History Study Guide: Unit 4 - Founding of Rome (PDF)

Founding of Rome A. Who were the Romans?: The Romans were a group of people who originated in the city of Rome, which is now located in Italy. They were a successful imperial power that ruled over a large area of the world for nearly 1,000 years. The...

Founding of Rome A. Who were the Romans?: The Romans were a group of people who originated in the city of Rome, which is now located in Italy. They were a successful imperial power that ruled over a large area of the world for nearly 1,000 years. The Romans had a significant impact on the culture, history, and language of many countries in Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. B. Who did they say they were?: The Roman founding myth involved Romulus and Remus, descendants of the god Mars, who were said to have founded Rome. The Romans can be seen as people who will fight viciously for the sake of Rome. They are loyal for the right cause. C. What do the early myths tell us about who the were and who they say they are? Early Roman myths, particularly the story of Romulus and Remus, tell us that the Romans believed their city was founded by twin brothers, descendants of the Trojan hero Aeneas and the war god Mars, signifying their connection to a heroic past and emphasizing their military spirit and lineage from a prestigious ancestor, thus portraying themselves as a powerful and divinely chosen people with a strong military heritage. The Romans wanted to be seen as persistent, religious, courageous, and strong at heart. Aeneas is a symbol of the whole nation as one man throughout his journey. D. How can birdwatching settle fraternal disputes? The two brothers Romulus and Remus decided who the city would be named after by having a birdwatching competition on separate hills. Rome: Foundation myths A. The Difficulty in Reconstructing the Early History of Rome (Livy. 59 BCE- 17 CE. (6.1.1-3)) a. Written records are not trustworthy and are scant (rare, infrequent). B. Modern historians: a. around 2000 BCE Indo-European peeps came into Italy and settled b. -one group was called Latins, lived in region called Latium, and founded a settlement on a river, Tiber River, which became Rome C. What the Romans say a. Livy wrote a book on early history ”From the Founding of our City” b. agree that peeps called Latins lived in Latium and founded a city on Tiber c. connect their early history to the Trojan War (1200 BCE) and tell the story of Aeneas, a Trojan hero, who comes to Italy i. Aeneas = son of Aphrodite/Venus ii. at the end of the Trojan War, Aeneas as a refugee flees to Italy and settles in Latium iii. Romans are mix of Trojans and Latins  iv. Poet Vergil tells the story of Aeneas in Aeneid v. Aeneas founder of Rome D. Rome’s origins story is odd. Reflect on Livy and Virgil a. Livy i. Romulus and Remus 1. Livy’s account of Rome’s founding tells the story of Romulus and Remus, twin sons of Mars and Rhea Silvia, who were abandoned but saved by a she-wolf and raised by shepherds. 2. After overthrowing their tyrannical great-uncle, they sought to found a city. 3. A dispute over its location led Romulus to kill Remus, and Romulus became the city’s founder, naming it Rome. 4. Palatine Hill: b. Virgil E. Rome: Etruscan Influence (Who were the Etruscans? What Impact did they have on Rome? What connection do they have to us today? a. Etruscans: i. Neighbors (Etruria) of Latins in Latium and powerful 1000-509 BCE ii. Historical significance? 1. Influence roman culture and on Rome as a city, it was just a village before Etrusan rule 2. Examples a. Fasces: a symbol imperium (political authority) i. Roman symbol of office introduced during the Royal Period by the Etruscans. ii. They were a bundle of rods tied with red thongs. iii. The inclusion of an axe indicated the presence of a magistrate who could inflict capital punishment. iv. Within city limits, initially only a dictator had the right to the inclusion of an axe. v. The number of lictors carrying fasces indicated the rank of an official. b. Anthropomorphic Gods (Roman were animists) c. Cloaca Maxima” Drainage system in the forum i. Cloaca Maxima ("Great Sewer") in Rome (opening into the Tiber) ii. Channel that drains valleys between the Esquiline, Quininal, Palatine, and Capitoline Hills d. Alphabet Romans & Monarchy how did Romans remember? Was it seen as a positive or negative time in history? F. Sabines: Can you connect the story of the Sabines to any other events we discussed? What do we learn of Rome from a story on this? a. The Sabines were an ancient Italic people integral to Rome’s early history. b. Their most famous role comes from the legend of the Sabine women, who were abducted by Romulus and his followers to provide wives for the Romans. c. When the Sabine men sought to reclaim them, the women intervened to stop the fighting, leading to peace and the unification of Romans and