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SS10­Rome 2018.notebook January 19, 2023 Rome Apr 30­9:13 PM...

SS10­Rome 2018.notebook January 19, 2023 Rome Apr 30­9:13 PM Apr 30­9:13 PM Rome was founded in 753 B.C.E. It was first ruled by kings called “Etruscans” and one in particular called “Tarquin”. Tarquin was eventually overthrown by the “citizens” of Rome, who then created a new “republican” system of govt. (a form of democracy). The new government of Rome ordered the letters SPQR to be chiseled on public buildings, armor, coins, and even park benches. In the Republic, the state was composed of the Senate and the People of Rome. That's what SPQR stood for ‐ ‘Senatus Populus Que Romanus’. – the “mother ship” Rome for this vast empire. Apr 30­9:13 PM Apr 30­9:13 PM It was a publicity campaign, and The laws dealt with all aspects of it worked! Roman life: marriage, crime, family, Every time the people saw the inheritance, property, etc. letters SPQR, they were reassured The Twelve Tables were not new that things had changed. laws, but rather the current laws, About 50 years after the Roman clarified, and written down. Republic was formed, the leaders of They were engraved on tablets the Republic wrote down what of metal and put on display at the history refers to as "The Twelve Forum in the city of Rome, so that Tables". everyone could see them. The code of law was nicknamed These laws were the same laws the Twelve Tables because the written laws were organized into 12 for every Roman citizen, be they sections. rich or poor. Apr 30­9:13 PM Apr 30­9:13 PM 1 SS10­Rome 2018.notebook January 19, 2023 1st 1st Consul Consul Senate (Patricians) Assembly (Plebeians) Roman Govt. structure: Apr 30­9:13 PM Apr 30­9:13 PM Under the Republic, two (2) There were two main classes of elected consuls shared the head of people in ancient Rome: government. A) the Patricians ‐ were the Consuls were members of the upper class, the nobility and Senate, who had been elected to wealthy land owners – enjoyed a serve for a one year term in the “cushy” lifestyle, and most of the position of Consul. priviledges. The consuls most important B) the Plebeians ‐ were the power was that they controlled the lower class with few rights. army. Nicknamed "plebs", the Declared war or peace. plebeians included everyone in Both consuls had to agree on their ancient Rome from well‐to‐do decisions. tradesmen all the way down to the Each had the power to Veto the very poor. other. Paid taxes, had to serve in In Latin, veto means “I forbid.” military. Apr 30­9:13 PM Apr 30­9:13 PM The Senate was composed of The Assembly was composed of all the leaders from the patricians, the plebeian citizens of Rome, the common man. noble and wealthy families of The Assembly did not have a building. They could vote for or suggest laws, but ancient Rome. the Senate could block their decisions. They were the law makers. The Assembly could vote to declare war, They controlled spending. but again, the Senate could override them. Members of the Senate were not However, the Assembly had one power elected. that was very impressive ‐ it was the They were chosen by the Consuls. Assembly who voted each year on which two members of the Senate would serve as Consuls. Once chosen, they served for As a noble, if you wanted to rise to the level life. There were 300 seats in the of Consul, you needed to gain the support of Senate. the plebeian class. When a seat opened, a new Senator was selected by the current Consuls. Apr 30­9:13 PM Apr 30­9:13 PM 2 SS10­Rome 2018.notebook January 19, 2023 Roman God & Goddesses: Examples of Roman Gods: Not all of the gods that the A) Jupiter – King of the Roman ancient Romans worshiped were Gods. originally Roman gods. B) Mars, God of war – as Mars is The Romans did a lot of god of war meaning “blood”, we traveling about as they developed call Mars the “red planet”. their empire. C) Juno ‐ Queen of Gods. Each time the Romans heard a myth about a god or goddess or spirit or deity from the people they met (and conquered), if they liked it, they adopted it and made it their