? Variables are important to understand because they are the basic units of the information studied and interpreted in research studies. Researchers carefully analyze and interpret the value(s) of each variable to make sense of how things relate to each other in a descriptive study or what has happened in an experiment. In the case of a descriptive study, variables are manipulated. They are observed as they naturally occur and then associations between variables are studied. In a way, all variables in descriptive studies are dependent variables because they are studied in relation to all other variables that exist in the setting where the research is taking place. However, in descriptive studies, variables are not discussed using the terms “independent” or “dependent” instead, the names of the variables are used when discussing the study. A variable is either a result of some force or is itself the force that causes change in another variable. In experiments, these are called dependent and independent variables. A researcher manipulates an independent variable to determine the change if it causes a change in the dependent variable. Types of Variable 1. Independent Variable - this is the stimulus variable which is chosen by the researcher to determine its relationship to an observed phenomenon. 2. Dependent Variable – this is the response variable which is observed and measured to determine the effect of the interdependent variable. It changes when the independent variable varies. 3. Moderator Variable - this is a secondary or special type of independent variable chosen by the researcher to determine if it changes or modifies the relationships between the independent and dependent variables. 4. Control Variable – this is a variable that is controlled by the investigator in which the effects can be neutralized by eliminating or removing the variable. 5. Intervening Variable- this is a variable which interferes with the interdependent and dependent variables, but its effect can either strengthen or weaken the independent and dependent variables. Illustration (descriptive) RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY – DOREEN C. CASTILLO – PRELIM MODULE 5 HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT Interdependent Variable Intervening Variable Dependent Variable Academic Rank Age, Gender, Civil status, Research Performance Experiences, Socio- Economic Status, Values, Attitudes RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY – DOREEN C. CASTILLO – PRELIM MODULE 6 HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT APPLY ACTIVITY NO: HPC10-L1-A1 Direction: Based from your understanding, answer by identifying the following statement. Use the answer sheet provided next page. This is ten (10) points 1. Also known as pure research. The objective of this research is to develop a new theory or make modifications to an existing theory. 2. Used primarily to describe a problem, phenomenon or situation. 3. The type of research that produces practical knowledge or solutions in application to problems of man. 4. Mostly done by experts in research as it requires various testing methods to confirm validity of findings. 5. The main objective of this type of research is not to contribute to science but to give solution to an existing problem. 6. This is the response variable which is observed and measured to determine the effect of the interdependent variable. It changes when the independent variable varies. 7. A research activity that is typically for graduate program leading to master’s degree. 8. This is the stimulus variable which is chosen by the researcher to determine its relationship to an observed phenomenon. 9. This is a variable which interferes with the interdependent and dependent variables, but its effect can either strengthen or weaken the independent and dependent variables. 10. The main objective of this type of research is to describe what is prevalent with respect to the problem under study. Based from your understanding, answer the following question using the answer sheet provided next page. You will be graded according to (a) relevance and (b) clarity of thought. This is ten (10) points. 11. Explain briefly the meaning of research. RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY – DOREEN C. CASTILLO – PRELIM MODULE 7 HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT Answer Sheet: STUDENT NAME: _____________________________________________DATE: ________________ Course and year level: _________________________________ Activity no: HPC10- L1-A1 Direction: Based from your understanding, answer by identifying the following statement. Use this answer sheet. This is ten (10) points ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY – DOREEN C. CASTILLO – PRELIM MODULE 8 HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT LESSON 2 RESEARCH PROBLEMS AND ITS STRUCTURAL CONTENT FORMAT Introduction For many, choosing a topic is considered as a difficult task. This specific lesson will guide you in identifying your preferred topic upon knowing the factors to consider in choosing a topic, sources of research and other important information to make a research study useful. AIMS At the end of this lesson the students should be able to: 1. Identify the factors to be considered in choosing a research problem 2. Enumerate the characteristics of a good research problem 3. Explain the sources of research 4. Present the steps in formulating a research problem 5. Discuss the structural contents of the research format RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY – DOREEN C. CASTILLO – PRELIM MODULE 9 HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT ABSORB Factors that influence the selection of the Problem In formulating research problems, there are factors to be considered as follows: Interest – the researcher should choose a topic that interests him/her because it would be difficult to sustain the required motivation, time and energy to complete it. Magnitude – the topic should be manageable, specific and clear given the time and the resources of the researcher. Level