Sabines. d. This event symbolizes the integration of different peoples into Roman society. e. The Sabine women are remembered as peacemakers and foundational figures in Roman family life. G. Republic: 509 BC-27 H. Monarchy: 753 BC - 509 BC a. Rome: End of the Monarchy I. What are we talking about? a. Aspects of Republican Constitution b. Struggle of Orders c. GOAL: To understand how Roman govt evolves after the Monarchy J. Goals of the republican govt were to diffusion of power, checks and balances and prevent the return of Monarchy K. Consuls a. Group of men that led armies and presided over senate b. Elected by elite controlled assembly…had to hold many previous office c. 2 male consuls elected annually d. Named 3wht year called e. Had to be 42 f. 1 year term g. Could veto each other h. This was rome’s way of creating a checks and balances system L. Senate a. Highly respected statesman that advised the magistrates b. an advisory body of government c. Sovereign body of roman govt and most important advisory body d. 300 senators during republic, but the number varied e. Term: Life f. Wore: special togas with a broad purple stripe so they would be Id’s g. SPQR: Senate and the people of Rome i. Shows how important the senate was ii. Has to do with the govt that that replaced the monarchy in Rome in 509 BCE M. Assemblies a. Do the electing, the passing of laws, and they deal with foreign affairs b. A lot of assemblies c. Some were controlled by elite  d. Some were create as part as THE STRUGGLE OF THE ORDERS to appease the Plebeians (e.g. the one that passed “People’s Decrees”...laws created by the plebeians) N. Cursus Honorum a. “The COurse of Honors” b. Career path of the Romans politicians, leading to consulship c. Political offices had to be held in a specific order often set around the politician’s progress d. For instance, had to hold the quaestorship to be in senate and a consul had to be a senate and 42 years O. Patricians a. Upper class elite families b. Only 6% of population c. Held most of authority and political power d. In early republic e. During the struggle of orders, they were a closed group…couldn’t marry Plebeians f. Changed with passage of Lex Canuleia g. Even after romans were aware with families were patricians P. Plebeians a. Common citizens of Rome b. Could be rich or poor c. Made up most of population but had little to no political power during early republic i. This led to a massive walk-out called Secessio 1. Plebs all stood on the aventine hill together to protest social inequalities. d. Exploitations by Pats caused a social revolution called the Struggle of the Orders i. Which led to widespread reforms during Republic ii. Main issues to fix 1. No abuse against the powerful 2. Role in the government iii. Through the Struggle, they gained social and political influence Q. Struggle of the Orders a. Social revolution in 5th/6th century b. Plebs wanted to gain big rights i. such as representation by tribunes of the Plebs(i.e. Politicians sworn to support the non-elite ii. Influence in Assemblies iii. Written law code iv. Ability to hold high political offices 1. Poor wanted warranty against Pats who abused their power 2. Wealthy wanted a role in govt as tributes  c. This social reform allowed the poor and the wealthy Plebs to have a voice i the republic d. Concessions of the Struggle of Orders i. Tribunes of the Plebs. 471 BC \ ii. Codification of Laws: 12 Tables. 449 BC iii. Lex Canuleia. 445 BC e. R. Forum a. Large political hub in Rome that was surrounded by temples and other public buildings b. Included the people’s assembly, the senate chamber, and the Rostra c. Served as a meeting place, marketplace, law court, and political arena d. The social, political and social center of rome S. Twelve Tables and Cursus Honorum (see above) a. 12 tables first set of written roman las b. Romans saw as sense of pride so much so that children would memorize the tables for centuries after c. Written as a concession to the Plebs during the struggle of the Order d. Displayed in the forum e. Some of the Laws i. Lex Cannula: no intermarriage ii. Females still have guardians when they reach maturity iii. You can gather fruit from another…rustic communit6y iv. If father surrenders son x 3, son is free T. Tribunes of the Plebs a. 10 elected leaders of the Plebs whose roles were to represent the people b. S interests and protect them from outrage c. This position was created as a concession to the Plebs who wanted more rep in govt d. You had to be a PLeb to be on the tribune e. Positio highly sought after and help significant political influence f. Tribunes had the right to veto in govt U. Equestrians; a. A social class in republican imperial Rome b. Wealthy Plebs who could afford to be part of the cavalry, which requires a horse c. Business class in rome who did not participate in govt initially d. Had a special toga that marked them as important (thin purple stripe in contract to the senator’s thick stripe) V. Hierarchy Chart (print slide 43) W. Republican Constitution (slide 44) a. Dictator: 6 month term; only in crisis b. Consuls (see above; they are chief executive magistrates) c. Senate: Advised magistrates d. Assemblies  i. Centuriate: elected certain officizls (consuls) ii. Concilium Plebis: Passes “People’s Decrees” iii. Comitia Tributa Populi: psses legislation, elects quastors) EVENTS TIMELINE (print slide 48) iv. v. 1. Buzzwords I. Livy (59 BCE-17 CE) II. Latin/Latium III. Aeneas (Virgil’s Aeneid) IV. Tiber River V. Romulus (753-717 BCE) VI. Remus VII. Palatine Hill VIII. April 21, 753 BCE IX. Etruscans X. Etruria XI. Fasces, a symbol of imperium XII. Animists XIII. Cloaca Maxima XIV. Monarchy 753-509 BCE XV. XVI. Buzzwords: Tiber River Romulus (753-717 BCE) Remus Palatine Hill April 21, 753 BCE Etruscans Etruria Fasces, a symbol of imperium Animists Cloaca Maxima Monarchy 753-509 BCE Sabines Tarquin “the Proud” 534-509 BCE Lucretia The Republic 509- 27 BCE Consul Veto Cursus Honorum Senate SPQR Assemblies Struggle of Orders Patricians and Plebeians Secessio 494 BCE Tribune of Plebs 471 BCE 12 Tables 449 BCE Lex Canuleia 445 BCE vi. Tarquin “the Proud” 534-509 BCE vii. Lucretia viii. The Republic 509- 27 BCE ix. Consul x. Veto xi. Cursus Honorum xii. Senate xiii. SPQR xiv. Assemblies xv. Struggle of Orders xvi. Patricians and Plebeians xvii. Secessio 494 BCE xviii. Tribune of Plebs 471 BCE xix. 12 Tables 449 BCE xx. Lex Canuleia 445 BCE Vergil, Aeneid (1st century BCE) Aeneas Iulus/Ascanius, son of Aeneas Dido, Queen of Carthage 1. Founding of Rome Who were the Romans? Who did they say they were? How did their early myths relate to these questions? What sort of civilization would make a story like this to explain their origins? What’s being stressed in the story? What can we learn about the Romans from this story as historians? What details jump out? Who were the Etruscans? How did they affect Rome? How did the Romans remember their monarchy? How does the Story of the Sabines connect to the Romans? Who were the Etruscans, and what are 3 examples of their influence on Rome? 2. End of Monarchy, into the Republic Define Key Terms for Roman Republic: Consul, Senate, Assemblies, Cursus Honorum. Executive authority rested with 2 male consuls, elected annually by the Assembly on Centuries. Consuls were advised by elder states men (senate). Male adult citizens met in outdoor public gatherings (assemblies). The Career path of a successful public official is cursus honorum. What was the Struggle of the Orders? Struggle of Orders was when social relations between patricians and plebeians had deteriorated to the point that social revolution occurred. The Secesso also happened when almost all the Plebeians revolted and stood on the Palatine Hill, where Remus stood. The patricians then made law changes to satisfy them. What is the difference between a patrician and plebeian? Plebeians were the republic’s working people. Making up of 94% of the population, they were the working class compared to the patricians who socially and legally superior older families, giving them control over the body of government and having almost all power. What were the Twelve Tables? Roman laws written for the first time in Twelve Tables form. The legal of forums for the struggle of the orders. Who were the Tribune of the Plebs? The right to elect own leaders. What is their historical significance to the Struggle of the Orders? The Tribal Assembly became the principal legislative body. Describe the patron-client-relationship. Patrons provided clients kindness and care. The clients then owed them financial and political support. What part did it play in Roman social and political life? At first glance, whose voice is overrepresented in the Roman Republic? The elite patricians. Whose voice is underrepresented? The wealthy plebeians. 3. Punic Wars What nations fought in the Punic Wars? What caused the Punic Wars? Carthage Messana Who were the Carthaginians? What caused the FIRST PUNIC WAR (264-241 BC)? 1st 2nd 3rd Founding of Rome Who were the Romans? The Romans were a group of people who originated in the city of Rome (modern-day Italy). They became a dominant imperial power, ruling over a vast territory across Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa for nearly 1,000 years. The Romans left a profound impact on culture, history, and language in these regions. Who did they say they were? According to Roman mythology, the city's founders were Romulus and Remus, twin brothers descended from the war god Mars. Their founding myth emphasizes traits of military prowess, loyalty, and a deep connection to divine favor, portraying them as a people willing to fight fiercely for Rome’s survival and glory. How did their early myths relate to these questions? The story of Romulus and Remus highlights the Romans' belief