own. Assimilation or adding something larger or smaller to another entity was a philosophy or approach the Romans supported! Apr 30­9:13 PM Apr 30­9:13 PM D) Neptune – God of the Roman Families Sea. The ruler of the family was the oldest E) Pluto ‐ God of the male ‐ could be the father, the Underworld. grandfather, or perhaps even an uncle. His title was pater familias. The pater familias led religious ceremonies, taught his sons how to farm, and made all the important decisions. This word was law as far as his family was concerned. He owned the property, and had total authority, the power over every member of his household. Even when his children became adults, he was still the boss. Apr 30­9:13 PM Apr 30­9:13 PM The Roman Forum: The Roman Campus: The Forum was the main In the city, there was a place called marketplace and business the Campus. center, where the ancient Romans This was the old drill ground for went to do their banking, trading, soldiers. shopping, and marketing. Over time, the Campus became It was also a place for public ancient Rome's field and track speaking. playground. The ancient Romans were great Even such famous people as orators. Caesar and Augustus exercised on The Forum was also used for the Campus. Young men, all over Rome, festivals and religious ceremonies. gathered at the Campus to play and exercise. It was a very busy place. After a bout of exercise, they might wander off to the Baths, to relax. Apr 30­9:13 PM Apr 30­9:13 PM 3 SS10­Rome 2018.notebook January 19, 2023 The Roman Legion: Military Roman Schools: Rome decided to create a permanent Beginning in 200 B.C.E. Romans army. opened up public schools ‐ before The army was organized into “Legions”. that children were home schooled. Each Legion has 5000 men. Each Legion has its own leader, its own Goal of education? To be an banner, and its own number. effective speaker, an orator. Each also had its own nickname. Always began same time each yr… Smaller units within the Legion were March 23rd. called “cohorts” or “centuries”. Roman army success came through: Read scrolls, used pebbles to learn A) massive #’s – the Roman army was math and count, learned Roman huge! numerals. B) disciplined approach of each soldier Studied grammar – “Latin”. C) tough rules and regulations within the Legion. Apr 30­9:13 PM Apr 30­9:13 PM Each legionary served for 25 They developed new machines‐ years. weapons of war: Catapult – could hurl a rock If they lived through their 60 lb – 500 meters service, they could retire. Battering ram – 1000 men They were given land and a were needed to move it around. pension so that they live comfortably. The symbol of the Roman army was the “silver eagle”. Apr 30­9:13 PM Apr 30­9:13 PM Apr 30­9:13 PM Apr 30­9:13 PM 4 SS10­Rome 2018.notebook January 19, 2023 Rome vs Carthage “Hi Ho, Hi Ho, it’s off to war we go.” Apr 30­9:13 PM Apr 30­9:13 PM Rome: Rome Expands: Creation of Enemies a land power (army), A) Punic Wars rich and wealthy, As Rome became stable and technically advanced prosperous at home in Italy, they military and weaponry. soon became interested in spreading outward. 1st stop? Northern Africa and Carthage: the city of Carthage. sea power, Naturally, as it expanded and navy 3x that of Rome’s, threatened peoples from distant wealthy through trade. lands, it made new enemies. Carthage became enemy #1 – three separate battles between these two enemies over the period of 125 yrs. Apr 30­9:13 PM Apr 30­9:13 PM Punic War #1 – (264 B.C. – 241 B.C.) Lasted for 23 years ‐ over control of Sicily. Conflict erupted when Carthage moved into the island near southern Italy – Sicily – too close for comfort for the Romans. Rome had to build a navy if it was going to defeat Carthage. “Quingueremes”, similar to Carthage naval ships were built. A new Roman innovation ‐ the “corvus”, a gang plank that could be lowered and hooked onto an enemy ship. “Sea” battle had become “land” battle. The battle at Mylae and three other sea battles were easily won by the Roman navy (using the corvus). Apr 30­9:13 PM Apr 30­9:13 PM 5 SS10­Rome 2018.notebook January 19, 2023 