of expertise – the researcher would do the most work and so he should have adequate level of expertise in his chosen topic. Data availability – data should be available for easier completion of the study. Relevance – the researcher should be able to choose a research topic that is relevant to his profession or something that is needed in the community. Funds – a research activity is an investment and therefore, needs funds. One needs fund for questionnaires, data analysis, for papers other materials, and for typing of the manuscript. Characteristics of Research Problems A research problem should be SMART: S – Specific M – Measurable A – Achievable R – Realistic T – Time Bound Specific – the problem should be explicitly stated and should be narrowed down to keep its focus. Measurable – the research problem should be measured using well-identified instruments or statistical methods. Achievable – the research problem should be able to derive data that can form part of recommendations. Realistic – the results of the research problem should be able to gather data scientifically that they are real and not manipulated. Time-bound – the research problem should be completed in a given time frame. RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY – DOREEN C. CASTILLO – PRELIM MODULE 10 HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT Sources of Research Problems The following are possible sources of research problems: Current and past researches – rich source of research problems even for research replication by using the same instrument, apparatus or equipment. But for descriptive research, the instrument such as questionnaires or test are administered to different groups of subjects and areas in order to compare the similarities and differences of the findings. Recommendations from published theses and dissertations – the researcher of the said theses, dissertations and journals recommend for future researches to be conducted Experiences of the researcher Problems of the locality and country Steps in Formulating Research Problems Below are the steps in formulating a research problem that the students could utilize in their output for this course: Step 1: Identify a broad field or subject of interest Step 2: Dissect the broad area into subareas Step 3: Raise research Questions Step 4: Formulate objectives Step 5: Assess your objectives Common mistakes Choosing a topic that you have emotional attachment No previous research/study Broad topic Tips in choosing topics Genuine interest Originality Review past researches Find the FRIN (further research is needed) Ask help from your adviser if you are stuck in choosing topic Tips in creating a Research Title Outlining – keyword, information from literature Drafting – multiple titles Formatting – not more than 15 words Surveying – solicit feedback among experts A title should be reflective of the problem under investigation and variables in the study RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY – DOREEN C. CASTILLO – PRELIM MODULE 11 HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT Structural contents of the Research Format 1. Before the main body a. Blank Page b. Title Page c. Recommendation for Oral Examination d. Approval Sheet e. Acknowledgement f. Dedication 2. The main body a. Chapter 1 – the problem and Its Background b. Chapter 2 – Review of Related Literature and Studies c. Chapter 3 – Research Methodology d. Chapter 4 – Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data e. Chapter 5 – Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations 3. After the main body a. Bibliography b. Appendices c. Curriculum Vitae Subtopics found on each chapter Chapter 1 – the problem and Its Background 1. Introduction 2. Theoretical Framework or Conceptual Framework 3. Statement of the Problem 4. Hypothesis of the study 5. Assumptions of the study 6. Significance of the study 7. Scope and limitations of the study 8. Definitions of Terms Chapter 2 – Review of Related Literature and Studies 1. Related literature (Local and Foreign) 2. Related Studies (Local and Foreign) 3. Justification of the Present Study Chapter 3 – Research Methodology 1. Research Design 2. Locale of the study 3. Population and sampling 4. Respondents of the study 5. Research Instruments 6. Data Gathering Procedure 7. Statistical Treatment of Data RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY – DOREEN C. CASTILLO – PRELIM MODULE 12 HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT Chapter 4 – Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data Chapter 5 – Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations Bibliography/References Appendices 1. Communication Letters 2. Survey Questionnaire 3. Sample Computations 4. Tables, Figures 5. Curriculum Vitae RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY – DOREEN C. CASTILLO – PRELIM MODULE 13 HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT APPLY ACTIVITY NO: HPC10-L2-A1 You must have your group at this time. If none, ask your instructor for your specific group. Each group is composing of 5 students. What to do per group: - Study the college research agenda focusing on the Hospitality and tourism related agendas. - Prepare and submit at least five (5) major problems in line of your specialization. Of these five, only one is chosen as your research title. o Usually research title should have no more than 15 words. - Write your answer in the answer sheet below. - Submit on schedule date - Include your names - Prepare for title defense Format: Research Leader: _______________________________ Members: ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ Proposed studies to adapt: ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ Research Agenda focused: ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ Problems Addressed: ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ Proposed adviser: ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY – DOREEN C. CASTILLO – PRELIM MODULE 14 HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT TITLE DEFENSE RUBRIC MATERIAL This should be turned in to your teacher before you start presenting A. CONTENT (35 POINTS) 1. The researcher reviewed possible studies to adapt 10 7 4 1 2. The researcher can identify the variable/s in the study 10 7 4 1 3. The researcher displays foresight as in the possible flow 10 7 4 1 of the proposed title 4. The researcher has truly walked the “extra mile” for this 5 3 2 1 work (oral and written) SUB-TOTAL __________ B. AUXILIARIES (15 POINTS) 1. The researcher exhibits readiness in the defense. 