in their heroic and divine origin. These myths show that Rome was founded by individuals with godly parentage (Mars) and a connection to the Trojan hero Aeneas, signaling the city's divine mandate to rise and rule. The story emphasizes Roman virtues: persistence, strength, military skill, and loyalty to Rome. What sort of civilization would make a story like this to explain their origins? The Romans were an expansionist, militaristic civilization. Their origin story reflects a  desire to connect their identity to divinely-ordained greatness and a heroic lineage. This helps justify their imperial ambitions and provides a framework for their identity as a powerful, chosen people. What’s being stressed in the story? The story stresses Rome's divine and heroic origins, with a particular emphasis on military valor and the importance of leadership and unity for survival and success. It also highlights the significance of the struggle between Romulus and Remus, a metaphor for overcoming internal conflicts in the quest to establish Rome. What can we learn about the Romans from this story as historians? We learn that Romans valued martial prowess, divine favor, and the importance of their city. The story reinforces the idea of Rome as a city founded in struggle and sacrifice, where internal rivalry led to the eventual triumph of the city and its eventual domination. What details jump out? The divine parentage of Romulus and Remus, their near-death experience and rescue by a she-wolf, their upbringing by shepherds, and the fratricide that led to Romulus founding the city. The birdwatching competition to decide the city's location is also symbolic, reflecting Roman values of determination and competitive spirit. Rome: Foundation Myths The Difficulty in Reconstructing the Early History of Rome (Livy, 59 BCE - 17 CE) Written records from early Rome are scarce, and many of them are unreliable. Modern historians believe the Indo-European peoples, including the Latins, arrived in Italy around 2000 BCE. One group of these people, the Latins, settled in the region of Latium, founding the city of Rome along the Tiber River. What the Romans Say (Livy) Livy, in his work From the Founding of our City, recounts the early history of Rome, focusing on the story of Romulus and Remus. The Romans connected their origins to the Trojan War (around 1200 BCE) through Aeneas, a Trojan hero who fled the fall of Troy and settled in Latium. Aeneas is considered the divine ancestor of the Romans, being the son of the goddess Venus (Aphrodite). Livy’s Account of Romulus and Remus Romulus and Remus were born to the princess Rhea Silvia and the god Mars. They were abandoned at birth and raised by a she-wolf. The brothers, after overthrowing their tyrannical great-uncle, decided to found a city. Disagreement over the location led to Romulus killing Remus, and Romulus became the city's first king, naming it after himself. Palatine Hill The traditional location of Rome’s founding, where Romulus is said to have established the first settlement. Etruscan Influence on Rome Who were the Etruscans? The Etruscans were an ancient civilization that lived in Etruria (modern-day Tuscany) and were neighbors to the Latins. They were a powerful culture from around 1000-509 BCE. Etruscan Impact on Rome The Etruscans greatly influenced early Rome, transforming it from a village into a city. ○ Fasces: A symbol of political authority (imperium), introduced by the Etruscans. It was a bundle of rods tied together with an axe, symbolizing the power of magistrates to enforce the law, including the right to execute. ○ Anthropomorphic Gods: The Etruscans had gods who were human-like and were central to their religious practices, a belief adopted by the Romans, who were animists (believing spirits inhabited natural objects). ○ Cloaca Maxima: A massive drainage system built by the Etruscans, which became an essential part of Roman infrastructure. ○ Alphabet: The Etruscans' alphabet influenced the development of the Roman alphabet. The End of the Monarchy and the Rise of the Republic The End of the Monarchy The monarchy in Rome ended in 509 BCE, traditionally due to the tyranny of the last king, Tarquin the Proud. His son, Sextus Tarquinius, raped Lucretia, leading to her suicide, which sparked a revolt against the monarchy. Key Terms of the Roman Republic Consul: Two magistrates elected annually to lead the government and military. They had executive powers and could veto each other. Senate: A body of highly respected statesmen who advised magistrates. It was the sovereign body of Roman government, composed of 300 senators. Assemblies: Groups of citizens who met in open-air spaces to pass laws, elect officials, and deal with foreign affairs. Some assemblies were controlled by the elite, while others were created to represent the Plebeians. Cursus Honorum: The "course of honors" or the sequence of political