Apr 30­9:13 PM Apr 30­9:13 PM Carthage was lead by a new general Hamilcar Barca. At the same time, Carthage became more interested in obtaining lands on the African continent. Defending and winning over the island of Sicily became a low priority. Rome easily defeated Carthage at the last sea battle and Sicily became the first Roman province – or conquered colony or land. Apr 30­9:13 PM Apr 30­9:13 PM Punic War #2: Hannibal Barca He had orders from Carthage to After losing Punic War #1, fight Rome. Hamilcar moved to Spain in an He needed to take Rome by effort to expand the Carthage surprise. empire. He decided to attack Rome from While fighting in Spain, Hamilcar’s the north. son, Hannibal, learned to be a Rome would never expect that. strong leader. Hannibal’s plan was to march After his father passed away in 90,000 foot soldiers, 12,000 cavalry, battle, Hannibal was chosen as the and 37 elephants from Spain, new general – age 26. through Gaul, over the Alps, into Hannibal did not hesitate. Italy, and then take Rome by force. His plan was to conquer all of Spain. One of the cities he attacked in Spain happened to be allied with Rome. Apr 30­9:13 PM Apr 30­9:13 PM 6 SS10­Rome 2018.notebook January 19, 2023 His plan did not work as expected. In 203 B.C.E. Rome had had it with The route was more rugged that he had Hannibal. expected‐ losing nearly all his elephants and They hired a new General, named half his men on the trip. Scipio. Carthage did not have a large enough He was as bold, as Hannibal when it navy to use to send supplies. came to military techniques. Hannibal came up with a new plan. They couldn’t catch him, so they Instead of marching on Rome, he would attacked Carthage instead. drive Rome crazy, harass them, by Carthage, in a panic, called Hannibal attacking smaller towns, villages, and stealing food and weapons, food intended home. for Rome. Before Hannibal could arrive, Carthage Hannibal and his men stayed on the had agreed to peace terms with Rome. Italian peninsula for 11 years, causing Once Hannibal arrived home, the trouble where he could. leaders in Carthage changed their One specific battle, @ Cannae, saw the minds. Roman Legions almost wiped (70,000 They decided not to honor their peace dead) out by the smaller Carthage army – terms. largest loss EVER suffered by the Roman Rome was furious. army. Apr 30­9:13 PM Apr 30­9:13 PM They sent an army to Carthage. Punic War #3: …famous Battle of Zama. Scipio told the Roman Senate that Hannibal’s army lost, but Hannibal the only way to ensure Rome’s safety managed to get away. was to crush the city of Carthage. He travelled east to Syria where Carthage had rebuilt itself after instead of surrendering to the the 2nd Punic War, was making even Romans, at the age of 64, he took a more $$$ than in the past…that was a vile of poison and died. worry for Rome. Carthage called it quits. Rome showed a new brutality. They left Spain, Gaul (France), and Italy. Cato, Roman Senator, made the They reduced the size of their navy. statement… They were unable to fight in any “Carthago delanda est” which war, even a defensive one, without became a rallying cry for the Roman the permission of Rome. Legions. The 2nd Punic War was finally over. Apr 30­9:13 PM Apr 30­9:13 PM Following a three year siege of the city of Carthage, Rome: 1) burned the city to the ground, 2) sold the citizens into slavery, 3) sowed the farming fields with salt. “We made a desert, and we called it peace.” Rome passed law that forbid anyone to rebuild Carthage. May 23­8:48 AM Apr 30­9:13 PM 7 SS10­Rome 2018.notebook January 19, 2023 The Roman Republic Becomes Roman Republic Begins Sick: to Crumble: There were several factors Aside from the frustration leading to the weakening of Roman Republic (control by within the Equite class Senate – gov’t by people). (business), it became The growing business class called increasingly clear that the “Equites” who were shut out of key to the power of Rome govt. power was to control the army. The Equites were wealthy and they lent money to the Senate and the military. But they did not