8 6 4 2 (reservation of equipment, handouts production, etc.) 2. The researcher wears the proper attire during the 7 5 4 2 defense SUB-TOTAL__________ TOTAL _______/50 It is hoped that you also used the rubric as a guide Make sure you already have at least thirty (30) references to back you up in both the title defense and the proposal defense. RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY – DOREEN C. CASTILLO – PRELIM MODULE 15 HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT Answer Sheet: Group members: ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ DATE: ________________ Course and year level: _________________________________ Activity no: HPC10- L2-A1 Group Work ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY – DOREEN C. CASTILLO – PRELIM MODULE 16 HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT LESSON 3 Chapter 1: The Problem and Its Background Introduction As explained, some studies may not use the term “chapter” to refer to the research parts. They may use part 1 or other terms. In this course however, we will use “chapters” to present the research part. The first chapter is the beginning of the main text or body of the research paper. Below are the subparts of the first chapter of the research work that each researcher shall be familiarized with. AIMS At the end of this lesson the students should be able to: 1. Discuss and explain the contents of Chapter 1 2. Explain research objectives 3. Discuss the function of hypothesis in research 4. Explain the significance of the study, scope, and limitations, definitions of terms and acronyms as part of research RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY – DOREEN C. CASTILLO – PRELIM MODULE 17 HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT ABSORB Chapter 1 – the problem and Its Background 1. Introduction 2. Theoretical Framework or Conceptual Framework 3. Statement of the Problem 4. Hypothesis of the study 5. Assumptions of the study 6. Significance of the study 7. Scope and limitations of the study 8. Definitions of Terms Research problem and objectives are stated using SMART. They are different because a research problem is stated in interrogative form while the objectives are stated in declarative format. Introduction The introduction part explains the rationale behind the study. It explains the basis for conducting the study in its broad sense until it narrows down to specific field of study. It is also at this stage where the researcher would justify the importance of embarking on a study he chose. An overview of the whole study is also explained in this part, it should be written carefully to create impact and generate interest and enthusiasm to read on the part of the reader. This sets the tone of the rest of the paper. Statements in this chapter should signify the importance of the paper through statements supported and substantiated by references from important researches. Reports or quotations taken from references should not be more than one-third of a page. Common Mistakes in writing Introduction Providing irrelevant background information , Not mentioning of gap (s) and controversies about the subject Not using literature as the foundation of the research No thesis statement Tips in writing Introduction Write a strong thesis statement and provide a compelling reason(s) why you are conducting the study Must be brief and clear (inclusive of the Literature review) Long sentences must be avoided and ambiguities eliminated. RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY – DOREEN C. CASTILLO – PRELIM MODULE 18 HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT MAIN PARAGRAPH Broad, general statement, introduces topic. The rest of the introduction narrows from broad statement (MEGA level) to the main points (MACRO level) of the paper MIDDLE PARAGRAPH Discussion here narrows to the supporting point of the study from the study area (MICRO level) CONCLUDING PARAGRAPH The purpose of Introduction is for the authors Final paragraph begins with a restatement to briefly introduce the subject including the of study; tie in all important main points purpose of the study. and then end with the major purpose and the reason why you are conducting the study. Background of the Study This provides the reader information so that they can understand the purpose of the research. It gives a historical account from various resources or references from external sources. It describes the problematic situation, the extent and gravity of the problem, what are its effect and how it led to the researcher to conduct the study and eventually conceptualize the research problem. Tips: First paragraph should link to the last paragraph in the introduction section Information that brought about the problem being investigated must be cited with facts – dates/year, people involved in the problem, legal bases (if any) and other pertinent information Discussion of the research environment or research locale (setting of the study), citing aspects related to the research problem Theoretical Framework or Conceptual Framework Both theoretical and conceptual frameworks provide clear explanation regarding the relationships of variables. The fact that variables can be RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY – DOREEN C. CASTILLO – PRELIM MODULE 19 HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT associated but does not guarantee that the relationship of variables has significant difference with each other, hence, research study must have theoretical framework to describe properly the relationships of variables. Theoretical