offices a Roman politician had to hold to eventually become consul. Struggle of the Orders The Plebeians (common people) fought for political and social equality with the Patricians (aristocratic class). The Struggle of the Orders resulted in reforms, including the establishment of Tribunes of the Plebs to represent their interests and the creation of the 12 Tables. Patricians vs. Plebeians Patricians: The aristocratic, land-owning elite, who held most political power in early Rome. Plebeians: The common people, who initially had little political power. The Plebeians were involved in the Struggle of the Orders, leading to reforms that granted them more rights, including the ability to hold political offices. The Twelve Tables A set of written laws created in 449 BCE, a major victory for the Plebeians during the Struggle of the Orders. They were displayed in the Forum for all to see and became a cornerstone of Roman law. Tribune of the Plebs A political office created to protect the interests of the Plebeians. Tribunes had the power to veto decisions made by other officials and were crucial in the Plebeian fight for equality. Patron-Client Relationship A system where wealthy individuals (patrons) provided legal and financial support to poorer citizens (clients) in exchange for political support. This system was a crucial part of Roman social and political life. Important Events in Roman History Secessio (494 BCE): A mass walkout by the Plebeians to protest their lack of political rights, which resulted in significant reforms. Lex Canuleia (445 BCE): A law that allowed marriage between Patricians and Plebeians. Tribunes of the Plebs (471 BCE): Elected officials who represented the Plebeians in the government. Punic Wars What nations fought in the Punic Wars? Rome and Carthage. What caused the Punic Wars? The Punic Wars were a series of three conflicts fought between Rome and Carthage, primarily over control of the Mediterranean and trade routes. Who were the Carthaginians? Carthage was a powerful Phoenician city-state located in North Africa, with a strong navy and trading empire. What caused the First Punic War (264-241 BCE)? The First Punic War began over control of the island of Sicily, a strategic location in the Mediterranean. Roman Republic: Punic Wars and Political Structure Glossary of Key Terms Punic Wars: Three wars fought between Rome and Carthage from 264 to 146 BC for dominance in the Mediterranean region. Carthage: A powerful Phoenician city-state in North Africa, known for its navy and trade. Indemnities: Payments made by a defeated nation to the victor as compensation for war damages. Reparations: A type of indemnity specifically for repairing damage or injury caused. Hamilcar Barca: A Carthaginian general and father of Hannibal. Hannibal: The brilliant Carthaginian general who famously crossed the Alps with elephants to attack Rome in the Second Punic War. Saguntum: A Spanish city allied with Rome, its siege by Hannibal sparked the Second Punic War. Battle of Cannae: A decisive victory for Hannibal in 216 BC, considered one of the greatest tactical feats in military history. Publius Scipio: Roman general who defeated Hannibal at the Battle of Zama, earning the title "Africanus." Scipio Africanus Minor: Grandson of Scipio Africanus, who led the destruction of Carthage in the Third Punic War. Cato the Elder: A Roman senator famous for ending his speeches with "Carthago delenda est" ("Carthage must be destroyed"). Cursus Honorum: The traditional political career path in the Roman Republic, leading to the highest offices. Imperium: The authority granted to high-ranking Roman officials, including the power to command armies and administer justice. Magistrate: An elected official in the Roman Republic. Quaestor: A junior magistrate responsible for financial administration. Aedile: A magistrate responsible for public works, games, and maintaining order in Rome. Praetor: A magistrate responsible for administering justice, could later serve as a provincial governor (propraetor). Consul: The highest elected office in the Roman Republic, two consuls shared executive power and commanded armies. Proconsul: A former consul who served as a governor of a Roman province. Tribunes of the Plebs: Officials elected to protect the interests of the plebeians (commoners) and could veto actions of other magistrates. Sacrosanct: Inviolable, protected by religious sanctions. Veto: The power to forbid or block a decision. Censors: Officials elected every five years to conduct a census, oversee public morals, and manage the Senate's membership. Dictator: An extraordinary magistrate appointed in times of emergency with absolute power for a limited period (usually six months). Macedon: An ancient kingdom in northern Greece that Rome fought several wars against. Corinth: A major Greek city-state destroyed by Rome in 146 BC, the same year as Carthage's destruction.