have any political power or influence. Apr 30­9:13 PM Apr 30­9:13 PM The First Triumvirate: The three leaders joined into an By 60 B.C.E. three Roman generals agreement to rule over Rome – grow in popularity and power. replacing the Senate – the elected Each controlled one of the Rome’s leaders. largest “legions” (armies): This agreement to share leadership Crassus – he was a rich, wealthy over the govt. of Rome was called the military hero who had put down a slave “1st Triumvirate”. revolt (Spartacus). Crassus was killed in Persia during a Pompey – he was a military hero. military battle (53 B.C.E.) Julius Caesar – He was a military J. Caesar was off in Gaul (France) genius and a terrific speaker who spent fighting there, so that left Pompey to large sums of money on men’s behalf. take control of Rome as a He was popular with the common “dictator”. people for planning “bread and Pompey persuaded the Senate to circuses” for Roman citizens (i.e. order J. Caesar’s to disband (break up) eventual gladiatorial games). his army, and resign. Apr 30­9:13 PM Apr 30­9:13 PM J. Caesar then did the unthinkable…he The one group, however, that lost crossed the Rubicon River in Italy and influence and power once Caesar took entered the city of Rome (he said the “dye is power was the Senate (elected group). cast”). March 15th, 44 B.C.E. called the “Ides After four yrs of fighting, Caesar had of March” Caesar was assassinated by a established himself as leader of Rome. group of senators. Pompey escaped to Egypt where he was later The “coup d’etat” was lead by one of murdered. Caesar’s best, loyal friends…Marcus Caesar ruled for 5 years (49 B.C.E. – 44 Brutus. B.C.E.). The struggle for power and control if Julius Caesar’s Accomplishments: Rome’s govt. lead the nation to another Redistributed land to the poor. crisis… “who would lead govt. now?” Gave Roman provinces equal rights with that of the city of Rome. Eventually, his step‐son, Octavian, would replace Julius Caesar as leader of Rome. Democracy( the Republic) was dead ‐ one‐man rule was the govt. style!!!! Apr 30­9:13 PM Apr 30­9:13 PM 8 SS10­Rome 2018.notebook January 19, 2023 A 2nd Triumvirate is created – Lupidus, Mark 1st Roman Emperor (27 B.C.): Antony, and Octavian (step son of Caesar). Octavian worked hard to carry out It lasted for 10 years. many of the reforms that his stepfather, After a dispute involving Egyptian pharaoh Julius Caesar, started. Cleopatra (the last one), Octavian defeats Mark Rebuilt highways Antony @ the naval Battle of Actium 31 B.C.E. Built new public buildings After his defeat in Greece, Anthony flees to Egypt Collected taxes fairly with Cleopatra. Made sure laws were just and In the process, both Mark Antony and Cleopatra die reasonable in Egypt. It is said that Augustus found Rome “of As a result, Octavian becomes the 1st Emperor or brick and left it of marble”. “Caesar”, introducing one‐man rule to the Roman Trade and commerce (business) Empire. increased and prosperity too, under his reign. Also he began a period of peace (over 300 years) where Rome did not fight in any large wars – called “Pax Romana”. Apr 30­9:13 PM Apr 30­9:13 PM He won the Roman armies/generals The Fall of Rome over by money. How did the world’s largest empire He created the “Praetorian Guard” crumble and fall? (guarded by the emperor and city of 1) They let their enemies join their Rome). military: i.e. Emperors Constantine and the last Roman Emperor Theodosius (347‐395 A.D.) permitted Germanic tribesmen (Visigoths) enemy to join the Roman army. Then these conquered peoples adopted Roman fighting techniques and equipment. Then they persuaded other conquered men to join them in attacking Rome. Apr 30­9:13 PM Apr 30­9:13 PM 2) Inconsistent leadership, especially among the Emperors: men of questionable morals (good vs. bad) and leadership abilities. 3) Rome was too big to try and control from the city of Rome – by one Emperor. 4) Gap between rich and poor widened over time. Emperors gave little consideration to the poor. As a result, by 476 A.D. German leader “Odoacer” had destroyed Rome. Apr 30­9:13 PM 9