Framework The theoretical framework shapes the justification of the research problem/research objectives in order to provide the legal basis for defining its parameters. It is desirable for an investigator to identify key concepts that are used in the study for better understan ding of the role of theory in research. Theoretical framework is a symbolic construction which uses abstract concepts, facts or laws, variables and their relations that explain and predict how an observed phenomenon exists and operates. Conceptual frame work Conceptual framework presents specific and well -defined concepts which are called constructs. Its function is similar to theoretical framework because the constructs used are derived from abstract concepts of the theoretical framework. Statement of the Problem This is the main subject of the study and the focal point of the inquiry. It can be supplemented by sub problems where each should be answered through different methods at the end of the study. This should be specific, clearly and simply stated and arranged logically according to the research or conceptual paradigm. The statement of the problem can be expressed either generally or specifically. a. How do we state the problem? Every research starts with a problem or problems. At the start, the problem may be broad one. In this case, it needs to be made specific and clear by breaking up the major problem into smaller or limited ones. b. How can you make the problem specific? Read lots of materials that are relevant to the topic. The topic is broad because not much about it is known. In this case, one needs to survey and gather related literature. focus on areas you want to improve find theory as guide in formulating research problems should capture the essence of your intended project also help you to put boundaries around it. c. How to state the statement of the problem? There are two ways of stating a problem: RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY – DOREEN C. CASTILLO – PRELIM MODULE 20 HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT In question form: Example: Statement of the problem: the study seeks to answer the following questions: a. General What are the motivation of college students to enroll in HTM programs? b. Specific: 1. What is the profile of college students in terms of: 1.1 age; 1.2 socio-economic status; and 1.3 parents educational attainment 2. What are the intrinsic motivation of college students to enroll in HTM programs as to: 2.1 personal; 2.2 social; or 2.3 economic 3. What are the extrinsic motivation of college students to enroll in HTM programs as regards to: 3.1 popularity of the courses; 3.2 peer influence; 3.3 parents choice; 3.4 school factors; and 3.5 teacher factors 4. Are there significant relationship between: 4.1 personal variables and intrinsic motivation factors 4.2 personal variables and extrinsic motivation factors In topical form: Statement of the problem: the study seeks to determine the following: a. General The motivations of college students to enroll in HTM programs. b. Specific: 1. The profile of college students in terms of: 1.1 age; 1.2 socio-economic status; and 1.3 parents educational attainment 2. The intrinsic motivation of college students to enroll in HTM programs as to: 2.1 personal; 2.2 social; or 2.3 economic 3. The extrinsic motivation of college students to enroll in HTM programs as regards to: 3.1 popularity of the courses; 3.2 peer influence; 3.3 parents choice; 3.4 school factors; and RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY – DOREEN C. CASTILLO – PRELIM MODULE 21 HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT 3.5 teacher factors 4. Significant relationship between: 4.1 personal variables and intrinsic motivation factors 4.2 personal variables and extrinsic motivation factors Common mistakes: lack of clarity and articulation, and lack of focus problem specification is too broad a research problem is trivial, too simple Tips: focus on areas you want to improve find theory as guide in formulating research problems should capture the essence of your intended project also help you to put boundaries around it. Objectives of the Study These are the goals a researcher wants to attain in his/her study. Objectives can be stated under: Main objectives Sub-objectives The main objective is the main thrust of the study that a researcher seeks to discover. The sub-objectives are specific aspects of the topic that one wants to investigate within the total study. Hypothesis Hypothesis is a wild guess, hunch or assertion of an idea about a phenomenon, relationship that the researcher doesn’t know. Hypothesis brings clarity, specificity and focus to the research problem. It gives specific information to collect and thereby giving more focus. Hypotheses may be wild guesses that you anticipate will happen in the study. A hypothesis is a tentative solution to a particular problem which may be accepted or rejected, depending on what the facts are. Hypothesis is important for it tells the researcher what to do and how to go about solving a research problem. This will give the researcher a better position if there are hypothesis to guide them on the kind of data to collect. Below are the characteristics of hypothesis: Validity is unknown RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY – DOREEN C. CASTILLO – PRELIM MODULE 22 HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT It specific relationship between 2 variables It is a tentative proposition Simple, specific and conceptually clear Capable of verification Related to existing body of knowledge The research problem forms the basic focus of the research; however, it does not communicate sufficient information to direct the research. Therefore, hypotheses are needed as they are more specific. Hypotheses divide the research problem into smaller parts, they control the whole structure of the research, and they are validated or invalidated. The function of Hypothesis in research report 1. It introduces the thinking of the researcher, of what is objective or target of research in his mind. 2. It structures the next stage of the research report after presenting the variables in the study. 3. It identifies the characteristic of the researcher, whether an objective or a biased researcher. 4. It brings the research to a deeper analysis of the variables in the study. 5. It identifies what the research hopes and contemplates for the study. 6. It helps a research provide the format of the presentation of data gathered in the study. Types of Hypothesis The Null Hypothesis Null, in mathematics, means “empty” or zero. Hence we try to show the corresponding statistical hypothesis. Null hypothesis (H0) is a denial of an existence of a trait, characteristic, quality, value, correlation or difference of the result. And it is always stated in negative form. Alternative Hypothesis Alternative hypothesis is the opposite extreme of the null hypothesis because the former is stated in positive form. Alternative hypothesis (H1) is an affirmation of the existence of observed phenomena. Always stated in affirmative form and is the opposite of null hypothesis. Example H0 (descriptive research) Specific problem: Is there correlation between job related problems and job performance of hotel staff in the city and province of Batanes, Philippines? Null hypothesis (H0). There is no correlation between job-related problems of hotel staff in the city and province of Batanes, Philippines. H0 : X = Y = 0 RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY – DOREEN C. CASTILLO – PRELIM MODULE 23 HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT Where, H0 stands for null hypothesis; X stands for job-related problems of hotel staff; and Y, Job performance of hotel staff. Since correlation between X and Y or job-related problems and Job performance of hotel staff is zero, hence it is equal or there is no correlation at all. Example H1 (descriptive research) Specific problem: Is there a significant difference on the educational qualification and socioeconomic status of professors in the state universities and colleges in the Philippines? Alternative hypothesis (H1). There is a significant difference in the educational qualification and socio-economic status of professors in state universities and colleges in the Philippines. H1: X1 ≠ X2,; X1 > X2 or X1 < X2 Since there is a difference on the educational qualification and socioeconomic status of professors in state universities and colleges in the Philippines, hence the difference is not equal, either the educational qualification (X 1) is greater than socioeconomic status (X2) or X1 is lesser than X2. In practice, the null hypothesis (H0) is commonly used because is easy to reject and accept it. For instance, if the result is significant, reject H 0; if insignificant, accept H0. The following are types of hypothesis: Null hypothesis – state in negative form Alternative Hypothesis – stated in positive form Process of testing Hypothesis 1. Formulate your guess of assumption 2. Collect the required data 3. Analyze data to draw conclusions Tips: Formulated as declarative sentences Express a relationship of at least two variables Must have the ability to be tested Significance of the study This indicates the contribution of the study in the improvement of a condition. The researcher should be able to defend that his study will enrich methods and procedures, solve existing problems, bridge and improve knowledge gap and deficiency, and help social, economic and technological difficulties of a country, locale or community. The significance of the study will give meaning and depth to the research process. The usefulness of the results should be able to research a number of people or industries. RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY – DOREEN C. CASTILLO – PRELIM MODULE 24 HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT It can be presented either in the inductive or deductive perspective. In an inductive perspective, the investigator states the importance of the study from the particular to general. He starts presenting the importance of the study from the target beneficiaries, to the researcher himself, to the people in the community, province, region and nation. Likewise, in deductive perspective, general to particular, presentation of the importance of the study starts from the national level, regional, provincial, local, to the researcher and target beneficiary. Scope and limitation of the Study Under the scope of the study, the researcher will have to state where and when the study will be conducted and who the subjects are. It sets the delimitations and established the boundaries of the study. Also, it states the specific variables covered in the study. The limitations of the study then refer to the aspect of the study which may affect the results adversely but over which the researcher has no control. This includes the coverage and constraints that have direct effect on the study. Examples of limitations are geographical boundaries and financial restrictions. It may also include frank or honest admission of any weaknesses or limitations of the research study concerning the sampling technique, scope of treatment, variables covered in the instrument, time constraint and the like. Definition of Terms Some terms should be defined in research paper in order for the researcher and the reader to think the same in terms of what is being said. Terms can be defined in two ways as follows: Conceptual Definition – based on concepts that are taken from journals, encyclopedias, dictionaries and other general information books. Operational Definition – based on observable characteristics and based on how the terms were used in the study. Should the researcher used acronyms, there should be an added section under the definition of terms where letters and symbols should be clearly defined and explained. ( e.g. CHED – Commission on Higher Education) RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY – DOREEN C. CASTILLO – PRELIM MODULE 25 HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT APPLY ACTIVITY NO: HPC10-L3-A1 GROUP WORK Based on your Research/Thesis title chosen, Formulate the following: Chapter 1 – the problem and Its Background 1. Introduction 2. Theoretical Framework or Conceptual Framework 3. Statement of the Problem 4. Hypothesis of the study 5. Assumptions of the study 6. Significance of the study 7. Scope and limitations of the study 8. Definitions of Terms RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY – DOREEN C. CASTILLO – PRELIM MODULE 26 HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT LESSON 4 RESEARCH ETHICS AND RESEARCH TOOLS Introduction Moral values that direct researchers to perform and report research without deceit or intention to harm study participants or members of society as a whole, knowingly or unknowingly. Practicing ethical standards when conducting and reporting on research is important in order to determine the validity of research. Every researcher must obey the ethical guidelines provided by the regulatory committees to ensure the safety of the study participants, of the general public and of the researcher himself. Ethical advice will ensure that your study is authentic and error-free and that you gain public credibility and support. This will ensure that your work is free of plagiarism and that no unverified data reaches the readers of your article. One common reason why students and other researchers are not doing research is that they don't know what to do. They can't just think of the right word or expression to explain what they want to say. It's a good thing that these problems are now easy to address due to the advent of research tools. This lesson will present the most popular research methods you can use to make your research simpler and free from potential errors. AIMS At the end of this lesson the students should be able to: 1. Discuss ethics in research 2. Explain the type of risks that a participant may encounter in research 3. Identify the elements of informed consent 4. Identify the types of informed consent in research 5. Recognize the characteristic of an ethical researcher 6. Identify the types of confidential identifiers. 7. Identify the different research tools available in the internet. 8. Use the research tools in improving their proposals. RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY – DOREEN C. CASTILLO – PRELIM MODULE 27 HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT ABSORB Introduction to ethics in Research RESEARCH An activity that inquiries into particular subject with the aim to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge (including theories, principles and relationships) or any accumulation of information using scientific methods: observation, inference and analysis. Not medical treatment, surveillance, audit, mere program evaluation Not unsystematic, disorganized, and without focus RESEARCH WITH HUMAN BEINGS Any social science, biomedical, or epidemiologic activity that entails systematic collection or analysis of data with the intent to generate new knowledge in which human being are exposed to manipulation, intervention, observation or other interaction with investigators either directly or though alteration of their environment, or become individually identifiable through researcher’s collection, preparation, or use of biological material or medical or other records. (WHO) CLINICAL TRIAL Any investigation in human participants intended to discover or verify the clinical, pharmalogical and/or other pharmacodynamics effects, identify any adverse reactions, study absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of investigational product/s with the object of ascertaining its safety and/or efficacy (and registering it for public use) ETHICS IN RESEARCH It is a framework applying broad ethical principles to the responsible conduct of research and to use of any outcomes resulting from research. It is focus on research participant and consider community and environment in ethics. Researcher o A qualified scientist who undertakes responsibility for the scientific and ethical integrity of a research at a specific site Investigator o Responsible for the conduct of the clinical trial at a trial site Protocol/research proposal o A document that provides the background, rationale, and objectives of a research and describes its design, methodology, organization including ethical and statistical considerations (a research proposal is the submitted protocol for approval) RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY – DOREEN C. CASTILLO – PRELIM MODULE 28 HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT Sponsor o An individual, company, institution, or organization which takes responsibility for the initiation, management, and/or financing of a clinical trial. Importance of ethics in Research It is the right thing to do It aims to protects research participants It promotes advocacy for research participants “rights, safety, and well-being of (research participants) are the most important considerations and should prevail over the interest of science and society.” Preserves credibility, trust, and accountability Reduces liabilities, no wasted time and resources Turns useless, harmful, worthless to useful, helpful, worthy Why Ethics in Research? Considerations 1. Learn from the past – some researcher acted inappropriately. 2. Believe that there are correct ways of doing research. 3. Value research participants a. While the primary purpose of (research) is to generate the knowledge, this goal can never precedence over the rights and interest of individual research(participants). b. Protection of participants is a universal concern. c. Foremost responsibility of researcher is the protection of rights, safety, welfare or research participants. d. Chooses to join. 4. Value self – as honorable and trustworthy 5. Value community and environment – impact on the community which participants represent both during and after research ( is it or does it have social value) COMPONENTS OF ETHICAL RESEARCH 1. Social value 2. Scientific soundness (methodology) 3. Adherence to ethical principles 4. Researcher competence 5. Community involvement 6. Review by independent committee BENEFICENCE (definition) It is an action that is done for the benefits of others. A concept in research ethics which states that researchers should have the welfare of the participants as a goal of any research. It is applied to: ◦ Parties ◦ Community RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY – DOREEN C. CASTILLO – PRELIM MODULE 29 HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT ◦ Society NON-MALEFICENCE Means to “do no harm.” The pertinent ethical issue is whether the benefits outweigh the burdens/risks. TYPES OF RISK 1. Physical Usually minor discomfort or pain Potentially serious or disabling Transient or permanent 2. Psychological Usually minor discomfort or pain Potentially serious or disabling Transient or permanent 3. Social Usually minor discomfort or pain Potentially serious or disabling Transient or permanent 4. Economic Usually minor discomfort or pain Potentially serious or disabling Transient or permanent Principle of Respect for Person: Informed Consent A. Respect for Person - Respect for person is manifested by: 1. Courtesy 2. Cultural sensitivity 3. Gender sensitivity 4. Free and informed consent B. Respect for Person/Autonomy a. Respect for Autonomy which requires that those who are capable of deliberation about their personal choices should be treated with respect for their capacity for self-determination; and b. Protection of person with impaired or diminished autonomy which requires that those who are dependent or vulnerable be afforded security against harm or abuse (Belmont Report 1979) - Legal counsel to do the consent Free and Informed Consent Free and informed consent is based on the principle of respect for person/autonomy or self-determination. The right of competent person (capable of deliberation and personal choice) to decide what is in his or her best interest. A process by which one gives permission to another to invade one’s privacy. Obtained with respect, honesty and concern. Given by one who knows what s/he is giving and freely chooses to do so. RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY – DOREEN C. CASTILLO – PRELIM MODULE 30 HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT Neither a “now or never” nor a “forever”. Always a TRUST Informed Consent in Research It is a VOLUNTARY agreement to participate in research [by the researcher and participant] and Not merely a form that is signed but is a process. Goal of Informed Consent ◦ To provide sufficient information so that a participant can make an informed decision ◦ To ensure that a participant freely chooses to enroll in a study or to continue participation Must be obtained for ALL types of research involving human participants ◦ Diagnostic ◦ Therapeutic ◦ Interventional ◦ Social ◦ Behavioural (observational – but still needed) Informed consent may be waived by the REC under certain conditions. Elements of Informed Consent in Research 1. Information His/Her rights purpose of the study Procedures to be undergone Potential risks and benefits of participation Procedure to mitigate the risks Alternative to participation Length of time the participant is expected to be in the study Statement regarding the participants right to privacy and confidentiality Data retention limits Statement indicating that refusal to participate will not result in any consequences or any loss of benefits in the event of a research-related injury or emergency. Conditional Information The legal rights of participants may not be waived. Participants may not be asked to release or appear to release the researcher, the sponsor, the institution or its agents from liability for negligence. ◦ Inform consent maybe localize- translated ◦ Must be understood of a grade 6 student ◦ Simple language RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY – DOREEN C. CASTILLO – PRELIM MODULE 31 HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT Payment for participation Additional costs from participation Risks to vulnerable participants (embryo, fetus, mentally ill, etc.) Circumstances when researcher may “withdraw” participants (inclusion/exclusion criteria) o Inclusion criteria – Factors used to judge a participant’s eligibility to participate in a research (age, sex, race..). o Exclusion criteria - factors utilized to determine whether an individual is ineligible to participate in a clinical trial or research. Early withdrawal consequences Statement regarding how significant new findings will be communicated o In case of incapacitated, legal authorize representative 2. Comprehension: language, Technology 3. Voluntariness (the participants must choose FREELY or WILLINGLY to join the study) 4. The participant must be given sufficient time to think and consider participation 5. Documentation (signature or thumb mark on the ICF; description of the process, attested by a witness) 6. Vulnerable populations must receive extra protection (prisoners, children) 7. The process of consenting is ongoing and must be made clear to the participant that is their right to withdraw or opt-out of the study or procedure at any time not just at the initial signing of paper work. Types of Informed Consent 1. CONSENT – an adult participation, capable of giving permission to participate in a research study, can provide consent. the participant must be 18 years of age and competent to make the decision to participate. 2. PARENTAL/LEGALLY AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE(LAR) CONSENT – when children/persons with diminished autonomy are included in research, the parent or legally authorized representative must sign the informed consent document. Some situations require permission from at least one parent, while other situations require permission from both parents. 3. ASSENT – a child’s affirmative agreement to participate in research. Written at the appropriate reading level of the youngest participant in the age range and use simple terminology. less than 7 – no formal assent; LAR sign ICF 7-12yrs – verbal assent; documentation; LAR sign ICF 13-15 yrs – simplified assent form; LAR sign ICF 15-18yrs – ICF signed by parent/LAR and parcticipant Any sign of dissent is respected at any age. 4. VERBAL CONSENT – contains all elements of written consent, however, the participant has verbally read the elements and verbally agrees to join. Verbal consent may require corroborating documentation. RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY – DOREEN C. CASTILLO – PRELIM MODULE 32 HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT 5. SHORT FORM – generally used when there is a language barrier and an English REC – approved consent is orally translated in the native language of the research participants. AN ETHICAL RESEARCHER Qualified (by education and Training) Humble and collegial Commands respect and is respectful himself Honest and trustworthy Competent and diligent Respects and follows rules and regulations Morally upright( has good sense of what is right and what is not right) EXAMPLES OF MISTREATMENT OF RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS Absent or inadequate informed consent Exposure or participants to physical or psychological harm without informing them of the potential for harm Exposure of participants (or the environment) to harm because research practices or protocols do not meet accepted and/or specified standards Failure to maintain confidentiality of human data without specific consent from the participant CONFIDENTIALITY: TYPES OF IDENTIFIERS NAMES Geographic information Elements of dates (except year) birth, death, admission, and discharge dates) Telephone numbers Fax numbers Email ad Social security numbers Account numbers Certificate/license numbers Vehicle identifiers (serial number) Device identifiers URLs IP address numbers Biometric identifiers Full face photos Other unique identifier RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY – DOREEN C. CASTILLO – PRELIM MODULE 33 HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT DIFFERENT TYPES OF RESEARCH TOOLS Grammarly It is a free writing app that you can use to make your online writing clear and effective. Grammarly's algorithms flag potential issues in the text and make context-specific suggestions to help with grammar, spelling and usage, wordiness, style, punctuation, and even plagiarism How to create account in grammarly: 1. Open the www.google.com 2. On the search bar type “grammarly” 3. Click grammarly 4. Click log in 5. Create an account using you email address RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY – DOREEN C. CASTILLO – PRELIM MODULE 34 HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT Quillbot It is a paraphrasing tool that rewrite sentences, paragraphs or articles using state of the art Al. How to use quillbot 1. Open the www.google.com 2. On the search bar type “quillbot” or, 3. Type https://quillbot.com/ then search. 4. Create an account using your email address a. You may want to try: a. Paste the any sentence or paragraph to the quiilbot textbox b. click rephrase RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY – DOREEN C. CASTILLO – PRELIM MODULE 35 HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT Duplicate checker This application is a free and accurate online tool used to check plagiarism. How to access: 1. Type https://www.duplichecker.com/comparison 2. You will arrive to this. 3. If you want to try: a. Copy and paste the two versions of abstract on the two text boxes of the Duplichecker website. b. Click “compare content” button c. After comparing, your will receive the result- indicating how many percent does the first content matched the second content. Other similarity Index tools that you can use Quetext Turnitin Ithenticate plagscan RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY – DOREEN C. CASTILLO – PRELIM MODULE 36 HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT APPLY ACTIVITY NO: HPC10-L4-A1 Directions: Answer the following question. Use spaces given below to write your answer. You will be graded according to (a) relevance and (b) clarity of thought. This is THIRTY (30) points Answer BRIEFLY: 1. What is the main reason for considering ethics in research? 2. What are types of risk that a participant could possibly encountered due to negligence of a researcher? 3. what are the elements of informed consent? Explain briefly. 4. Enumerate the types of informed consent and give brief description of each. 5. When can we say that an individual is an “ethical researcher”? 6. What are the specific information or data that are considered confidential and needs the permission of the person before disclosing to the public? RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY – DOREEN C. CASTILLO – PRELIM MODULE 37 HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT ANSWER SHEET Student Name: __________________________________ Date: ___________________ Course Code: ________________________________ ACTIVITY NO: HPC10-L4-A1 This is THIRTY (30) points ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ (use separate sheet if necessary) RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY – DOREEN C. CASTILLO – PRELIM MODULE 38 HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT ACTIVITY NO: HPC10-L4-A2 Create individual account for grammarly and quillbot. Submit evidence. RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY – DOREEN C. CASTILLO – PRELIM MODULE 39 HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT REFERENCES Calmorin, L.P., Calmorin M.A. (2007) Research Methods and Thesis Writing. Manila: Rex Bookstore,Inc. Bago, A., (2011) Thesis Writing with Confidence. Quezon city: C&E publishing, Inc. Adanza, E.G. et. Al (2009) Methods of Research: A primer. Manila: Rex Bookstore,Inc. Calderon, J.F., Gonzales, E.C., (1993) Methods of Research and Thesis Writing. Mandaluyong: National Book Store. National Ethical Guidelines for Health and Health-Related Research (2017) Hand-Outs from Basic Research Ethics Training conducted by Philippine Health Research Ethics - Philippine Research Ethics Board, CHED. 2019 www.grammarly.com www.quillbot.com www.Duplichecker.com RESEARCH IN HOSPITALITY – DOREEN C. CASTILLO – PRELIM MODULE 40
